Indirect flame photometric determination of sulphate ions

In this paper the possibilities have been studied of determining sulphate ions by indirect flame photometry by difference. Barium and Strontium in constant concentration were used as background elements. By means of the methods proposed sulphate ions can be determinined in the concentration range 0 to 70 p.p.m. with barium and 0 to 110 p.p.m. with strontium. The determinations can be carried out in dilute solutions of alkali metal sulphates and sulphate ions can also be estimated in the presence of macroquantities of other compounds. This may prove useful for the quantitative estimation of sulphate as an impurity in Chemical reagents. Some examples are given of the determination of the degree of purity of substances containing sulphate as impurities.     

Determination of trace element impurities in aspirin tablets by neutron activation analysis

Twenty five trace and minor elements (aluminium, arsenic, barium, bromine, cerium, chlorine, cobalt, chromium, cesium, europium, iron, hafnium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, rubidium, antimony, scandium, selenium, strontium, thorium, titanium, vanadium and zinc) in five different Egyptian aspirin brands (Aspo, Askin, Aspocid, Aspeol and Rivo) have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. It has been concluded that the concentration of arsenic, barium, bromine, cobalt, chromium, iron (except in Aspocid), magnesium, manganese, rubidium, selenium, strontium and zinc in the Egyptian brands is below or within the concentration range reported for these elements in 16 American aspirin and aspirin-like brands.     

The analysis of beryllium and beryllium oxide—IV The determination of cobalt

A method is described for the determination of cobalt in beryllium or beryllium oxide by extraction of the cobalt thiocyanate complex with acetylacetone (2:4-pentanedione). The method is accurate to ±2% or 2 μg of cobalt, whichever is greater. Of the 68 elements investigated only manganese and chromium interfere in 10 mg amounts. No interference was observed when 1g of each had been removed by ion-exchange or volatilisation (of chromium only) before extraction.     

Electrolytic Synthesis of Binary Oxide Systems Based on Manganese(II) Oxide

Joint anodic deposition of manganese, cobalt, nickel, and chromium oxides, which form binary oxide systems, from two-component sulfate solutions of the constituent metals was studied under different electrolysis conditions.     

过敏性哮喘患者血清中10种必需微量元素水平的研究

３４例过敏性哮喘患者血清中铁，锌、铜，锰硒铬，钴镍，钡，钼的含量水平与对照组比较，揭示：（１）铁，铜，铬的含量升高；（２）硒，镍，钴、钒的钼的含量降低；（３）锌和锰的含量差异无显著性，Ｐ〉０．０５。     

116例冠心病患者血清中10种必需微量元素水平的研究

１１６例冠心病患者血清中１０种必需微量元素的含量与正常值比较，具有如下特点：（１）铁，锌、铬，镍含量升高；２硒钴，钒，钼含量降低；（３）铜和锰差异无显著性。     

Preconcentration of trace elements from pure manganese and manganese compounds with activated carbon as collector

A method is described for separation of traces of Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, In, Ni. Pb, Tl, and Zn from pure manganese and manganese compounds and their determination by flame a.a.s. After the metal or manganese dioxide samples have been dissolved in acid (and manganese salts in water) the trace elements are compleed with potassium xanthogenate. The solution is then filtered through a small filter paper covered with activated carbon, whereby complex compounds are separated from the matrix. When the charcoal is treated with acid, a trace concentrate is obtained which is nearly free of manganese. The detection limits for the analysis of 10-g samples of manganese metal are <0.5 p.p.m., and for 30-g samples of MnCl₂-4H₂O are ? 0.1 p.p.m. The relative standard deviation, in general,is lower than 5%.     

Matrix effects on the determination of manganese in geological materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry under different flame conditions

Suppression caused by five of the seven matrix elements studied (Si, Al, Fe, Ca and Mg) was observed in the atomic-absorption determination of manganese in geological materials, when synthetic solutions and the recommended oxidizing air-acetylene flame were used. The magnitude of the suppression effects depends on (1) the kind and concentration of the interfering elements, (2) the type of acid medium, and (3) the concentration of manganese to be determined. All interferences noted are removed or alleviated by using a reducing nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. The atomic-absorption method using this flame can be applied to the determination of total and extractable manganese in a wide range of geological materials without interferences. Analyses of six U.S. Geological Survey rock standards for manganese gave results in agreement with the reported values.     

正常妊娠与妊高征患者血清中8种必需微量元素水平的研究

７８例正常妊娠妇女和４０例妊高征患者血清中铁、锌、铜、锰、硒、铬、钴和镍的含量与健康未孕妇女比较，正常妊娠妇女和妊高征患者均是铜和锰的含量升高，铁、锌、硒、铬、钴和镍含量降低；妊高征患者与正常妊娠妇女比较，则是铁、铜和锰的含量升高，锌、硒、铬、钴和镍的含量降低。     

Studies of iron,cobalt and chromium distribution in some continental aquatic ecosystems and biological materials

The aim of the present work was to investigate iron, cobalt and chromium distribution in samples of living and non-living matter by using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Investigations were carried out starting with water systems components, such also specias living in these systems and biological tissues from rat and human organs. The following conclusions have been drawn for elements distribution in the relation enviromment/living matter: (1) iron, cobalt and chromium contents in plankton are very close to these found in suspended materials; (2) among all the investigated living organisms, the highest contents of investigated elements have been found in fish; (3) inspite of the contents of iron, cobalt and chromium being somewhat lower in bentos and crustacea than in suspended materials, all the obtained values are very close, and (4) human liver has somewhat higher iron- and cobalt-contents than rat liver, which, however, has higher chromium concentration. Of all the investigated living organisms chromium content was the lowest in human liver.     

A novel multi-element coprecipitation technique for separation and enrichment of metal ions in environmental samples

A multi-element preconcentration-separation technique for heavy metal ions in environmental samples has been established. The procedure is based on coprecipitation of gold(III), bismuth(III), cobalt(II), chromium(III), iron(III), manganese(II), nickel(II), lead(II), thorium(IV) and uranium(VI) ions by the aid of Cu(II)-9-phenyl-3-fluorone precipitate. The Cu(II)-9-phenyl-3-fluorone precipitate was dissolved by the addition 1.0 mL of concentrated HNO₃ and then the solution was completed to 5 mL with distilled water. Iron, lead, cobalt, chromium, manganese and nickel levels in the final solution were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometer, while gold, bismuth, uranium and thorium were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The optimal conditions are pH 7, amounts of 9-phenyl-3-fluorone: 5 mg and amounts of Cu(II): 1 mg. The effects of concomitant ions as matrix were also examined. The preconcentration factor was 30. Gold(III), bismuth(III), chromium(III), iron(III), lead(II) and thorium(IV) were quantitatively recovered from the real samples. The detection limits for the analyte elements based on 3 sigma (n = 15) were in the range of 0.05-12.9 μg L⁻¹. The validation of the presented procedure was checked by the analysis of two certified reference materials (Montana I Soil (NIST-SRM 2710) and Lake Sediment (IAEA-SL-1)). The procedure was successfully applied to some environmental samples including water and sediments.     

Determination of barium and strontium in sea water

A process based on ion-exchange concentration and separation followed by flame photometry has been developed for the determination of strontium and barium at natural levels in sea water. These elements are stripped from 1-I samples of sea water by means of a cation-exchange resin in the calcium form and selectively eluted with CyDTA and EDTA respectively. Factors influencing the intensity of strontium and barium in hydrogen flames have been studied. The standard deviations of the method are 0.05 p.p.m. for strontium and 0.6 p.p.b. for barium and the accuracy of the method is more than sufficient to demonstrate clearly the variability of Sr/Cl and Ba/Cl ratios with depth and location     

Atomization efficiencies in halocarbon-loaded acetylene-air flames—II. Formation of dihalides and combined effects on vaporization and gas phase atomization processes

Halocarbon vapours (CCl₄ and in some cases CF₂Cl₂) were introduced into an acetylene-air flame at increasing rates while nebulizing individual solutions of alkaline earth elements, iron, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, tin and also magnesium in the presence of aluminium matrix. Following the theory developed by Sugden and Bulewicz dealing with the signal depression caused by the presence of halocarbons, the formation of dichloride species for the alkaline earth metals and also for iron, manganese and chromium could be elucidated. From the anomalous shapes of the Sugden-Bulewicz plots, incomplete solute vaporization is inferred for magnesium in the presence of aluminium. For the latter binary system, an almost complete evaporation of magnesium could be attained at 1.2% volume concentration of CCl₄ vapour in the flame.     

Nutritional values of trace elements in dried desserts

Desserts are the most aromatic and delicious parts of meals, and also a source of nutrient trace elements for the human body. In this work, instrumental neutron activation analysis has been applied to determine the trace elements antimony, chromium, cobalt, iron, manganese, potassium, rubidium, scandium, sodium and zinc in creme caramel, ice-creams, jellies and mousse dried desserts from the Greek market. According to our results, their classification as nutrient trace element sources for the human body is: mousse>ice-cream>creme caramel>jelly. Among the different studied flavours, chocolate and its derivatives are the richest in nutrient trace elements. Moreover, the consumption of one portion of a chocolate mousse dessert can offer to the human body about 60% of the daily required chromium, 40% of the daily required iron, 10% of the daily required manganese and potassium and 4% of the daily required sodium.     

肿瘤患者放疗前后血清八种微量元素含量的研究

对临床、病理、放射线或CT检查确诊的82名癌肿患者，在放疗前后和对42名健康人进行了微量元素铁、锌、铜、锰、硒，铬、钴、镍的分析。研究结果显示：1．癌肿患者血清铜、镍、锰、铬、钴的含量比健康人高，而血清锌、铁、硒的含量却比健康人低；2．血清Cu／Zn、Cr／Zn、Co／Zn、Ni／Zn的比值癌肿患者均比健康人高，而Fe、Zn、Se／Zn的比值却相反。因此，可根据血清铜升高、血清锌降低，血清铜／锌比值升高的特点。用于癌肿的早期诊断；3．癌肿患者放疔后血清铁、锌含量进一步下降，铜、锰、铬的含量也出现降低，唯有硒的含量有所上升。因此，放疗时应注意补充铁、锌、铜元素。     

A study on the reproducibility of Tessier's extractions in a fluvial sediment and a comparison between different dissolution procedures in a reference material

The reproducibility of Tessier's extractions and the total content of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, zinc and calcium in a river sediment have been evaluated. The metals were determined with AAS in flame and in graphite furnaces. The accuracy of the dissolution procedures was evaluated using a reference material (RM) BCR 145; none of the methods applied proved optimal for all the metals determined. The concentrations of metals extracted by the various reagents were characterized by good reproducibility on species bonded to the carbonates, to iron and manganese oxides and in the residual; precision was lower in the other cases. The sequential extractions also showed a satisfactory mass balance.     

Direct determination of iron and manganese in wine using the reference element technique and fast sequential multi-element flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A procedure is proposed for the direct determination of manganese and iron in wine employing fast sequential flame atomic absorption spectrometry and the reference element technique to correct for matrix effects. Cobalt, silver, nickel and indium have been tested as reference elements. The results demonstrated that cobalt and indium at a concentration of 2 and 10mgL(-1) were efficient for quantification of manganese and iron, respectively. Under these conditions, manganese and iron could be determined with quantification limits of 27 and 40microg L(-1), respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of manganese and iron in 16 wine samples. The content of manganese varied from 0.78 to 2.89mgL(-1) and that of iron from 0.88 to 9.22mgL(-1). The analytical results were compared with those obtained by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after complete mineralization using acid digestion. The statistical comparison by a t-test (95% confidence level) showed no significant difference between the results.     

空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收测定铬时与浓度有关的化学干扰的研究——Ⅰ、铁、钴对铬的干扰

本文较详细地研究了在Fe、Co基体中测定铬时出现的与浓度有关的化学干扰,铬的价态对干扰的影响,并讨论了干扰的机理及克服干扰的办法。     

116例冠心病患者血清中铜铬锰钴镍钒含量的探讨

测定了１１６例冠心病患者血清中铜、铬、锰、钴、镍、钒的含量并与正常值比较，显示含量升高才是有铬和镍，降低者有钴和钒、无差异者有铜和锰。     

The determination of nickel, zinc, cobalt and manganese impurities in cadmium by pulse polarography

A pulse-polarographic method for the simultaneous determination of traces of nickel, zinc, cobalt and manganese in cadmium and its compounds is described. Interference from the reduction of the cadmium matrix was eliminated by a prior electrolytic deposition of cadmium on a mercury cathode at a controlled potential of –0.90 V vs. S.C.E. Iron in excess interfered with the determination of cobalt and was therefore extracted from the electrolysed solutions. The polarographic determination was performed in 0.1 M lithium acetate -0.025 M lithium thiocyanate as supporting electrolyte. A sample weight of 10 g and a final volume of 10 ml allowed the determination of about 0.08 p.p.m. nickel, 0.01 p.p.m. zinc, 0.02 p.p.m. cobalt and 0.003 p.p.m manganese. Less than 0.01 p.p.m. nickel could be determined with a 0.25 M pyridine 0.05 M potassium chloride supporting electrolyte. Several synthetic samples and commercially available cadmium products were analysed.