固相配位化学反应研究XXXIV. 室温下六氰合铁(II)及(III)酸钾 的固相酸碱反 应

本文研究了室温时K~3Fe(CN)~6,K~4Fe(CN)~6在酸碱条件下发生的固相配位化学反应。结果表明:K~3Fe(CN)~6与NaBH~4固相混合物室温下不反应,但加入固体氢氧化钠后,K~3Fe(CN)~6与NaBH~4的固相氧化还原反应在室温下很容易进行。K~4Fe(CN)~6与K~2S~2O~8的固相氧化还原反应在室温下能顺利进行,但当固体KOH存在时,反应明显受到抑制。K~3Fe(CN)~6与K~2C~2O~4.H~2O室温下无反应,但与H~2C~2O~4.2H~2O在室温时即发生固相取代反应。     

Potentiometric studies in oxidation-reduction reactions: Reduction with ferrous ethylenediamine sulphate indirect determinations

Ferrous ethylenediamine sulphate has been used as a reducing agent to determine indirectly potassium dichromate, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, potassium persulphate, potassium chlorate, potassium bromate, and ceric sulphate by a potentiometric method. An excess of ferrous ethylenediamine sulphate added to each of the substances in an acid medium is titrated with a standard solution of potassium permanganate, using platinum foil as an oxidation-reduction electrode coupled with a saturated calomel electrode through an agar-agar potassium chloride bridge.     

Differential thermal analysis and temperature profile analysis of pyrotechnic delay systems: mixtures of tungsten and potassium dichromate

The self-propagating combustion reaction between tungsten and potassium dichromate has been studied by differential thermal analysis and temperature profile analysis. Two reaction stages have been distinguished in the combustion where the rate of temperature rise is ? 10⁵ K min^?1: in the first potassium dichromate is reduced by tungsten to form potassium chromate and in the second stage the potassium chromate reacts with more tungsten to form potassium tungstate and chromic oxide.     

Potentiometric studies in oxidation-reduction reactions: Oxidation with chloramine-b. indirect determinations

Chloramine-B has been used as an oxidising agent to determine indirectly potassium iodate, potassium metaperiodate, potassium, bromate, potassium dichromate, hydrogen peroxide, chloramine-T and potassium permanganate by a potentiometric method. An excess of potassium iodide added to each of the substances in an acid medium is titrated back with a standard solution of chloramine-B, using platinum foil as an oxidation-reduction electrode coupled with a saturated calomel electrode through an agar-agar potassium chloride bridge.     

氢氧化钡沉淀–碘量法对高锰酸钾和锰酸钾共存时的分别测定

采用氢氧化钡沉淀–碘量法对高锰酸钾和锰酸钾共存时的含量分别进行测定。向电解液中加入过量的饱和氢氧化钡溶液,利用锰酸钡和高锰酸钡溶度积的不同进行分离,再用碘量法分别对高锰酸钾和锰酸钾进行测定。结果表明,高锰酸钾和锰酸钾的检出限分别为0.061,0.077 g/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为0.57%和0.72%(n=4),高锰酸钾的加标回收率为94.12%~95.85%。t检验结果表明,氢氧化钡沉淀–碘量法与传统方法对高锰酸钾和锰酸钾的测定结果无显著性差异。该法避免了亚铅酸钠和铬盐的毒性及滴定终点颜色不易判断等缺点,适合于高锰酸钾工业生产中主要成分的快速检测。     

On the chichibabin amination of quinoline and some nitroquinolines

Quinoline is aminated into 2-aminoquinoline (55-60%) when treated with potassium amide/liquid ammonia/potassium permanganate at ?65°. When the amination is carried out by allowing the solution of quinoline in potassium amide/liquid ammonia to raise from ?60° to + 15° before addition of potassium permanganate, the main product is 4-aminoquinoline. Using as reagent liquid ammonia/potassium permanganate (thus without the presence of potassium amide) 3-nitroquinoline is exclusively aminated at ?40° into 4-amino-3-nitroquinoline. Using the same conditions, from 4-nitroquinoline 3-amino-4-nitroquinoline is obtained. The mechanism of these amination reactions is discussed.     

煤水蒸气气化过程中钾催化剂与矿物质的相互作用

在固定床反应器中研究了碳酸钾对煤的水蒸气催化气化,考察了钾与10种煤中矿物质的相互作用,采用XRD和XRF分析经过水浸取后的气化残渣。结果表明,在煤水蒸气气化过程中,碳酸钾催化剂与煤中矿物质相互作用形成难溶于水的化合物。当煤的灰分中钙含量较少时,钾催化剂与矿物质反应的量和气化灰渣中铝含量成线性关系,即K:Al=1:1。当煤的灰分中含钙量较多时,钙能够以钙铝黄长石(Ca₂Al₂SiO₇)的形式固定大量的铝,一定程度上抑制钾催化剂和矿物质的反应。钾和矿物质反应的量影响钾催化剂的催化作用。     

钾对苯甲酸甲酯加氢催化剂MnO_x/γ-Al_2O_3的修饰作用

采用浸渍法引入不同含量的钾元素对MnO_x/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂进行了改性,在 常压固定床反应器上研究了经不同含量修饰的催化剂对苯甲酸甲酯加氢生成苯甲醛 反应的影响。通过XRD,XPS,NH_3-TPD,BET,IR等手段对催化剂进行了表征,结 果表明：修饰后的催化剂并没有改变锰的价态,引入的钾和Al_2O_3发生了作用, 形成了新的晶相K_2Al_2O_4,改性后的催化剂减弱了催化剂表面的酸强度,并且减 少了酸中心数。催化剂表面具有中等强度的L酸中心可以有效抑制副产物甲苯和苄 基甲醚的生成,显著地提高了苯甲醛的选择性。     

Neues verfahren zur bestimmung der acetylgruppe

A simple and accurate method is described for the determination of acctyl groups in various organic compounds. The compound is dissolved or suspended in absolute methanol and saponified with a known quantity of potassium methylate solution. The excess potassium methylate is then hydrolysed and determined as potassium hydroxide by titration, an appropriate indicator being used.     

Reaktionen von Kaliumiodomercurat(II) mit Kronenethern und Kryptanden: Kristallstrukturen von Bis[di(benzo-15-krone-5)kalium]-, Di[(benzo-18-krone-6)kalium]-, Di[(cryptand 221)kalium]und Di[(cryptand 222)kalium]-hexaiododimercurat(II)

Reactions of Potassium Iodomercurate(II) with Crown Ethers and Cryptands: Crystal Structures of Bis[di(benzo-15-crown-5)potassium]-, Di[(benzo-18-crown-6)potassium]-, Di[(cryptand 221)potassium]-, and Di[(cryptand 222)potassium] Hexaiododimercurate(II) The reactions of potassium iodomercurate(II) with the crown ethers benzo-15-crown-5, and benzo-18-crown-6, resp. as well as with the cryptands 221 and 222 were investigated. In all cases only the potassium ion was complexed. As anions only hexaiododimercurate(II) ions were formed but no higher oligomers. If the complexed potassium ion is not completely shielded by the ligand, further coordination by terminal iodine atoms of the mercurate anions takes place, leading to the formation of dimers or chains.     

Potassium and oxygen diffusion and segregation in nickel

Nickel is used as catalyst in alkaline electrochemical systems like batteries, electrolyzers and fuel cells. Adsorption experiments from potassium on a thin NiO(100) epitactic layer on an Ag(100)-single crystal substrate showed that potassium intrudes in that NiO-layer where at a temperature of 350 K a mixed oxide phase was built. At 120 K metallic potassium was adsorbed on the NiO surface. A symmetric K2p-peak showed that potassium is in the oxidized state compared to the asymmetric peak of metallic potassium. No potassium diffused into metallic nickel at a temperature of 450 K. The electrochemically oxidized surface layer consisted of nickel, oxygen and also potassium. After heating and ion-etching no more potassium was detectable by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). But it was visible again after oxidizing and heating of the sample to 670 K. Therefore, the potassium must have been in the bulk. It diffused to the surface if there was oxygen at sufficiently high temperatures. Further heating reduces the surface and the potassium also disappeared. Received: 6 September 1998 / Revised: 1 April 1999 / Accepted: 16 April 1999     

Differential thermal analysis and temperature profile analysis of pyrotechnic delay systems: Slow burning mixtures of boron and potassium dichromate

The slow burning pyrotechnic reaction between boron and potassium dichromate has been studied by differential thermal analysis and temperature profile analysis. The latter technique in which the combustion process is studied directly, shows the presence of two reaction stages and validates the results from differential thermal analysis obtained under non-ignition conditions. In the first stage potassium dichromate is reduced by boron to form potassium chromate. Differential thermal analysis shows that the reaction takes place below the melting temperature of potassium dichromate and becomes much more rapid above this temperature. The second stage which occurs in the region of 1000 K involves the reaction of potassium chromate with more boron. The first stage acts as a trigger for the second and it is this latter stage which propagates the combustion.     

Iodometric determination of ferricyan in the presence of copper,silver, cadmium and zinc

Ferricyan can be determined in the presence of copper, silver and cadmium by addition of potassium ferrocyanide, filtration of the ferrocyanides of copper, silver and cadmium formed in this reaction, and titration of the potassium ferricyanide contained in the filtrate. In the case of silver, the ferricyan can also be determined without filtration by addition of potassium iodide and titration of the ferricyanide. In the case of zinc, potassium, ferrocyanide is added and without filtration the ferricyanide titrated.     

Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums. XXXIV. Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Darstellung von Kaliumsilyl

Contributions to the Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium. XXXIV. A Further Contribution to the Preparation of Potassium Silyl The reaction time for the preparation of potassium silyl from monosilane in glyme is abridged considerably by the use of dispersed Na/K alloy. The preparation is simplyfied by the use of pure dispersed potassium instead of the dispersed alloy. In this case a further abridgement of the reaction time is observed and the filtration of the residue after the end of the reaction is easier because there is no sodium in the residue. Crystalline potassium silyl, free of potassium hydride and glyme, is obtained by recrystallisation followed by slow crystallisation from a glyme/benzene mixture. During a storage of 30 month the crystals turned out to be stable.     

Determination of potassium by an automatic ultraviolet absorptiometric method

An automatic ultraviolet absorptiometric method has been developed for the determination of potassium. The method involves precipitation of potassium by addition of a known excess of sodium tetraphenylborate, removal of the potassium tetraphenylborate precipitate by filtration, and measurement of the excess of sodium tetraphenylborate in the filtrate by means of its absorbance at 254 mμ;. Most of the apparatus, including a continuous filter, is standard AutoAnalyzer equipment but a Uvicord ultraviolet absorptiometer replaces the conventional colorimeter. Build-up of precipitate in the system is eliminated by immersing the mixing coils in an ultrasonic bath which is actuated intermittently by a simple timing mechanism. The method is especially suitable for potassium analysis in production plant where flame photometer results are sometimes affected by fertilizer dust in the air surrounding the burner.     

铁氰化钾标准溶液滴定度的间接测定与试验验证

介绍一各建立在化学反应原理和数学推导基础上的间接测定铁氰化钾标准溶液（用于在）的滴定度的方法。测定铁氰化纯度（含量）并将其代入所建立的公式中,即可求出其滴定度,经试验验证,本法合乎定量分析的要求。本法与直接法相比,不仅测定速度快,而且避免了处理标准物的繁复操作,减小操作误差,提高了分析测定的精度。     

ICP-AES法测定氯化钾中的钾含量

以K766.490NM为分析谱线，研究了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-AES）法测定工业和农业用氯化钾中钾含量的方法。经实际样品测定，RSD为0.3215%。t检验结果证明，该方法与四苯硼钾重量法之间无显著性差异。该方法简便、快速，测定结果准确、可靠。     

A ditopic fluorescent sensor for potassium fluoride

The addition of potassium fluoride 'switches on' the fluorescence of sensors and while potassium chloride and bromide cause no fluorescence change; the fluorescence can be 'switched off' by removing the potassium cation from the benzocrown ether receptors of sensors and through the addition of [2.2.2]-cryptand and restored by the addition of the potassium cation as potassium chloride.     

1,2,4-Triazines X: Dimerizations of 1,2,4-triazmes

5,5′-Bi-1,2,4-triazinyl compounds are obtained by the treatment of 5-unsubstiluted 1,2,4-triazines with either sodium methoxide or with aqueous potassium cyanide. 5,5′-Bi-1,2,4-triazinyl is also obtained by the reaction of 1,2,4-triazine with potassium cyanide. It is proposed that the sodium methoxide catalyzed dimerizations occur via a carbanionic intermediate; the aqueous potassium cyanide catalyzed reactions via a cyanide addition product and the potassium in liquid ammonia reaction via a free radical dimerization process.     

煤催化气化过程中钾的迁移及其对气化反应特性的影响

在固定床反应器中研究了钾在热解和水蒸气气化过程中的变迁,并在TG-DSC上考察了钾系催化剂对煤焦水蒸气气化的催化效果以及随钾化合物形态变化的关系。结果表明,干混法和浸渍法添加碳酸钾对煤焦水蒸气气化的催化效果显著,煤焦的气化反应性随着钾添加量的增加而增大,当催化剂添加到一定量时催化效果陡增,同时神府煤钾的负荷饱和添加量为10%。在煤样热解和气化过程中,钾的化学形态会发生变化,发现并定量了还原态钾中间体的生成。在气化过程中碳酸钾的催化规律和还原态钾中间体的数量之间存在对应关系,当碳转化率为0.2～0.4时,气化速率和还原态钾中间体的数量达到最大值。在700～800℃,钾系催化剂的催化作用和还原态钾中间体的数量之间也存在对应关系,即碳酸钾催化效果较好,氯化钾的催化效果较差,硫酸钾的催化效果随温度的变化明显。