考虑范德华力曲率效应的双壁碳纳米管外压屈曲

针对双壁碳纳米管外压屈曲问题,研究了层间范德华力的曲率效应对临界外压的影响。应用弹性双层圆柱壳模型,考虑层间范德华力不仅与层间距有关而且与挠度曲率的变化有关,导出了外压屈曲临界压力解析公式。计算得出在不同半径、不同长细比下,外压屈曲临界压力的数值结果,并与经典壳的结果和忽略范德华力曲率效应的结果做了比较。结果显示,对于小半径的双壁碳纳米管曲率效应对外压屈曲有效明显的影响。     

Effects of Chemical Reaction,Heat, and Mass Transfer on Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow Through Porous Medium in a Vertical Peristaltic Tube

The effect of mass diffusion of chemical species with first-order reaction on peristaltic motion of an incompressible Jeffrey fluid has been investigated. The fluid flows through vertical porous media in the gap between concentric tubes with heat and mass transfer. The inner tube is uniform, while the outer one is a non-uniform tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. A perturbation solution, under long-wavelength assumption, is obtained which satisfies the momentum, energy, and concentration equations for the case of small porosity parameter. Numerical results for the behaviors of pressure rise and frictional force per wavelength as well as for the skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number with other physical parameters are obtained. Several graphs for these results of physical interest are displayed and discussed in detail.     

Anomalous reactivity of thermo-bioconvective nanofluid towards oxytactic microorganisms

The peristaltic flow of a non-Newtonian nanofluid with swimming oxytactic microorganisms through a space between two infinite coaxial conduits is investigated. A variable magnetic field is applied on the flow. The bioconvection flow and heat transfer in the porous annulus are formulated, and appropriate transformations are used, leading to the non-dimensionalized ruling partial differential equation model. The model is then solved by using the homotopy perturbation scheme. The effects of the ger...     

Exact and numerical simulation of peristaltic flow of a non‐Newtonian fluid with inclined magnetic field in an endoscope

In the present article, we have studied the effects of inclined magnetic field on the peristaltic flow of Jeffrey fluid through the gap between two coaxial inclined tubes. The inner tube is rigid, whereas the outer tube has sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. The governing equations are simplified using long wave length and low Reynolds number approximations. Exact and numerical solutions have been derived for velocity profile. The expressions for pressure rise and friction force are calculated using numerical integration. Graphical results and trapping phenomenon is presented at the end of the article to see the physical behavior of different parameters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Curvature effects on axially compressed buckling of a small-diameter double-walled carbon nanotube

The curvature effects of interlayer van der Waals (vdW) forces on axially compressed buckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) of diameter down to 0.7 nm are studied. Unlike most existing models which assume that the interlayer vdW pressure at a point between the inner and outer tubes depends merely on the change of the interlayer spacing at that point, the present model considers the dependence of the interlayer vdW pressure on the change of the curvatures of the inner and outer tubes at that point. A simple expression is derived for the curvature-dependence of the interlayer vdW pressure in which the curvature coefficient is determined. Based on this model, an explicit formula is obtained for the axial buckling strain. It is shown that neglecting the curvature effect alone leads to an under-estimate of the critical buckling strain with a relative error up to −7%, while taking the average radius of two tubes as the representative radius and the curvature effect leads to an over-estimate of the critical buckling strain with a relative error up to 20% when the inner radius downs to 0.35 nm. Therefore, the curvature effects play a significant role in axially compressed buckling problems only for DWNTs of very small radii. In addition, our results show that the effect of the vdW interaction pressure prior to buckling of DWNTs under pure axial stress is small enough and can be negligible whether the vdW interaction curvature effects are neglected or not.     

加工后的双壁金属换热管在升温-降温过程中受到的力学影响

铅冷钠冷快堆核电设备中的蒸汽发生器,有着在液态金属和水之间进行热交换的作用,其换热部分由排列的换热管组成。贴合式的双壁管是一种具有高换热效率及抵抗管裂纹扩展的管材,适合于这种应用环境。这种管材的内外管间存在残余压力,这是内外管紧贴的标志。然而在经历升至高温又降温的过程后,内外管间残余压力有可能消失引起两管脱开。为了得知温度对贴合式双壁金属管的具体影响,本文设计了一种拉伸法来制备双壁管,并同时采用有限元数值模拟管的加工制备过程并得到了内外管间的残余应力,再对加温后降温的过程进行模拟,分析换热管残余应力和应变状态进行了分析的变化,并通过初步试验来进行验证。通过研究,结果表明温度变化引起的塑性变形是管间残余压力变化的主要原因。通过控制管的加工过程来控制管材加工程度的方法,可望应对温度变化对管稳定性的影响。     

Experimental study on the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of tubes with internal wave-like longitudinal fins

Experiments were performed to determine the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in the entrance and fully developed regions of tubes with internal wave-like longitudinal fins. The test tube has a double-pipe structure, with the inner tube as an insertion. The wave-like fins are in the annulus and span its full width. Experiments were conducted for two cases: one with the inner tube blocked (no air flowing through it) and the other with the inner tube unblocked. The outer tube was electrically heated. Local and average heat transfer coefficients and friction factors were measured. The friction factor and Nusselt number correlations in the fully developed region were obtained in the Reynolds number range of 9×10² to 3.5×10³. It has been found that the wave-like fins enhance heat transfer significantly with the blocked case being superior. In addition, the in-tube heat transfer process is characterized by an earlier transition from laminar to turbulent flow and Reynolds number-dependent thermal entrance length. Received on 12 May 1998     

Evaporation heat transfer and friction characteristics of R-134a flowing downward in a vertical corrugated tube

Differently from most previous studies, the heat transfer and friction characteristics of the pure refrigerant HFC-134a during evaporation inside a vertical corrugated tube are experimentally investigated. The double tube test sections are 0.5 m long with refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and heating water flowing in the annulus. The inner tubes are one smooth tube and two corrugated tubes, which are constructed from smooth copper tube of 8.7 mm inner diameter. The test runs are performed at evaporating temperatures of 10, 15, and 20 °C, heat fluxes of 20, 25, and 30 kW/m², and mass fluxes of 200, 300, and 400 kg/m² s. The quality of the refrigerant in the test section is calculated using the temperature and pressure obtained from the experiment. The pressure drop across the test section is measured directly by a differential pressure transducer. The effects of heat flux, mass flux, and evaporation temperature on the heat transfer coefficient and two-phase friction factor are also discussed. It is found that the percentage increases of the heat transfer coefficient and the two-phase friction factor of the corrugated tubes compared with those of the smooth tube are approximately 0-10% and 70-140%, respectively.     

Peristaltic flow of MHD Jeffrey fluid through finite length cylindrical tube

The present investigation studies the peristaltic flow of the Jeffrey fluid through a tube of finite length. The fluid is electrically conducting in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Analysis is carried out under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. Expressions of the pressure gradient, volume flow rate, average volume flow rate, and local wall shear stress are obtained. The effects of relaxation time, retardation time, Hartman number on pressure, local wall she...     

Microbuckling of a doublewalled carbon nanotube embedded in an elastic matrix

Microbuckling of a doublewalled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) in an elastic (polymer) matrix is studied. The investigations are made within the scope of the piecewise homogeneous body model by utilizing the three-dimensional linearized theory of stability of deformable bodies. Flexural and axisymmetric microbuckling modes are considered. The DWCNT is modeled as concentrically-nested two circular hollow cylinders between which there is free space. It is assumed that on the inner surface of the outer tube (cylinder) and on the outer surface of the inner tube (cylinder) of the DWCNT full slipping conditions occur. At the same time, it is assumed that the difference between the radial displacements of the adjacent surfaces of the tubes resists with the van der Waals forces. On the interface between the matrix and DWCNT complete contact conditions are satisfied. Numerical results on the influence of the problem parameters on the critical deformation are presented and discussed. Also, numerical results related to the cases where the interlayer space is ignored and where full contact between the tubes is assumed are presented and compared with the mentioned results. In particular, it is established that full slipping between the tubes causes the values of the critical deformation to decrease significantly with respect to those obtained in the case where complete contact conditions occur between the tubes. Moreover, it is established that an increase in the values of the van der Waals forces also causes a decrease in the values of the critical compressing strain and the magnitude of this decrease depends on the thicknesses of the tubes of the DWCNT.     

Peristaltic flow of MHD Jeffrey fluid through finite length cylindrical tube

The present investigation studies the peristaltic flow of the Jeffrey fluid through a tube of finite length. The fluid is electrically conducting in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Analysis is carried out under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. Expressions of the pressure gradient, volume flow rate, average volume flow rate, and local wall shear stress are obtained. The effects of relaxation time, retardation time, Hartman number on pressure, local wall shear stress, and mechanical efficiency of peristaltic pump are studied. The reflux phenomenon is also investigated. The case of propagation of a non-integral number of waves along the tube walls, which are inherent characteristics of finite length vessels, is also examined.     

Prediction of heat transfer coefficients and friction factors for evaporation of R-134a flowing inside corrugated tubes

In this study, experimental and simulation studies of the evaporation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of R-134a flowing through corrugated tubes are conducted. The test section is a horizontal counter-flow concentric tube-in-tube heat exchanger 2.0 m in length. A smooth tube and corrugated tubes with inner diameters of 8.7 mm are used as the inner tube. The outer tube is made from a smooth copper tube with an inner diameter of 21.2 mm. The corrugation pitches used in this study are 5.08, 6.35, and 8.46 mm. Similarly, the corrugation depths are 1, 1.25, and 1.5 mm, respectively. The results show that the maximum heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop obtained from the corrugated tube are up to 22 and 19 % higher than those obtained from the smooth tube, respectively. In addition, the average difference of the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop between the simulation model and experimental data are about 10 and 15 %, respectively.     

Simulation of peristaltic flow of chyme in small intestine for couple stress fluid

In this article couple stress fluid have been considered for the peristaltic flow of chyme in intestine. Problem under consideration have been formulated assuming that two non-periodic sinusoidal wave of different wavelength propagate with same speed c along the outer wall of the tube. Governing equations have been simplified under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation (such assumption are consistent that Re (Reynold number) is very small and long wavelength approximation also exists in the small intestine). Exact solutions have been evaluated for velocity and pressure rise. Physical behaviour of different parameter of couple stress fluid have been presented graphically for velocity, pressure rise, pressure gradient and frictional forces. The stream lines are also made against different parameters.     

Postbuckling of double-walled carbon nanotubes with temperature dependent properties and initial defects under combined axial and radial mechanical loads

Buckling and postbuckling analysis is presented for a double-walled carbon nanotube subjected to combined axial and radial loads in thermal environments. The analysis is based on a continuum mechanics model in which each tube of a double-walled carbon nanotube is described as an individual orthotropic shell with presence of van der Waals interaction forces and the interlayer friction is negligible between the inner and outer tubes. The governing equations are based on higher order shear deformation shell theory with a von Kármán-Donnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity and include thermal effects. Temperature-dependent material properties, which come from molecular dynamics simulations, and initial point defect, which is simulated as a dimple on the tube wall, are both taken into account. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the interactive buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling response of perfect and imperfect, double-walled carbon nanotubes subjected to combined axial and radial mechanical loads under different sets of thermal environments. The results reveal that temperature change only has a small effect on the postbuckling behavior of the double-walled carbon nanotube. The axially-loaded double-walled carbon nanotube subjected to radial pressure has an unstable postbuckling path, and the structure is imperfection–sensitive. In contrast, the pressure-loaded double-walled carbon nanotube subjected to axial compression has a very weak “snap-through” postbuckling path, and the structure is virtually imperfection–insensitive.     

Pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of turbulent flow in annular tubes with internal wave-like longitudinal fins

Measured were pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics with uniform axial heat input using air as the working fluid in both the entrance and fully developed regions of annular tubes with wave-like longitudinal fins. Five series of experiments were performed for turbulent flow and heat transfer in the annular tubes with number of waves equal to 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20, respectively. The test tube has a double-pipe structure with the inner blocked tubes as an insertion. The wave-like fins are in the annulus and span its full width. The friction factor and Nusselt number in the fully developed region were obtained. The friction factor and Nusselt number can be well corrected by a power-law correction in the Reynolds number range tested. In order to evaluate the thermal performance of the longitudinal finned tubes over a plain circular tube, comparisons were made under three conditions: (1) identical pumping power; (2) identical pressure drop and (3) identical mass flow. It was found that under the three constraints all the wave-like finned tubes can enhance heat transfer with the tube with wave number 20 being superior. Finally, discussion on the enhancement mechanism is conducted and a general correlation for the fully developed heat transfer is provided, which can cover all the fifty data of the five tubes with a mean deviation of 9.3%.     

Circumferential buckling instability of a growing cylindrical tube

A cylindrical elastic tube under uniform radial external pressure will buckle circumferentially to a non-circular cross-section at a critical pressure. The buckling represents an instability of the inner or outer edge of the tube. This is a common phenomenon in biological tissues, where it is referred to as mucosal folding. Here, we investigate this buckling instability in a growing elastic tube. A change in thickness due to growth can have a dramatic impact on circumferential buckling, both in the critical pressure and the buckling pattern. We consider both single- and bi-layer tubes and multiple boundary conditions. We highlight the competition between geometric effects, i.e. the change in tube dimensions, and mechanical effects, i.e. the effect of residual stress, due to differential growth. This competition can lead to non-intuitive results, such as a tube growing to be thinner and yet buckle at a higher pressure.     

微/纳尺度粘着滑动接触的多尺度分析

采用分子动力学与有限元耦合的多尺度方法,求解二维刚性圆柱表面压头与弹性平面的微/纳尺度粘着滑动接触问题,通过与全分子动力学模拟结果的比较验证了多尺度方法的有效性。对压头半径、滑动速度、下压深度以及是否考虑粘着效应等对滑动接触性能的影响进行了全面研究,通过不同条件下摩擦力及接触力分布的比较,揭示了上述各参数对粘着滑动接触...     

Peristaltic flow of a Johnson-Segalman fluid through a deformable tube

To understand theoretically the flow properties of physiological fluids we have considered as a model the peristaltic motion of a Johnson–Segalman fluid in a tube with a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. The perturbation solution for the stream function is obtained for large wavelength and small Weissenberg number. The expressions for the axial velocity, pressure gradient, and pressure rise per wavelength are also constructed. The general solution of the governing nonlinear partial differential equation is given using a transformation method. The numerical solution is also obtained and is compared with the perturbation solution. Numerical results are demonstrated for various values of the physical parameters of interest.      

内爆炸载荷下梯度泡沫铝夹芯管的动态响应

基于3D-Voronoi技术构建了泡沫铝芯层的三维细观有限元模型,对梯度泡沫铝夹芯管在内爆炸载荷下的动态响应进行了数值模拟。分析讨论了夹芯管结构内外管的壁厚、泡沫芯层的相对密度、芯层梯度分布等参数对夹芯管结构的抗爆性能与吸能性能的影响,并与无芯层的双层圆管进行了对比。结果表明:泡沫材料的相对密度可通过改变泡沫胞元大小和胞元壁厚进行调控,利用两种方式构建的夹芯管计算结果一致;保持内、外圆管总质量不变,增大内管壁厚可以有效减小外管的塑性变形,但会影响泡沫芯层的能量耗散;泡沫芯层的填充可以有效降低内管的塑性变形,正梯度泡沫铝夹芯管的抗爆性能优于均匀泡沫及负梯度泡沫夹芯管。     

Mechanics and full-field deformation study of the Ring Hoop Tension Test

We investigate the mechanics of the Ring Hoop Tension Test (RHTT), as a means to assess the properties of anisotropic tubes in the hoop direction. This test involves placing a ring extracted from the tube over two close-fitting D-shaped mandrels that are then parted using a universal testing machine. Since the curvature of the ring does not change during loading, the ring undergoes only stretching. We determine the effects of contact pressure, radial stress, and friction between the tube and mandrels using FEA simulations. The effects of the pre-existing thickness eccentricity and of the specimen-making procedure on the recorded RHTT response are also assessed with a combination of experiments and analysis. We tested tubes from Al-6061-T4 with a diameter/thickness ratio of 20. We found that as the friction increases beyond 0.1–0.15, the state of uniaxial tension is deteriorated, indicating that care must be taken to minimize the tube-mandrel friction. We determined that although these tubes have a relatively large thickness eccentricity (±4% of the nominal thickness), this had no effect on the recorded results. We showed that the tubes should not be turned to remove that eccentricity, as the machining process induces damage that is noticeable in the results. We found that the contact pressure and the contact-induced radial stress cause limited deviations from uniaxial tension, comparable to the case of a tube under axial load and internal pressure which is often used for assessing the material properties in the hoop direction. Central in our analyses is the knowledge of the hoop strain field, which was assessed using 3D Digital Image Correlation. We propose a data reduction procedure for RHTT that accounts for all the above effects. Finally, with all effects accounted for, we establish the anisotropy of the extruded Al-6061-T4 tubes studied.