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介绍了温差电的基本原理和影响温差电性能的因素以及低维温差电材料的量子效应和理论模型。有计算表明,低维温差电材料随着维度和尺度的降低,温差电性能将得到显著提高,展现了低维温差电材料的广泛应用前景。 相似文献
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电沉积铜箔随着印刷线路板和锂离子电池的大量应用而越来越受到重视,产业规模仍在发展中。相对于电镀设备的制造和电沉积工艺的开发,但有关电沉积的机理方面的研究较少。本文总结了电沉积铜箔的制造过程并分析了不同电沉积铜技术中各电镀参数的差异,指出电沉积电流密度在铜箔形成过程中的重要作用。通过展示和比较不同电沉积铜箔的微观组织结构,讨论了电沉积中各影响因素对铜箔微观组织结构以及对其宏观机械性能的影响。从前人研究结果中发现电沉积条件和镀液组分对铜箔微观组织形貌及其宏观机械性能有重大影响,但电解铜箔的晶粒大小、织构等微观组织结构参数与其宏观机械性能间无法建立起有效的关联,这对以镀层的微观组织结构为桥梁来建立电沉积条件对铜箔宏观机械性能的理论框架带来极大的困扰。前人试图通过研究铜箔电沉积机理来解决这一难题。经典金属电沉积理论认为提高过电位能够增加瞬时成核数量并降低晶粒平均尺寸,但无法解释结晶中择优取向等问题。渡边辙发现电沉积与冶金的相似性,认为电沉积金属的微观组织结构与金属熔点相关,但其“微观结构控制”理论还存在一些缺陷,例如无法解释添加剂对晶粒的细化作用等。笔者建议可从价键及能带理论角度重塑电沉积机理... 相似文献
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介绍了非水溶液电色谱的原理、特点及应用。非水溶液电色谱是一种新型的电分离技术。它以纯有机溶剂作电色谱流动相 ,具有许多水溶液电色谱所不能比拟的优点。 相似文献
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利用介电谱方法研究了NaA沸石/硅油和NaA沸石/煤油两种电流变液的介电行为, 测量发现两体系在105 Hz处均出现明显的弛豫现象. 采用单弛豫Cole-Cole函数拟合各体系的介电参数, 结果表明在相同体积分数条件下硅油体系具有较大的介电增量(?ε), 且两体系的介电增量与体积分数(φ)均服从?ε=4εmφ的函数关系. 通过计算和分析粒子与介质间介电失配程度, 阐明了油介质的介电常数(εm)对于沸石电流变液界面极化强度的贡献. 此外研究了吸附水对沸石电流变液界面极化的影响, 结果发现水的吸附对于体系的?ε值没有影响, 但明显降低了弛豫时间, 证明吸附水对沸石电流变液的界面极化率具有增强作用. 相似文献
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羧甲基壳聚糖在果蔬保鲜中的应用研究进展 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
综述了羧甲基壳聚糖的特性及其在果蔬的涂膜保鲜中的应用研究进展,讨论了羧甲基壳聚糖的浓度、分子量、pH值、取代度对其特性的影响,介绍了羧甲基壳聚糖对果蔬的涂膜保鲜效果。本文对开发羧甲基壳聚糖在果蔬防腐保鲜方面的应用具有理论指导意义。 相似文献
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Control of the Composition and Structure of Silicon Oxycarbide and Oxynitride Glasses Derived from Polysiloxane Precursors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The reactions involved in the preparation of silicon oxycarbide and oxynitride glasses by pyrolysis of polysiloxane precursors respectively under argon and ammonia are reviewed. The influence of the composition and structure of the precursor and of these pyrolysis reactions on the pyrolysis yield, the composition, and the structure of the glass is discussed. The free-carbon content of the glass depends on the substituents in the precursor and on the nature of the pyrolysis atmosphere. The composition of the oxynitride or the oxycarbide phase depends on the O/Si ratio of the precursor. The structure of these phases is not directly related to the structure of the precursors, but rather depends on their composition and on the pyrolysis temperature. 相似文献
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环取代基对金属化聚苯胺衍生物膜修饰电极性能的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过比较聚2,5-二甲氧基苯胺(PDMAn)、聚邻甲基苯胺(POT)和聚间氯苯胺(PmClAn)膜修饰电极的氧化还原电位、沉积在这3种聚合物上的铂微粒的表面形态与晶面取向以及异丙醇在分散Pt微粒的聚苯胺膜修饰电极上的氧化行为,从电子效应和立体效应探讨了聚合物电化学性质与环取代基的关系以及不同聚合基质对Pt沉积机理和有催化性能的影响,结果表明,在硫酸溶液中PDMAn膜修饰电极的氧化还原电位最负、POT次之、PmClAn最正,Pt在PDMAn和POT膜上的电沉积机理与在PmClAn膜上的不同,聚合物膜上沉积的Pt微粒呈现(200)晶面择优取向,其中POT膜上择优取向度最大,PDMAn次之,Pm-ClAn最小,异丙醇在金属化聚合物膜电极上的氧化电位取决于聚苯胺的本质,在POT膜修饰电极上异丙醇的电氧化主要发生在POT的活性电位区,而在PDMAn与PmClAn膜上的电氧化则主要发生在Pt上的氧化电位区,说明聚合物膜不仅作为Pt微粒的分散介质,而且本身有产生催化作用。 相似文献
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Meenakshi Goyal V. K. Rattan Diksha Aggarwal R. C. Bansal 《Colloids and surfaces. A, Physicochemical and engineering aspects》2001,190(3):334-238
The adsorption isotherms of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions in the concentration range 40–1000 mg l−1 on two samples of granulated and two samples of activated carbon fibres containing varying amounts of associated oxygen have been reported. The adsorption isotherms are type I of BET classification showing initially a rapid adsorption tending to be asymptotic at higher concentrations. The amounts of oxygen associated with the carbon surface has been enhanced by oxidation with nitric acid and ammonium persulphate in the solution phase and with oxygen gas at 350°C and decreased by degassing of the oxidized carbon samples at 400, 650 and 950°C. The adsorption of Cu(II) ions increases on oxidation and decreases on degassing. The increase in adsorption on oxidation depends on the nature of the oxidative treatment while the decrease in adsorption on degassing depends on the temperature of degassing. This has been attributed to the increase in the carbon–oxygen acidic surface groups on oxidation and their decrease on degassing. Suitable mechanisms consistent with the results have been proposed. 相似文献
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运用原位红外反射光谱研究了碱性介质中甘氨酸在Pt电极上的解离吸附和氧化反应行为,并利用纳米Pt膜电极的异常红外效应鉴定反应过程中生成的表面吸附物种.结果表明:甘氨酸在Pt电极上极易发生解离,生成强吸附于电极表面上的氰基负离子,该吸附物种在低于0V电位下能稳定存在,并抑制甘氨酸的进一步反应.当电位高于0.2V时,氰基负离子被氧化为氰酸根离子进入溶液,使甘氨酸发生氧化反应,生成氰酸盐和碳酸盐等产物. 相似文献
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The method established previously for studying the etching rates of micro-scale silicon and silica was used to study the etching process of silicon and silica on the Si(100)surface. Photolithography was used to pattern a positive photoresist mask to confine the etching area,and the atomic force microscopy was used to probe the etched surface. The lateral etching rate of silicon or silica on the silicon surface was defined,and the lateral and longitudinal etching rates of silicon and silica on the Si(100)surface in 40% ammonium fluoride aqueous solution were measured. The effect of the dissolved oxygen on the etching rates was studied by bubbling the solution with high purity nitrogen. The lateral and longitudinal etching rates of silicon and silica on the(100)surface increase with temperatures except for the lateral etching rate of silica in a N2 -bubbled solution which probably reaches the limit of diffusion controlled reaction. The etching rates of silicon and thermal silica on the Si(100)surface show remarkable difference with that on the Si(111)surface in both air-saturated and N2 -bubbled solutions. The apparent activation energies for the silicon and silica etching processing in ammonium fluoride solution were obtained from the etching rates at different temperatures in the range 20. 6-34. 1℃. The similarity of the apparent activation energies for the etching processing of silicon and silica on the(100)surface to that on the(111)surface probably suggests that the rate-determined-step is the same in both cases. A lot of gas bubbles are seen to aggregate on the surface in silicon dissolution process at 38. 2℃,and it is found that the gas bubbles have great influence on the silicon etching rate. The formation of bubbles accelerates the silicon dissolution at the beginning but blocks the etching as the bubbles gradually aggregate on the surface. 相似文献
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Terhi Saarinen Monika
sterberg Janne Laine 《Colloids and surfaces. A, Physicochemical and engineering aspects》2008,330(2-3):134-142
The adsorption of polyelectrolyte (PE) multilayers and complexes, obtained from both high- and low-charge polyelectrolytes, was studied on silica and on cellulose model surfaces by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The film properties acquired with the different strategies were compared. When polyelectrolytes were added on an oppositely charged surface in sequence to form multilayers both the change in frequency and dissipation increased. The changes in frequency and dissipation were clearly higher if low-charge PEs were used in the multilayer formation. The substrate, silica or cellulose, did not affect the adsorption behaviour of low-charge PEs and only minor differences were seen in the adsorbed amounts and changes in dissipation of high-charge PEs between SiO2 and cellulose. The complexes formed by low-charge PEs had higher changes in frequency and dissipation at low ionic strength on both surfaces, while the complexes formed from high-charge polyelectrolytes adsorbed more at high salt concentration. The complexes of low-charge polyelectrolytes adsorbed more on silica, while the complexes formed by high-charge PEs formed thicker layers on cellulose. The charge ratio had a significant effect on the adsorption and the highest changes in frequency and dissipation were obtained in the anionic/cationic charge ratio of 0.5–0.6. Generally, the multilayers and complexes formed by low-charge polyacrylamides adsorbed highly and formed rather thick layers on both surfaces, unlike the high-charge PEs which formed thin layers using either one of the addition techniques. 相似文献
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B. Vishalakshi 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》1995,33(3):365-371
The interaction of various structurally different water-soluble cationic polyelectrolytes with methyl orange, an anionic dye, has been studied. The changes in the UV-Vis spectra of methyl orange in the presence of methyl and benzyl quaternized polyvinylpyridines and trialkylammonium and triphenylphosphonium salts of polyvinylbenzyl chloride have been used to investigate the effect of the structure on the dye-binding characteristics of the polycations. The results are interpreted in the light of a simple theory of cooperative binding to a linear lattice. The extent of binding of the dye aggregates on the polymers has been calculated. The binding ability of the above-mentioned polyelectrolytes has been found to depend on the nature of the substituent on the polycation. The contribution of the coulombic forces on binding of the dye by these polymers has been emphasized. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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