The measurement of amplitude and phase characteristics of time-varying optical inhomogeneities in transparent media

The solution of the phase problem in optics is considered as applied to the problems of studying time-varying amplitude and phase characteristics of a medium with the use of the spectral modulation method, in particular, for ultrashort times. The analysis is carried out by way of transilluminating the medium or the object under study with a probing optical signal with a known structure. The information required is extracted by directly recording intensity distributions for the spectrum of the probing signal transmitted through the medium and for the spectrum of the signal transmitted through the medium and subjected to additional modulation formed in a special way. The modulation should provide, to some extent, a visualization of the phase information. Two varyings of the analysis are considered. The first varying is related to the action of the medium under study on probing radiation in the form of its temporal modulation. The second varying is associated with the study of media whose action on radiation leads to redistribution of radiation in time and is described by convolution.     

Method of holographic imaging of inhomogeneities in the density of a substance of a semitransparent medium using plane-parallel laser radiation

A new method for coherent superbroadband sounding of a semitransparent substance with the aim to construct a three-dimensional image of its inner structure is proposed and justified. The method is based on irradiating the studied medium with a plane ray, spectral analysis by the two-dimensional Fresnel–Fourier transform, interferometric comparison of spatial spectra of scattered and reference signals, and holographic construction of a series of two-dimensional images of the medium followed by tomographic reconstruction of its three-dimensional image. The stochastic image model has been justified in a coherent approach for the first time both in the region of high frequencies and after the transfer of the radiation spectrum to the lowfrequency range of spatial frequencies to the surface of the radiation recorder. The spectral correlation characteristics of the speckle structure of the reconstructed image have been studied. Calculations and investigations of the spread function of the structure implementing the proposed method have been carried out.     

Real-time electro-optical heterodyne signal processors

A cross-correlation function of two time-varying signals and two spatial signals is considered analytically for real-time signal processing. An electro-optical heterodyne signal processor with a set of two successive ultrasonic light modulators and two optical masks is simply used because this optical system is not so sensitive in its alignment as conventional Mach-Zehnder-like interferometers for photomixing. As two special cases, a convolution function of two rectangular pulses fed to both the modulators and a correlation function of a rectangular pulse, fed only to one of the modulators, with a rectangular aperture made in one mask are produced experimentally for verification.     

Microwave spectroscopy of cold rubidium atoms

The effect of microwave radiation on the resonance fluorescence of a cloud of cold ⁸⁵Rb atoms in a magnetooptical trap is studied. The radiation frequency was tuned near the hyperfine splitting frequency of rubidium atoms in the 5S ground state. The microwave field induced magnetic dipole transitions between the magnetic sublevels of the 5S (F=2) and 5S (F=3) states, resulting in a change in the fluorescence signal. The resonance fluorescence spectra were recorded by tuning the microwave radiation frequency. The observed spectra were found to be substantially dependent on the transition under study and the frequency of a repump laser used in the cooling scheme.     

Cyclic statistics in rolling bearing diagnosis

Mechanical signals with amplitude modulated are characterized by periodic time-varying ensemble statistics and can be considered as cyclostationary. In this paper, the second order cyclic statistics, i.e. cyclic autocorrelation and cyclic spectrum, are introduced. A method of demodulation based on cyclic autocorrelation is derived from a signal model. The modulators and carrier are exhibited, respectively, in low- and high-frequency band of cyclic frequency domain. The three-dimensional spectral correlation figure, which represents cyclic frequency, frequency and spectral correlation strength simultaneously, is developed to express the demodulation results clearly. The method is tested by simulation signal and applied to diagnose rolling bearing faults. It obtained more information than other conventional methods, such as the frequency domain and the envelop detection. Furthermore, its effect is demonstrated by comparing with the wavelet envelope demodulation.     

Instantaneous frequency measurement using two parallel I/Q modulators based on optical power monitoring

A scheme for instantaneous frequency measurement(IFM)using two parallel I/Q modulators based on optical power monitoring is proposed.The amplitude comparison function(ACF)can be constructed to establish the relationship between the frequency of radio frequency(RF)signal and the power ratio of two optical signals output by two I/Q modulators.The frequency of RF signal can be derived by measuring the optical power of the optical signals output by two I/Q modulators.The measurement range and measurement error can be adjusted by controlling the delay amount of the electrical delay line.The feasibility of the scheme is verified,and the corresponding measurement range and measurement error of the system under different delay amounts of the electrical delay line are given.Compared with previous IFM schemes,the structure of this scheme is simple.Polarization devices,a photodetector and an electrical power meter are not used,which reduces the impact of the environmental disturbance on the system and the cost of the system.In simulation,the measurement range can reach 0 GHz-24.5 GHz by adjusting the delay amount of the electrical delay lineτ=20 ps.The measurement error of the scheme is better at low frequency,and the measurement error of low frequency 0 GHz-9.6 GHz can reach-0.1 GHz to+0.05 GHz.     

Polarization analyzers operating in a wide spectral range

Different versions of practical realization of customary optical systems for full measurement of the polarization state of quasi-monochromatic partially polarized light are considered. They can be used to overcome measurement difficulties associated with the finite width of the spectral range being studied. The effect of changes in characteristics of optical and polarization elements over a spectral range on the character of polarization measurements is analyzed. Methods for elimination of chromatism or taking into account its effect on measurements are suggested. Relations for taking into account the effect of chromatism of a phase plate with constant thickness on measurement results are given. Operation of a classical four-channel scheme for studing quasi-monochromatic partially polarized light in the visible and near-IR regions is considered. For this system, expressions are derived which make possible determination of Stokes parameters taking into account the effect of a finite spectral range. A system using phase modulation of radiation by an electrooptical cell and measurement of the maximum and minimum intensities of the modulated signal is considered. Measurements are carried out by using a two-channel system. Expressions are derived which make possible determination of Stokes parameters for the system under consideration in the visible and near-IR spectral regions. A system for measuring the polarization state of radiation in the visible and near-IR regions and based on modulation of radiation by an electrooptical phase cell is described. Measurements are carried out for the fundamental modulation frequency and its harmonics using a two-channel scheme. Relations for determining Stokes parameters of the system are presented.     

Photoreflection and photoconduction spectra of CdS crystals: Excitons in the electric fields of surface states

The exciton photoreflection spectra of CdS crystals are studied. It is found that the form of the exciton photoreflection spectrum is determined by a Stark shift of the exciton energy in the electric field of surface states. The dependences of the exciton photoreflection spectrum on temperature on the intensity and wavelength of the modulating radiation, and on the processes by which the photoreflection signal relaxes is determined. An energy scheme is proposed for the surface states which explains the observed effects of photoinduced changes in the surface field. A correlation is established between the exciton photoreflection spectrum and the form of the fine structure in the photoconductivity. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 875–876 (May 1998)     

The luminescence of glasses activated with terbium

The absorption and luminescence spectra of borate, phosphate, and silicate glasses and their dependence upon the activator concentration and the temperature were studied. The luminescence mechanism was investigated. The spectra were analyzed, taking into account the composition and structure of the glasses. The term scheme of the trivalent terbium in the glasses was constructed. The conditions for stimulated radiation in glass activated with terbium are outlined.Reported at the 12th Conference on Luminescence, L'vov, 1964.     

基于矢量叠加实现差分编码的光子模数转换方案

提出并验证了一种基于矢量叠加原理对输入射频信号进行差分编码的光子模数转换方案.该方案采用两路不同波长脉冲源通过一个相位调制器对输入射频信号进行调制,调制输出接入延时线干涉仪从而产生两路具有固定相位差的差分调制信号.利用矢量叠加模块对两路差分调制信号的强度进行不同程度的衰减和组合,从而获得系统量化所需的各路传递函数之间的相移量.该方案能够对输入射频信号实现差分编码,有效提高了系统的比特精度.同时该方案结构简单,只需要一个相位调制器,一个延时线干涉仪和一个矢量叠加模块即可构建.另外,各路传递函数之间的相移量是通过衰减两路差分调制信号的强度来实现,避免了传统光子模数转换方案中调制器对温度、环境敏感而引入的相位漂移问题.本文对4比特模数转换系统进行了原理性验证,实验结果证实了基于矢量叠加原理的光子模数转换方案的可行性.     

应用于ROF系统中的单边带调制微波毫米波生成技术研究

介绍了单边带调制微波毫米波生成技术研究的背景及意义,综述了几种主要的单边带调制微波毫米波生成技术方案,包括移相法、滤波法、非线性效应法,以及在此基础上的改进方法,如应用于ROF系统中基于谐波抑制的新型单边带调制方案、应用超窄双传输峰光纤光栅实现光学单边带调制等。还介绍了两种新型单边带调制生成微波毫米波技术,包括基于极性反转电光调制器的单边带调制技术以及新型光学注入锁定单边带调制实验系统     

Synchronized clock multiplication through optical subharmonic injection locking of an optoelectronic oscillator

We propose a remote synchronization scheme based on optoelectronic oscillators (OEO) and external modulators. Synchronized clock multiplication is demonstrated by using optical subharmonic injection locking technique. A 10-GHz slave OEO was successfully synchronized by 2.5-GHz/Gbps injecting optical clock pulse train, return-to-zero (RZ) signal and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signal, respectively. The synchronization scheme is advantageous since it does not require strong nonlinearity presented in the master signal, and is capable of generating electrical and optical clock with small add-on phase noise.     

Active vibration control in Duffing mechanical systems using dynamic vibration absorbers

This paper deals with the multi-frequency harmonic vibration suppression problem in forced Duffing mechanical systems using passive and active linear mass–spring–damper dynamic vibration absorbers. An active vibration absorption scheme is proposed to extend the vibrating energy dissipation capability of a passive dynamic vibration absorber for multiple excitation frequencies and, simultaneously, to perform reference position trajectory tracking tasks planned for the nonlinear primary system. A differential flatness-based disturbance estimation scheme is also described to estimate the unknown multiple time-varying frequency disturbance signal affecting the differentially flat nonlinear vibrating mechanical system dynamics. Some numerical simulation results are provided to show the efficient performance of the proposed active vibration absorption scheme and the fast estimation of the vibration disturbance signal.     

一种基于MEMS光栅光调制器的近红外光谱探测系统

基于微机电系统技术的近红外光谱探测系统已成为了近红外光谱仪研究的一个新方向。文章提出了一种基于光栅光调制器的新型近红外光谱探测系统。该系统采用微加工技术制造的光栅光调制器阵列与单点近红外探测器相结合使用的方法进行光谱探测。设计了该光谱探测系统的光学结构, 论述了系统光谱探测原理, 并使用经表面微加工工艺得到的光栅光调制器器件进行了系统分辨本领、波长准确性、系统稳定性、器件响应频率等特征参数测试实验。结果表明,该探测系统在1 320到1 400 nm波长范围内,分辨本领小于10 nm, 波长准确性小于1 nm, 系统稳定性小于0.5%, 光栅光调制器的响应频率为5kHz。实验结果证明了该近红外光谱探测系统的可行性, 为研制基于微机电系统光栅光调制器的微型化近红外光谱仪提供了理论基础及实验指导。     

Laser engineering of spine discs

The laser engineering of intervertebral discs is one of the branch of medical physics aimed at the development of minimally invasive laser medical techniques based on the effect of the controlled (time- and space-modulated) laser radiation on the structure and the field of mechanical stress of biological tissues. A new method for the laser engineering of the intervertebral discs and the differences of this approach from the existing physical methods of medical treatment are considered. The newly formed tissues of animals and humans are hystologically studied. Possible regeneration processes are discussed. A control system that provides for the treatment efficiency and safety is developed. The new laser medical equipment that is designed for the laser engineering of intervertebral discs is described, and the corresponding results of the clinical application are presented.     

A Photonic mm-Wave Frequency Sextupler Using an Integrated Mach–Zehnder Modulator with Three Arms

Abstract

A novel photonic mm-wave frequency sextupling scheme based on an integrated Mach–Zehnder modulator with three arms is proposed in this article. Without any optical filter, a high-quality frequency sextupling mm-wave signal can be generated. Compared with mm-wave generation schemes based on traditional two-arm Mach–Zehnder modulators, the proposed scheme does not need DC bias and a complex electrical bias control circuit. Some non-ideal factors are taken into consideration to verify its performance, which proves that a slight deviation of the ideal values does not cause great degradation of the performance of the mm-wave generation scheme.     

两个双能级原子与辐射场的喇曼相互作用

研究了两个双能级原子与单模辐射腔场的喇曼相互作用。分别计算了两个原子与光场之间具有不同耦合常数和两个原子虽与光场具有相同耦合常数但同时考虑了原子间偶极-偶极相互作用两种情形下的辐射谱。分析了两个原子与辐射场之间耦合常数的相对大小和两原子间偶极作用的计入对辐射谱的影响。 关键词：