Shack-Hartmann波前传感器用于闪烁和相位起伏效应的同时测量

将每一个子孔径及相应的CCD面元作为一个光强探测系统,可以将Shack-Hartmann波前传感器用于湍流大气闪烁效应的测量.分析了该测量方法的基本原理,并结合其波前探测的功能.在近地面水平1km的湍流大气中,同时进行了闪烁和相位起伏的实验研究.将闪烁测量得到的Cn2与大口径闪烁仪测量的结果进行对比,发现两者的相关系数达0.838,验证了Shack-Hartmann波前传感器用于闪烁效应测量的可靠性.对闪烁和相位起伏效应得到的Cn2的日变化进行了对比.结果表明,两者在变化趋势上具有较好的一致性;采用双对数坐标对两种结果进行相关性分析,发现两者的相关系数达0.798.这表明将Shack-Hartmann波前传感器用于闪烁和相位起伏效应的同时测量是可行的,拓展了该传感器的使用功能.     

利用环形子孔径哈特曼-夏克斜率数据复原全孔径波前相位算法研究

提出了一种适用于哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的环形子孔径拼接检测技术的拼接复原算法.该算法通过建立各个环形子孔径内有效的哈特曼-夏克斜率数据和全孔径波前相位的关系,避免了环形子孔径区域的波前复原过程,从而有效地解决了环形子孔径区域的哈特曼-夏克波前传感器有效采样率低的问题.算法对斜率测量噪声较不敏感,具有较好的抗噪声干扰的能...     

点光源哈特曼最优阈值估计方法研究

针对夏克-哈特曼波前传感器探测系统中噪声随时间及空间变化频率较快的特点,为了准确估计系统的最优阈值,根据高斯光斑与噪声的分布特性,提出一种以滑动窗口内像素均值及图像信号的局部梯度作为参数,构造关于噪声权重函数的方法,由此获得子孔径阈值的最优估计值,并详细分析了算法的基本原理和实现过程.以典型处理方法获取的阈值与理论最优阈值的误差作为评价标准,仿真和实验结果表明本文提出的阈值估计方法在不同信噪比、不同光斑大小的条件下,均能取得优于典型阈值处理方法获得的结果,且与理论最优阈值的误差小于10%.     

波前校正器和波前传感器的匹配

自适应光学系统中，波前校正器和波前传感器的形式、对应关系以及波前复原法的选择，对波前复原的效果都是有影响的。介绍了动态Ｈａｒｔｍａｎｎ—Ｓｈａｃｋ传感器方式下，以分立驱动器和连续表面变形镜为校正元件，采用直接斜率法波前复原过程的计算机模拟实验．研究了多种变形镜驱动器和探测子孔径的对应布局关系，得出每个孔径主要受三个驱动器控制的布局原则．     

光波相位不连续点的探测

提出了同时利用哈特曼波前传感器测量的子孔径波前斜率和光强数据进行信标光相位复原的改进算法,并在此基础上对实测的斜率数据进行分析,结果表明在强湍流效应情况下,信标光相位中存在不连续点。     

Finite-area centroid propagation in homogeneous media and range of validity of the Optical Ehrenfest's Theorem

The estimation of unknown wavefronts using Hartmann–Shack and other wavefront sensing devices relies on the fact that the irradiance centroids in homogeneous media propagate along straight lines whose slopes are given by the irradiance-weighted spatial average of the local wavefront slopes, a result which is a particular case of the Optical Ehrenfest's Theorem. The strict analytic validity of this theorem, however, heavily depends on the use of an infinitely extended integration region to compute the irradiance centroid. In this paper we describe the equation governing the centroid propagation in homogeneous media when it is computed within a finite region of the detection plane and determine the minimum size of this region sufficient to ensure an approximate fulfillment of the Optical Ehrenfest's Theorem.     

Differential focal anisoplanatism in laser guide star wavefront sensing on extremely large telescopes

Laser guide stars (LGSs) aim at increasing the sky coverage of adaptive optics (AO) as this is highly restricted when using only natural guide stars. With such three-dimensional extended objects, spot elongation may limit the measurement accuracy of wavefronts. We evaluate the effect of differential focal anisoplanatism, induced solely by the longitudinal extension of a side-launched LGS, on the slope measurements performed by a Shack-Hartmann for a 40?m class telescope. We also take this effect into account in the wavefront reconstruction and derive estimations of the resulting wavefront error in a multi-LGS AO system. We find an error of 100?nm in the worst case at the subaperture level and a small error of the order of 10?nm for six LGSs after wavefront reconstruction.     

基于已知球面波前的Hartmann-Shack传感器结构参量标定

微透镜阵列到CCD的距离是影响Hartmann-Shack波前探测器精度的主要装配误差之一。对该平移装配误差的修正,能够有效减小波前探测误差。理论求解了球面波前通过微透镜引起的子孔径光斑质心移动量与波前探测器结构参数之间的关系,借助该关系能够求出微透镜到CCD之间的实际距离,以其改进波前斜率的计算。实验验证了理论推导的合理性,并对实际装配参数进行标定,得实际距离为24.2 mm。利用标定后的参数重建波前,其相对误差减小20.4%。实验表明该标定方法能够有效提高波前传感器测量准确性。     

弱光波前传感器质心计算的新方法

 研究了Shack Hartmann波前传感器质心计算的新方法,即最小二乘高斯拟合方法。分析了Shack-Hartmann波前传感器采用一阶矩质心计算位置方法对光斑强度的敏感性,与最小二乘高斯拟合方法进行了比较,并对Shack Hartmann波前传感器的子孔径波前斜率探测的正确性进行了分析。最后的计算结果表明最小二乘高斯拟合法计算子孔径光斑的质心位置可以减小质心探测的误差。     

Reference-free Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor

The traditional Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing (SHWS) system measures the wavefront slope by calculating the centroid shift between the sample and a reference piece, and then the wavefront is reconstructed by a suitable iterative reconstruction method. Because of the necessity of a reference, many issues are brought up, which limit the system in most applications. This Letter proposes a reference-free wavefront sensing (RFWS) methodology, and an RFWS system is built up where wavefront slope changes are measured by introducing a lateral disturbance to the sampling aperture. By using Southwell reconstruction two times to process the measured data, the form of the wavefront at the sampling plane can be well reconstructed. A theoretical simulation platform of RFWS is established, and various surface forms are investigated. Practical measurements with two measurement systems-SHWS and our RFWS-are conducted, analyzed, and compared. All the simulation and measurement results prove and demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the method.     

哈特曼-夏克波前传感器子孔径合并的理论研究

在大气湍流条件较好而被探测信标光信号极弱的工作条件下,自适应光学系统在实际的应用中需要采用子孔径合并的部分校正方式。本文针对云南天文台1.2m高分辨率自适应光学系统中的哈特曼－夏克（Hartmann-Shack ）波前传感器结构,从光子起伏噪声和CCD像素读出噪声对子孔径内哈特曼光斑质心探测精度的影响的角度,对子也径软件合并和硬件合并两种方案进行了理论分析和计算,导出了有实际应用意义的结论。     

子孔径划分对波前重构矩阵病态程度的影响

 自适应光学中,对于一定的变形镜,波前探测器子孔径的划分方式将对波前重构产生影响。本文就这个问题开展了计算机模拟研究。用直接斜率法进行波前重构,采用最小二乘解,并用波前重构矩阵的条件数作为其病态程度的判据。模拟结果表明,子孔径数目的选择对波前重构矩阵的病态程度起决定性的作用;适当的子孔径划分方式可以使波前重构矩阵病态程度大大降低。     

环形子孔径拼接检测中机械误差的分离

为减少环形子孔径拼接干涉检测中机械误差对检测结果造成的影响,分析环形子孔径拼接过程中机械误差作用分量的表现形式,提出了分离机械误差的全局优化的环形子孔径拼接方法。分析根据波像差理论建立的机械误差分离数学模型,然后将其应用于避免误差传递和累积的全局优化的拼接方法中,并提出利用光线追迹的方法在拼接之前除去理想非球面波前与参考球面波前的差别。应用分离机械误差的拼接方法对口径为75mm、顶点曲率半径为100 mm的抛物面面形进行检测,得到的面形峰谷值误差为0.05,均方根值误差为0.003,验证了该拼接方法可有效分离环形子孔径拼接中的机械误差。     

Spline based least squares integration for two-dimensional shape or wavefront reconstruction

In this work, we present a novel method to handle two-dimensional shape or wavefront reconstruction from its slopes. The proposed integration method employs splines to fit the measured slope data with piecewise polynomials and uses the analytical polynomial functions to represent the height changes in a lateral spacing with the pre-determined spline coefficients. The linear least squares method is applied to estimate the height or wavefront as a final result. Numerical simulations verify that the proposed method has less algorithm errors than two other existing methods used for comparison. Especially at the boundaries, the proposed method has better performance. The noise influence is studied by adding white Gaussian noise to the slope data. Experimental data from phase measuring deflectometry are tested to demonstrate the feasibility of the new method in a practical measurement.     

子孔径拼接技术应用的研究

大口径光学元件的检测开拓了子孔径拼接应用的新领域。采用小口径干涉仪对大口径被测元件不同区域进行波前检测,然后恢复计算出被测波前。使用光学设计软件ZEMAX对子孔径检测拼接技术进行了模拟,模拟结果表明：波前检测相对误差小于4.3λ‰,实现了对大口径光学元件面形的高精度检测,避免了相同口径检测干涉仪的使用,降低了检测成本及难度。     

光强非均匀分布对波前曲率传感器的影响

为了将波前曲率传感器用于涉及激光波前的领域,理论分析了非均匀光强入射条件下的曲率传感器测量信号。用菲涅耳衍射公式,数值计算了相位分布为前10阶泽尼克多项式,光强为高斯分布和正态随机分布闪烁的曲率传感器信号,并和相同相位分布,光强均匀情况下的传感器信号比较。分析表明光强非均匀分布给波前曲率传感器测量信号带来了一定的误差。光强高斯分布对散焦相差的曲率信号影响较大,信号百分比误差达到25%,对其他相差的曲率信号影响很小;对于有正态随机分布闪烁的光强分布,信号百分比误差与正态随机分布的均方差成线性关系。在一定条件下,波前曲率传感器也能够用于光强非均匀分布的领域。     

Scattering by gamma-distributed phase screens

The multipoint statistics of a joint gamma process are investigated. Analytical expressions are derived for the generating functions of the fourfold probability densities of the process and results are also obtained for its slope statistics. The results are used to characterize the wavefront distortion introduced into an incident beam of radiation by a phase changing screen and the scintillation index of the scattered intensity in the Fresnel region is calculated for various spectral models. Properties of the ray density functional are also investigated for the sub-fractal case when the wavefront is once differentiable.     

Pressure effects on the magnetic behaviour of copper (II) compounds: magnetic ordering of layered organic/inorganic magnets

The high hydrostatic pressure effect on the magnetic properties of the layered hybrid compounds Cu(2)(OH)(3)(C(n)H(2n+1)CO(2))·mH(2)O with distance between magnetic layers of up to 40 ? is studied. It is shown that the temperature of the ferromagnetic ordering decreases linearly with pressure increase. From measurements of susceptibility in the paramagnetic region, using both quantum Heisenberg and Ising exchange coupling models in layers and dipole interaction between layers, the in- and interlayer interactions are deduced. The dipole interactions are calculated and are shown to coincide with the model of Ising interactions in the layers. The value and decrease of T(c) under pressure are mainly driven by the value and decrease of the in-plane interactions. The formation of the long range ordering in the layered sample with dipolar interaction between layers is analysed. As a conclusion it is suggested that for designing high temperature ferromagnetism in layer compounds it is enough to have large in-plane interactions of ions with specific symmetry in layers and weak dipole interactions between layers.     

Scattering by gamma-distributed phase screens

Abstract

The multipoint statistics of a joint gamma process are investigated. Analytical expressions are derived for the generating functions of the fourfold probability densities of the process and results are also obtained for its slope statistics. The results are used to characterize the wavefront distortion introduced into an incident beam of radiation by a phase changing screen and the scintillation index of the scattered intensity in the Fresnel region is calculated for various spectral models. Properties of the ray density functional are also investigated for the sub-fractal case when the wavefront is once differentiable.     

Specific heat and thermal conductivity in the mixed state of MgB2

The specific heat C and the electronic and phononic thermal conductivities kappa(e) and kappa(ph) are calculated in the mixed state for magnetic fields H near H(c2), including the effects of supercurrent flow and Andreev scattering. The resulting function C(H) is nearly linear while kappa(e)(H) exhibits an upward curvature near H(c2). The slopes decrease with impurity scattering which improves the agreement with the data on MgB2. The ratio of phonon relaxation times tau(n)/tau(s)=g(omega(0),H) for phonon energy omega(0) is smeared out around omega(0)=2Delta and tends to one for increasing H. This leads to a rapid reduction of kappa(ph)(H) in MgB2 for relatively small fields due to the rapid suppression of the smaller energy gap.