碳化钨/碳化二钨核壳结构纳米复合材料的制备及电化学性能

以偏钨酸铵为钨源, 铁黄(FeOOH)为载体, 将表面包覆法与原位还原碳化技术相结合, 制备出了具有核壳结构的碳化钨(WC)/碳化二钨(W₂C)纳米复合材料; 应用X射线衍射(XRD)分析、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线能量散射谱(EDS)等手段对不同阶段样品的晶相、形貌、微结构和化学组成等特征进行了表征. 结果表明, 负载体经煅烧后, 载体及包裹层的物相均发生了变化, 形貌也相应地发生了改变; 经盐酸处理及还原碳化后, 样品由WC和W₂C纳米颗粒构成, 并构成了以W₂C为壳, 以WC为核的典型核壳结构; 结合表征结果对核壳结构的形成机理进行了探讨. 采用三电极体系循环伏安法测试了样品在酸性、中性和碱性溶液中对甲醇的电催化氧化活性. 结果表明, 与颗粒状碳化钨和介孔空心球状碳化钨相比, 样品的电催化活性有了明显的提高. 这说明W₂C与WC构成核壳结构纳米复合材料后, 其电化学性能有了明显的提升, 核壳结构纳米复合材料是提高碳化钨催化材料活性的有效途径之一.     

核壳结构碳化钨/碳化钨铁复合材料的制备与电催化活性

以铁黄为载体,偏钨酸铵为钨源,将直接包覆与原位还原碳化技术相结合制备了碳化钨/碳化钨铁复合材料.经X射线衍射(XRD)分析和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察,复合材料的主要物相为碳化钨铁(Fe3W3C)、碳化钨(WC)和碳化二钨(W2C),且构成了以Fe3W3C为核、WC和W2C为壳的核壳结构.采用三电极体系循环伏安法测试了复合材料在酸性、中性和碱性体系中对甲醇的电催化氧化活性.结果表明,与颗粒状碳化钨和介孔空心球状碳化钨相比,复合材料的电催化活性有了明显的提高;进一步研究发现,复合材料的电催化活性不仅受到体系性质的影响,还与其物相组成和微结构相关.上述结果说明,通过控制复合材料的物相组成及微结构,以及反应体系的性质可实现对其电催化活性的调控;同时表明,核壳结构是提高碳化钨催化材料活性的有效途径之一.     

碳化钨-二氧化钛纳米复合材料的制备及其电催化活性

 以纳米 TiO2 为载体, 偏钨酸铵为钨源, 采用机械化学法与原位还原碳化相结合的方法制备了碳化钨-TiO2 纳米复合材料, 并用 X 射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜等手段对样品的晶相和形貌进行了表征. 结果表明, 样品颗粒为不规则粒状, 并有不同程度的团聚, 样品的晶相组成与还原碳化时间有关, 主要有金红石相 TiO2, 非化学计量比氧化钛 (Ti6O11), W2C, W1C 和未定名碳化钨. 其中, TiO2 粒径 18.8~95.6 nm, W2C 粒径 17.4~24.2 nm, W1C 粒径 14.7~15.8 nm. 在三电极体系中, 采用循环伏安法测定了样品对对硝基苯酚的电催化活性. 结果表明, 样品的电催化活性与晶相组成有关, 且 W1C 与 TiO2 构成复合材料后, 两者之间存在明显的协同效应. 这说明 TiO2 是 W1C 的良好载体.     

WC/TiO2纳米复合材料的制备及其电催化性能

以TiCl4为原料, 采用溶胶水解法合成了金红石型纳米TiO2颗粒, 并以其为载体制备了WC/TiO2纳米复合材料. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)等手段分析了WC/TiO2纳米复合材料的晶相组成和表面形貌. 结果显示样品是由WC, TiO2和W组成, 纳米WC颗粒均匀地包覆在TiO2的表面, 并与TiO2构成了WC/TiO2纳米复合材料. 采用循环伏安法和计时电流法研究了WC/TiO2纳米复合材料对硝基苯的电催化性能. 结果表明, WC/TiO2纳米复合材料对硝基苯的电催化活性和电化学稳定性均优于介孔结构碳化钨(meso-WC)和纳米WC颗粒(part-WC).     

WC/天然沸石纳米复合材料的制备与电催化活性

以天然沸石为载体,偏钨酸铵为钨源,将机械化学法与原位还原碳化技术结合,制备了碳化钨与天然沸石的纳米复合材料.制备过程中,首先对天然沸石进行预处理,然后按硅钨摩尔比为2:1配置偏钨酸铵与沸石混合物,经机械球磨得到三氧化钨与沸石复合前驱体,再将前驱体在管式炉内1173K温度下,在CH4与H2混合气氛中还原碳化即得碳化钨与沸石的纳米复合材料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能量散射谱(EDS)分别对样品的晶相、形貌、微结构和化学组成进行了表征.结果表明,样品主要由一碳化钨、碳化二钨、石英、丝光沸石、斜发沸石等物相组成.其中,一碳化钨晶粒约为30nm,碳化二钨的晶粒约为20nm.应用粉末微电极测试了样品在中性溶液中对对硝基苯酚的电催化活性.结果表明,在中性溶液中样品对对硝基苯酚电催化活性优于介孔空心球状碳化钨,样品的电还原催化活性与其WC的质量分数和WC与W2C的质量比相关.碳化钨与沸石构成复合材料后,两者具有明显的协同效应.     

碳化钨与蒙脱石纳米复合材料的制备与电催化活性

具有类铂催化性能的碳化钨(WC)催化材料是当前研究的热点与难点. 本文以六氯化钨为钨源, 用剥离后的蒙脱石片层为载体, 将化学浸渍法与原位还原碳化法技术相结合制备了碳化钨与蒙脱石纳米复合材料; 复合材料由碳化钨、碳化二钨(W₂C)和蒙脱石(MMT)组成, 碳化钨呈颗粒状分散或呈层状负载于MMT外表面; 样品的晶相组成与其还原碳化时间有关; 样品的微结构特征与前驱体中钨与蒙脱石的比例有关. 采用三电极体系和循环伏安法测试了样品在酸性溶液中对甲醇的电催化氧化性能, 结果表明, 碳化钨与蒙脱石复合之后对甲醇的电催化性能明显提升, 并具有类铂电催化活性; 当钨与蒙脱石质量比为4 的前驱体经5 h 还原碳化后, 样品中WC占绝对主导, WC和W₂C的质量分数分别为82%和18%, 两者的比值为4.556, 且在MMT外表面形成均匀的负载层. 此时样品的电催化活性最高. 这为制备具有类铂催化活性的高性能碳化钨催化材料奠定了坚实基础.     

WC/CNT纳米复合材料制备及其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

采用表面修饰技术将碳纳米管(CNT)表面羧基化, 通过羧基将钨离子基团修饰到碳纳米管的外表面, 再通过原位还原碳化技术, 将钨离子基团还原成碳化钨(WC)纳米微粒, 制备出WC/CNT纳米复合材料. 采用FTIR、XRD、SEM、HRTEM和N2吸附等分析测试手段对样品的形貌、晶相组成和微观结构特征进行了表征. FTIR和N2吸附结果表明, 硝化后, 在碳纳米管表面羧基化的同时比表面积增加; XRD结果表明, WC/CNT样品由碳纳米管、WC以及非化学计量比的氧化钨组成; SEM和HRTEM结果表明, WC纳米颗粒均匀地分散于碳纳米管的外表面,并与碳纳米管构成了复合材料. 采用循环伏安法测试了样品在碱性条件下对甲醇氧化的电催化性能, 结果表明, 复合材料对甲醇氧化的电催性能明显强于WC 和碳纳米管, 并在实验结果的基础上探讨了复合材料催化性能提高的原因.     

WC/纳米碳管复合材料制备及其电化学性能

碳化钨具有类铂催化性能和较强的抗中毒能力, 但其催化活性远低于铂等贵金属催化剂. 如何提高其催化活性是碳化钨应用研究所面临的主要难点与热点之一. 为寻找改善碳化钨催化性能的技术方法, 本文将表面修饰与原位还原碳化技术相结合, 成功制备了碳化钨/纳米碳管复合材料, 采用XRD, HRTEM等手段对其形貌和晶相组成进行了表征, 并应用粉末微电极对其电催化性能进行了评价. 实验结果表明, 样品由碳化钨颗粒和纳米碳管组成, 碳化钨为形态不规则纳米颗粒, 均匀地生长于纳米碳管的外表面; 在碱性溶液中, 复合材料对对硝基苯酚的电催化性能明显强于具有介孔结构的纯碳化钨样品. 这说明将碳化钨复合到纳米碳管的外表面是提高碳化钨电催化活性的有效技术方法之一.     

掺氮碳化钨的制备及其电催化性能的研究

碳化钨是一种具有应用前景的电催化剂,本文尝试对碳化钨的非金属位进行氮掺杂,以钨酸钠为钨源,经由中间体氮化钨（WN）,并在一氧化碳气体中进行渗碳后合成掺氮的碳化钨纳米片（WN|WC）. 通过扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）观测发现,WN|WC纳米片尺寸均匀,碳原子进入WN晶格中形成具有密排六方结构的WC晶相,并和WN的晶格条纹紧密联结而形成异质结构. X射线衍射（XRD）结果显示碳化后的样品中含有WN和WC两种晶型,XPS结果进一步表明WN|WC表面形成了WN和WC的异质结构. 为讨论氮元素掺杂对电催化性能的影响,本文通过微波辅助加热法负载少量铂制备Pt/WN|WC催化剂,并以甲醇氧化为指针反应,纯相碳化钨和商用铂碳材料（Pt/C）等为对比样,评价了Pt/WN|WC催化剂的电化学性能. 电化学测试表明,该催化剂甲醇氧化的电流密度是商业Pt/C的3倍,具有较高的交换电流密度和速率常数,且经过200周的循环伏安扫描后,正扫峰电位（Ep_f）和负扫峰电位（Ep_b）仍保持稳定,结果表明氮的掺杂改变了碳化钨表面的电子状态,形成了WN和WC的异质界面,有利于催化性能的提高.     

氧化钛-氧化石墨插层结构及其光催化性能(英文)

采用氧化石墨(GO)和硫酸钛作为初始反应物,在低温下(80℃)制备了纳米级的氧化钛-氧化石墨插层(TiO2-GO)复合材料,研究了这一复合材料的紫外光催化性能.结果表明,在采用TiO2-GO插层复合材料对甲基橙溶液进行紫外光催化降解时,其降解效率η=1.17mg·min-1·g-1,明显优于德固赛P25氧化钛粉.通过对TiO2-GO插层复合材料进行X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)等测试,表征了产物的晶相结构、界面状况及其显微结构.结果表明:插层结构中的TiO2晶粒为锐钛矿和金红石的混合相,且锐钛矿相含量大于金红石相含量;氧化石墨层间的含氧基团如C襒O,基本被还原.对TiO2-GO插层复合材料的形成机理以及该材料具有优越光催化性能的原因进行了探讨.     

Nanocopying of individual DNA strands and formation of the corresponding surface pattern of titania nanotube

Titania nanotube was prepared by nanocopying of the individual DNA double strand as template. DNA was first spread on a solid substrate, and its molecular surface was coated with an ultrathin titania layer by 3 cycles of the surface sol-gel process. Fluorescence microscopic images before and after titania coating of the DNA/YOYO-1 complex were essentially identical, showing that the titania coating did not change the chemical properties of the complex. Titania coating effectively prohibited chemical degradation of titania-coated DNA with DNase I and physically separated the DNA strand from the surrounding environment with an ultrathin titania barrier. The morphology of the DNA strand was preserved, as confirmed by microscopic and spectroscopic observations. The presence of the hollow (tubular) structure was confirmed by a silver staining experiment coupled with scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) analysis. The present finding shows the effectiveness of nanocopying of the individual DNA strand.     

The effects of the crystallization rate of the mesoporous TiO2 on the stability of the mesoporous structure after reflux

A simple synthetic method was employed to prepare mesoporous titania with anatase crystalline walls and high photocatalytic activity. The properties and structures of mesoporous titania were characterized by means of low angle and wide angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform (FT)-IR spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and N₂ adsorption–desorption. The characteristic results clearly show that crystallization rate of the mesoporous titania affects the stability of the mesoporous structure after reflux, and that the anatase crystal in the mesoporous wall of mesoporous titania can stabilize the mesoporous structure. The photocatalytic activity of titania powder was evaluated from an analysis of the photodegradation of methyl orange under UV irradiation. The results indicate that the titania powder with mesoporous structure shows the highest photocatalytic activity.     

MCM-41分子筛担载纳米TiO2复合材料光催化降解罗丹明B

采用溶胶-凝胶法将TiO2担载在介孔MCM-41分子筛上, 制备了不同TiO2含量的系列TiO2/MCM-41复合材料, 利用X射线衍射、N2吸附、紫外-可见光谱和透射电镜等方法对其进行表征. TiO2的晶型为锐钛矿相, 复合材料的比表面积和孔体积随其中TiO2担载量(复合材料中TiO2与MCM-41的质量比)的增加而减小, TiO2的平均粒径随其担载量的增加而增大. 以罗丹明B的光催化降解为探针反应, 评价了TiO2/MCM-41复合材料的光催化降解活性. 结果表明, 在紫外光照射下, 罗丹明B在该复合材料上的光催化降解反应遵循一级反应动力学, 复合材料对罗丹明B的光催化降解活性明显高于商用TiO2 (P-25), 复合材料的光催化降解活性由复合材料的吸附能力和所含TiO2的光催化活性共同决定.     

Gold nanocatalysts supported on protonic titanate nanotubes and titania nanocrystals

Gold nanoparticles were first supported on protonic titanate nanotubes with the formation of Au/titanate nanocomposites. They were further transformed to Au/titania nanocomposites via an acetic acid treatment at 70 °C for 60 h. The porosity, crystal structure and morphology of those composites have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. Catalytic tests for CO oxidation show that the Au/titanate nanocomposites had a promising activity with complete conversion of CO at 70 °C and that of Au/titania was at room temperature (25 °C). Both catalysts exhibited good thermal and long-term stabilities. The influence of the crystal vacancies and surface properties of the titanate and titania supports on the catalytic activities were evaluated.     

Low-temperature synthesis and microstructural control of titania nano-particles

Nanocrystalline titania powders were synthesized at low temperature (⩽100°C) by a sol–gel method that achieved fine control of particle size and polymorph fraction. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–Vis spectroscopy were used to characterize the phase assemblages, crystal size and band gap of the powders. It was demonstrated that larger, well-ordered titania crystals can be obtained by increasing aging temperature and time. These processing parameters can be adjusted to select specific polymorphs from the gel precursors with particular size and shape. The quantum size effect was observed in the size-controlled nanocrystalline titania particles, leading to a blue shift in UV absorption with decreasing in particle size. The anatase to rutile transformation, which may proceed with brookite as a transition phase, is dependent on both particle size and surface structure of the nascent crystals.     

Local structure of titania decorated double-walled carbon nanotube characterized by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy

Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy was demonstrated to deliver detailed local structure and chemical composition of a complicated system with titania nanoparticles dispersed inside and outside the double-walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) channels. Areas with inhomogeneous distribution of titania and the associated water were particularly investigated at the C K-edge, Ti L-edge, and O K-edge. The results show that titania nanoparticles located inside DWNTs are present as amorphous, while those unsuccessfully introduced into the channels behave more like bulk materials in forms of anatase and rutile. Strong interaction was detected between the confined titania and DWNTs, as evidenced by up to 0.6 eV energy shift at the Ti L-edge. Strong hydration was observed for the as-prepared samples. Functionalization due to reduction and oxidation between titania and carbon layer is observed upon heat-treatment. This detailed structural information of specific areas cannot be provided by other techniques such as HRTEM, XRD, and XANES.     

Preparation and characterization of three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous titania microparticles as anode material for lithium ion battery

Three-dimensionally (3D) ordered mesoporous titania (anatase) microparticles without substrate were prepared by using polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystal as a template and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and electrochemical measurement. As anode materials for lithium ion battery, they present eximious kinetic performance and good capacity retention due to their special architecture with mesoporous channels and thin walls, which are beneficial to the diffusion of lithium ions. Besides, mixing 3D ordered mesoporous titania microparticles with conductive additive can reduce the resistance of the anode, favor the mobility of the electrons, and decrease the polarization.