温度对尖晶石LiMn2O4中锂离子嵌脱过程的影响

运用电化学阻抗谱研究了商品化尖晶石LiMn₂O₄电极在1 mol/L LiPF₆-EC(碳酸乙烯酯):DEC(碳酸二乙酯)电解液中―10～30 ℃范围内的阻抗谱特征、固体电解质相界面(SEI)膜阻抗、电子电阻和电荷传递电阻等随温度的变化. 研究结果表明, 尖晶石LiMn₂O₄电极的阻抗谱特征与温度有关, 随温度的升高, 与活性材料电子电导率相关的半圆和与SEI膜相关的半圆会发生重叠而成为一个半圆. 通过选取适当的等效电路拟合了实验所得的电化学阻抗谱数据, 测得尖晶石LiMn₂O₄电极在1 mol/L LiPF₆-EC:DEC 电解液中, 锂离子迁移通过SEI膜的离子跳跃能垒平均值为15.49 kJ/mol; 电子电导率的热激活化能平均值为24.21 kJ/mol; 嵌入反应活化能平均值为53.07 kJ/mol.     

锂离子电池的电化学阻抗谱分析

电化学阻抗谱(EIS)是研究电极/电解质界面发生的电化学过程的最有力工具之一,广泛应用于研究锂离子在锂离子电池嵌合物电极活性材料中的嵌入和脱出过程。本文从分析嵌合物电极的EIS谱特征入手,探讨了电化学阻抗谱中各时间常数的归属问题,重点讨论了与锂离子嵌脱过程相关的动力学参数,如电荷传递电阻、活性材料的电子电阻、扩散以及锂离子扩散迁移通过固体电解质相界面膜(SEI膜)的电阻等,对电极极化电位和温度的依赖关系。     

锂离子电池介观尺度光滑粒子水力学模型

针对锂离子电池内耦合电化学反应的多物理传输过程,采用光滑粒子水力学数值技术,开发了可以考虑电极(包括隔膜)介观微结构的数值模型.以电极中固体活性物颗粒尺寸为主要考虑参数,初步探讨了该模型用于电极介观微结构设计的可行性.模型模拟得到放电过程中电池内部Li/Li+浓度场、固/液相电势场以及交换流密度等微观细节分布,以及电池宏观性能如输出电压等,据此可以分析并揭示电池放电过程的基础物理化学机制、电池宏观性能与构成电极的固体活性物颗粒尺寸之间的关联.研究还发现:当阴、阳极固体活性物颗粒尺寸均较小时,固体活性物颗粒内部Li分布更为均匀,电化学反应更均匀发生,电池输出电压最高.     

锂离子电池的电化学阻抗谱分析研究进展

锂离子电池的电化学阻抗谱（EIS）是研究电化学系统最有力的实验方法之一,在过去的20多年中,EIS 被广泛应用于锂离子电池研究和生产领域,包括研究电极界面反应机理和容量衰减机制,测定相关电极过程动力学参数和电池的健康状态、荷电状态以及电池的内阻。本文分析了锂离子电池中电极极化过程包含的3 个基本物理化学过程———电子输运、离子输运和电化学反应过程,探讨了每一基本物理化学过程包含的步骤及其EIS 谱特征,详细论述了与电子输运相关的基本物理化学过程———接触阻抗和感抗产生的机制;介绍了多孔电极理论及其在锂离子电池中的应用,阐述了基于多孔电极理论进行阻抗谱数值模拟的建模原理与方法。 综述了石墨、硅、二元3d 过渡金属氧化物、LiCoO₂、尖晶石LiMn2O4、LiFePO4、尖晶石Li4Ti5O12、过渡金属氟化物材料等电极的典型阻抗谱特征和各时间常数的归属问题。最后讨论了EIS现存的问题及未来的发展方向。     

尖晶石LiMn2O4中锂离子嵌入脱出过程的电化学阻抗谱研究

运用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了尖晶石LiMn2O4电极的首次充放电过程. 发现EIS谱高频区域拉长压扁的半圆是由两个半圆相互重叠而成的, 分别归属于与锂离子通过固体电解质相界面膜(SEI膜)的迁移和与尖晶石LiMn2O4材料的电子电导率相关的特征. 通过选取适当的等效电路, 对实验所得的电化学阻抗谱数据进行拟合, 获得尖晶石LiMn2O4电极首次充放电过程中SEI膜电阻、电子电阻和电荷传递电阻等随电极极化电位变化的规律. 根据研究结果提出了嵌锂物理机制模型.     

硬碳材料电极首周嵌钠过程的电化学阻抗谱研究

运用电化学阻抗谱（EIS）研究了硬碳材料电极嵌钠的过程,发现EIS谱由两个半圆和一条斜线组成,两个半圆可归因于接触阻抗和钠离子通过固体电解质界面膜（SEI膜）扩散的过程和电荷传递的过程,斜线域则反映了钠离子在硬碳材料颗粒内部的固态扩散相关的斜线.通过选取适当的等效电路,对实验结果进行拟合,可以得出硬碳电极首周嵌钠过程中SEI膜电阻、电子电阻等随电极极化电位的变化规律.     

宏观均相多孔电极电化学阻抗谱基础

电化学阻抗谱可用于诊断多孔电极内电荷转移反应,即界面电荷集聚和电荷传导,以及反应物质输运。本文采用复相量方法,在同态假设条件下,重新推演多孔电极阻抗谱模型,厘清传统多孔电极阻抗谱模型中的模糊性表述。(1) 定义多孔电极表征输入参数,包括电极基体电子电导率σ₁ 、电解质离子电导率σ₂、界面电荷传递电导率g_ct、单位面积界面电容C、固相扩散系数D、速度常数k、电极厚度d、特征孔深L_p 和单位体积表面积S_c;(2) 解析阻抗谱特征输出参数,包括场扩散常数K,特征频率ω₀、ω₁、ω₂、ω₃和 ω_max,它们分别相关于界面传导反应、有限场扩散、氧化还原反应、孔内扩散和最小特征孔尺寸,以及分别对应于从传导到扩散和从扩散到饱和的转折频率f_k1 和f_k2;(3) 当参数X和Z同时变化时(X = σ₁和Z = d,S_c,L_p,C,g_ct,D,k),通过阻抗谱特征参数的演变规律,分析了电荷转移反应中X和Ζ参数耦合竞争;(4)为深入分析电荷转移反应中参数X和Z的耦合竞争,引入了分叉频率f_XZ和f_ZX 。f_XZ和f_ZX所处位置可以用于表征参数X和Z影响电荷转移反应的深度和广度。当分叉频率f_XZ和f_ZX不存在时,表明电荷转移反应中参数X和Z在全频率范围内存在耦合竞争。总之,借助于特征频率和分叉频率,本文一方面研究了动力学参数和微观结构参数对多孔电极中电荷转移反应的影响,另一方面分析谱图的变化及其背后的阻抗谱特征演化规律。本文研究结果可为阻抗谱的系统仿真和辨识提供理论基础,可为多孔电极内电荷转移反应的竞争分析提供技术支撑,还可为电化学储能系统的优化设计提供诊断工具。     

多孔TiO2层厚度对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响

制备了基于不同厚度(100～500 nm)多孔TiO₂层的钙钛矿太阳能电池, 并用SEM、XRD、紫外-可见吸收谱、电压-电流曲线、电化学阻抗谱进行了表征. 研究发现, 多孔TiO₂薄膜厚度对电池性能有很大影响, 即随着多孔TiO₂薄膜厚度的增加, 短路电流略有提高, 而开路电压和填充因子呈下降趋势;但同时, 较厚的多孔TiO₂薄膜可有效减弱滞回现象. 进一步采用电化学阻抗谱和暗态电流-电压曲线研究了载流子复合. 电化学阻抗谱表明, 膜厚增加会增大载流子复合但不会改变二极管理想因子. 通过拟合暗态电流-电压曲线得到反向饱和电流, 随着膜厚增加, 反向饱和电流会增大, 从而加剧了载流子复合. 通过优化多孔TiO₂薄膜厚度, 基于150 nm多孔TiO₂薄膜钙钛矿电池的认证效率达到15.56%.     

α-Fe2O3/C复合材料的制备及性能研究

采用高温固相反应法制备α-Fe2O3/C复合材料,运用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、充放电测试、电化学阻抗谱对其结构和电化学性能进行了表征.充放电测试结果显示,α-Fe2O3/C复合材料循环50周时可逆充电容量为935.3 mAh?g-1,循环性能较商品化α-Fe2O3有显著改善.电化学阻抗谱测试结果显示,α-Fe2O3/C复合材料电极在首次嵌锂过程中分别出现了锂离子通过固体电解质相界面膜(SEI膜)的迁移、材料的电子电导率、电荷传递过程相关的半圆,并详细分析了它们的变化规律.     

锂离子电池的电化学阻抗谱分析研究进展

锂离子电池的电化学阻抗谱( EIS) 是研究电化学系统最有力的实验方法之一,在过去的20多年中,EIS被广泛应用于锂离子电池研究和生产领域,包括研究电极界面反应机理和容量衰减机制,测定相关电极过程动力学参数和电池的健康状态、荷电状态以及电池的内阻。本文分析了锂离子电池中电极极化过程包含的3个基本物理化学过程——电子输运、离子输运和电化学反应过程,探讨了每一基本物理化学过程包含的步骤及其EIS谱特征,详细论述了与电子输运相关的基本物理化学过程——接触阻抗和感抗产生的机制;介绍了多孔电极理论及其在锂离子电池中的应用,阐述了基于多孔电极理论进行阻抗谱数值模拟的建模原理与方法。综述了石墨、硅、二元3d过渡金属氧化物、LiCoO_2、尖晶石LiMn_2O_4、LiFePO_4、尖晶石Li_4Ti_5O_(12)、过渡金属氟化物材料等电极的典型阻抗谱特征和各时间常数的归属问题。最后讨论了EIS现存的问题及未来的发展方向。     

人工界面层在金属锂负极中的应用

金属锂具有极高的比容量(3860 mAh·g^?1)和最低的电化学反应电位(相对标准氢电位为?3.040 V),被认为是高能量密度二次电池最具潜力的负极材料。然而金属锂负极界面稳定性差、不可控的枝晶生长、沉积/剥离过程中巨大的体积变化等严重阻碍了金属锂负极的商业化应用。在金属锂表面构建一层物理化学性质稳定的人工界面保护层被认为是解决金属锂负极界面不稳定和枝晶生长,缓解体积膨胀带来的界面波动等一系列问题的有效手段。本综述依据界面传导性质,从离子导通而电子绝缘的人工固态电解质界面(SEI)层、离子/电子混合传导界面、纳米界面钝化层三个部分对人工界面保护层进行了归纳总结。分析了人工界面保护层的物质结构与性能之间的构效关系,探讨了如何提高人工界面保护层的物理化学稳定性、界面离子输运、界面强度与柔韧性、界面兼容性等。最后,指出用于金属锂负极的人工界面保护层目前面临的主要挑战,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

Impedance Characterization of the Film Formation Process at the Graphite Anodes

A passive SEI (Solid electrolyte interface) film had been suggested to be formed on the graphite anodes with the irreversible capacity loss at ca. 1.20V in the first charge process by Fong et al. And the capacity loss at ca. 0.75V was originated from the electrolyte decomposition on the new surface created by the exfoliation of the graphite structure for solvent co-intercalation1. Aurbach et al studied the surface chemistry of the insulating film on the graphite electrodes in different elect…     

Critical assessment of a new in situ spectroelectrochemical cell designed for the study of interfacial reactions between a porous graphite anode and alkyl carbonate solution

This article critically evaluates the characteristics of a new in situ spectroelectrochemical cell with an optimized path of the IR beam, designed in our laboratory for study of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed between a porous graphite anode and alkyl carbonate solution for lithium-ion batteries. The cell was designed in view of the optical principles underlying the way the in situ cell works, to give depth of penetration of the evanescent IR beam through the attenuated total internal reflectance crystal into the electrolyte at such a small value, ranging from 0.277 to 2.77 μm, that it was possible to minimize the "masking effect" of the ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate solvent. Moreover, the "local compositional change" which may arise significantly from the "thin layer electrolyte configuration" cell also could be fairly avoided, since only the electrolyte in the vicinity of the electrode composed of graphite particles is reduced to form the SEI layer to a thickness of at most 0.1 μm during the application of potentials. Thus, it was possible to measure the in situ FT-IR spectra in the cell, which represents the real chemical composition and structure of the SEI layer. Taking the application of the designed in situ cell as an example, this article reports the effect of salt type and electrolyte temperature on the chemical composition and structure of the SEI layer between graphite particles and alkyl carbonate solution with the help of various measured in situ FT-IR spectra. Electronic Publication     

尖晶石锂锰氧化物电极首次脱锂过程的EIS研究

研究了尖晶石锂锰氧化物电极首次脱锂过程中的电化学阻抗特征. 通过选取适当的等效电路拟合实验所得的电化学阻抗谱数据, 获得了首次脱锂过程中固体电解质相界面膜(SEI膜)的电阻、电容以及电荷传递电阻、双电层电容等随电极极化电位的变化规律.     

Electrochemical and electronic properties of LiCoO2 cathode investigated by galvanostatic cycling and EIS

The processes of extraction and insertion of lithium ions in LiCoO(2) cathode are investigated by galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at different potentials during the first charge/discharge cycle and at different temperatures after 10 charge/discharge cycles. The spectra exhibit three semicircles and a slightly inclined line that appear successively as the frequency decreases. An appropriate equivalent circuit is proposed to fit the experimental EIS data. Based on detailed analysis of the change in kinetic parameters obtained from simulating the experimental EIS data as functions of potential and temperature, the high-frequency, the middle-frequency, and the low-frequency semicircles can be attributed to the migration of the lithium ions through the SEI film, the electronic properties of the material and the charge transfer step, respectively. The slightly inclined line arises from the solid state diffusion process. The electrical conductivity of the layered LiCoO(2) changes dramatically at early delithiation as a result of a polaron-to-metal transition. In an electrolyte solution of 1 mol L(-1) LiPF(6)-EC (ethylene carbonate)?:DMC (dimethyl carbonate), the activation energy of the ion jump (which is related to the migration of the lithium ions through the SEI film), the thermal activation energy of the electrical conductivity and the activation energy of the intercalation/deintercalation reaction are 37.7, 39.1 and 69.0 kJ mol(-1), respectively.     

Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in characterization of structural changes of printing plates

The porous structure of the aluminium oxide surface of lithographic printing plate (PP) has a most significant influence on the quality of the imprints. This study presents the results of application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in characterization of PPs' porous structures and their changes during chemical processing. Two common PP types—thermal and conventional—were investigated. The influence of the processing solution’s working age on topographical changes of PP surface and associated change in the impedance spectra are investigated and discussed. The equivalent electrical circuit models reproducing the observed EIS spectra are proposed. Based on these models two mechanisms of surface’s topography changes responsible for degradation of PP performance due to the processing are identified and discussed.     

In-situ nanoscale insights into the evolution of solid electrolyte interphase shells: revealing interfacial degradation in lithium metal batteries

The solid electrolyte interphase(SEI) has caught considerable attention as a pivotal factor affecting lithium(Li) metal battery performances. However, the understanding of the interfacial evolution and properties of the on-site formed SEI shells on Li deposits during cycling is still at a preliminary stage. Here, we provide a straightforward visualized evidence of SEI shells' evolution during Li deposition/stripping to reveal anode degradation via in-situ atomic force microscopy(AFM). Nucleation and growth of quasi-spherical Li particles are observed on a Cu substrate, followed by Li stripping and collapse of SEI shells. In the subsequent cycling, new Li deposits tend to nucleate at pristine sites with fresh SEI shells forming on Li. The previously collapsed SEI shells accumulate to increase interface impedance, eventually leading to capacity degradation. Revealing the electrochemical processes and interfacial degradation at the nanoscale will enrich fundamental comprehension and further guide improvement strategies of Li metal anodes.     

LiCoO_2 electrode/electrolyte interface of Li-ion batteries investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

The storage behavior and the first delithiation of LiCoO2 electrode in 1 mol/L LiPF6-EC:DMC:DEC elec- trolyte were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It has found that, along with the increase of storage time, the thickness of SEI film increases, and some organic carbonate lithium compounds are formed due to spontaneous reactions occurring between the LiCoO2 electrode and the electrolyte. When electrode potential is changed from 3.8 to 3.95 V, the reversible breakdown of the resistive SEI film occurs, which is attributed to the reversible dissolution of the SEI film component. With the increase of electrode potential, the thickness of SEI film increases rapidly above 4.2 V, due to overcharge reactions. The inductive loop observed in impedance spectra of the LiCoO2 electrode in Li/LiCoO2 cells is attributed to the formation of a Li1-xCoO2/LiCoO2 concentration cell. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the lithium-ion insertion-deinsertion in LiCoO2 hosts can be well described by both Langmuir and Frumkin insertion isotherms, and the symmetry factor of charge transfer has been evaluated at 0.5.     

Determination of diffusion coefficient of lithium in substituted LiMn1.95Cr0.05O4 spinel using impedance technique

Electrodiffusion properties of chromium-substituted lithium-manganese spinel Li _x Mn_1.95Cr_0.05O₄ intended for application as a cathodic material for lithium-ion batteries is studied. The studies are carried out at 25°C using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique in alkyl-carbonate electrolyte. In the analysis of impedance spectra, the apparatus of electric equivalent circuits was employed to determine surface layer resistances, double electric layer capacitance, differential intercalation capacity, chemical diffusion coefficient D of lithium, and other electrode characteristics. The issues of substantiating the choice of electric equivalent circuits and correct interpretation of their elements are discussed; dependences of the calculated model parameters on the electrode potential (lithium concentration in the electrode) are analyzed. The chemical diffusion coefficient of Li⁺ in Li _x Mn_1.95Cr_0.05O₄ found on the basis of the impedance spectra is in the range of 10^?9 to 10^?12 cm²/s under electrode potential variation in the range of 3.5–4.5 V (vs. Li/Li⁺) with a pronounced minimum of D in the middle of this range. Repeated cycling of the electrode is accompanied by a gradual increase in resistance of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI).