粘弹性准静态、动态问题的数值解法

本文综述了自６０年代以来粘弹性体在准静态、动态下应力、变形的数值解法——有限元法、边界元法所取得的进展，对今后的研究提出了建议。     

具有高阶剪切效应的粘弹性板准静态分析的DQ法

本文对基于Reddy的高阶剪切理论及线性粘弹性材料的Boltzmann本构定律建立的高阶剪切粘弹性板准静态分析的数学模型，在空域上应用推广的DQ技术对模型进行简化，求得了问题的DQ近似解析解；得到了横向阶跃载荷作用下的粘弹性简支板的准静态响应；考察了几何、材料参数及横向剪切效应对粘弹性板拟静态弯曲行为的影响。为说明该方法的可靠性和有效性，将考虑剪切变形及不计剪切变形的DQ数值结果与粘弹性薄板精确解进行了比较，同时研究了数值结果的收敛性。结果表明该方法具有收敛性好，计算精度高，计算量少等优点。     

非线性粘弹性拟静态问题与非线性弹性静力问题对应原理

本文应用多重单边拉氏变换导出了非线性粘弹性拟静态问题与非线性弹性静力问题的对应关系,从而把过去认为只有线性条件下存在的粘弹性——弹性对应原理拓展到了非线性范畴     

沥青混合料车辙变形的离散元数值模拟

采用Burgers模型描述沥青基质的粘弹性,根据实验数据确定Burgers模型参数.借助数字图像处理方法建立试件几何模型,利用离散元法开展了车辙变形的离散元数值模拟,研究了沥青混合料在不同骨料分布、不同载荷和不同温度条件下的车辙深度变化情况.结果表明:温度对车辙变形的影响在沥青软化点附近较大,在离开软化点的范围较小;当温度较低时,混合料的整体性比较好,骨料分布对局部车辙变形的影响比较小,超载引起的车辙增量不太明显,而当温度达到或超过沥青软化点时,混合料的整体性明显下降,骨料分布对局部车辙变形的影响非常突出,超载引起的车辙增量也非常显著.因此,当超载和高温组合到一起时,车辙变形会大幅度增加,将给路面安全带来严重隐患.     

非均质粘弹性介质的准静态位移反演

从有限元及优化方法出发，给出非均质粘弹性介质的分阶反演公式，对粘弹性本构模式的识别作了初步探讨，考虑了信息误差的影响并给出有关算例     

激光辐照下充压柱壳失效的三维离散元模拟

应用三维离散元方法模拟了充压柱壳在激光辐照下的破坏过程。结果表明 ,在较低功率密度和较大光斑情况下 ,光斑中央产生裂纹并沿轴向扩展引起破坏。在高功率密度和小光斑情况下 ,则产生中央穿孔破坏。对于铁合金 ,当材料的延展性较大时 ,可能产生第三种破坏形式 ,即在数十微秒量级产生较大面积的整体粉碎性爆裂。模拟结果与实验对比吻合较好。     

用摄动法分析准静态载荷下弹塑性结构的安定问题

本文借助于摄动法用分段线性加载面讨论了弹塑性结构在准静态载荷下的安定问题,给出了一个普遍适用的不等式,由此导出了广义的米兰(Melan,1938)安定准则以及位移与塑性变形的界,并举例进行了说明。     

利用Ls-Dyna计算结构准静态压溃的改进方法

在显式积分有限元分析软件Ls—Dyna平台上进行了薄壁管件的准静态压溃模拟计算．为了减少计算时间，采取了提高准静态加载速度的方法．通过对薄壁管件在不同加载速度下计算结果的分析比较，给出了确定加载速度提高范围的原则．最后，对提高加载速度的方法与Ls—Dyna中的MassScaling方法进行了比较．     

高速冲击问题的离散元法数值模拟

以能量等效为原则,构建了新的求解弹塑性轴对称问题的离散元模型。通过引入断裂准则,使模型不仅可以应用于连续介质问题,还可以应用于从连续介质向非连续介质的动态转化过程。最后,通过模拟钢板受冲击载荷产生层裂的过程,说明模型在高速冲击问题中的适用性及其有效性。     

两套节点格林元嵌入式离散裂缝模型数值模拟方法

对于原始嵌入式离散裂缝模型(EDFM),在计算包含裂缝单元的基质网格内的压力分布时采用了线性分布假设,这导致了油藏开发早期对非稳态窜流量的计算精度不足.因此,本文提出了一种两套节点格林元法的EDFM数值模拟方法.两套节点格林元法的核心思想是将压力节点与流量节点区分开,一套压力节点设置在单元顶点,另一套流量节点设置在网格边的中点,满足局部物质守恒、具有二阶精度的同时,可适用于任意网格类型.本文将两套节点格林元法与EDFM耦合,采用了非稳态渗流控制方程的边界积分形式推导了基质网格与裂缝网格之间传质量的新格式,代替了线性分布假设以提高模拟精度;此外,修正后的EDFM能适应任意形态的基质网格剖分,拓展了原始EDFM仅适用于矩形基质网格、难以考虑复杂油藏边界的局限性.研究表明:通过对比商业模拟软件tNavigator?LGR模块与原始EDFM,验证了本文模型具有较高的早期计算精度;以复杂油藏边界-缝网-SRV分区模型为例,通过对比SFEM-COMSOL商业模拟软件,验证了本文模型处理复杂问题的适应性.本文研究可用于裂缝性油藏开发动态的精确模拟.     

Euler-Lagrange/DEM simulation of wood gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor

We present an Euler–Lagrange method for the simulation of wood gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed. The gas phase is modeled as a continuum using the 2D Navier–Stokes equations and the solid phase is modeled by a Discrete Element Method(DEM)using a soft-sphere approach for the particle collision dynamic. Turbulence is included via a Large-Eddy approach using the Smagorinsky sub-grid model.The model takes into account detailed gas phase chemistry,zero-dimensional modeling of the pyrolysis and gasification of each individual particle,particle shrinkage,and heat and mass transfer between the gas phase and the particulate phase.We investigate the influence of wood feeding rate and compare exhaust gas compositions and temperature results obtained with the model against experimental data of a laboratory scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor.     

Determination of contact parameters for discrete element method simulations of granular systems

Both linear-spring-dashpot (LSD) and non-linear Hertzian-spring-dnshpot (HSD) contact models are commonly used for the calculation of contact forces in Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of granular systems.Despite the popularity of these models, determination of suitable values for the contact parameters of the simulated particles such as stiffness, damping coefficient, coefficient of restitution, and simulation time step,is not altogether obvious.In this work the relationships between these contact parameters for a model system where a particle impacts on a flat base are examined.Recommendations are made concerning the determination of these contact parameters for use in DEM simulations.     

Influence of interparticle interactions on the kinetics of self-assembly and mechanical strength of nanoparticulate aggregates

Computer simulations based on Discrete Element Method have been performed in order to investigate the influence of interparticle interactions on the kinetics of self-assembly and the mechanical strength of nanoparticle aggregates.Three different systems have been considered.In the first system the interaction between particles has been simulated using the JKR (Johnson,Kendall and Roberts) contact theory,while in the second and third systems the interaction between particles has been simulated using van der Waals and electrostatic forces respectively.In order to compare the mechanical behaviour of the three systems,the magnitude of the maximum attractive force between particles has been kept the same in all cases.However,the relationship between force and separation distance differs from case to case and thus,the range of the interparticle force.The results clearly indicate that as the range of the interparticle force increases,the self-assembly process is faster and the work required to produce the mechanical failure of the assemblies increases by more than one order of magnitude.     

Macroscopic elastic properties of regular lattices

In this paper we study analytically the elastic properties of the 2-D and 3-D regular lattices consisting of bonded particles. The particle-scale stiffnesses are derived from the given macroscopic elastic constants (i.e. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio). Firstly a bonded lattice model is presented. This model permits six kinds of relative motion and corresponding forces between each bonded particle pair. By comparing the strain energy distributions between the discrete lattices and the continuum, the explicit relationship between the microscopic and macroscopic elastic parameters can be obtained for the 2-D hexagonal lattice and the 3-D hexagonal close-packed and face-centered cubic structures. The results suggest that the normal stiffness is determined by Young's modulus and the particle size (in 3-D), and that the ratio of the shear to normal stiffness is related to Poisson's ratio. Rotational stiffness depends on the normal stiffness, shear stiffness and particle sizes. Numerical tests are carried out to validate the analytical results. The results in this paper have theoretical implications for the calibration of the spring stiffnesses in the Discrete Element Method.     

Reliability study of super-ellipsoid DEM in representing the packing structure of blast furnace

In industrial blast furnaces (BFs), the investigations involving the flow behaviors of particles and the resultant burden structure are essential to optimize its operation stability and energy consumption. With the advance of computing capability and mathematical model, the discrete element method (DEM) specialized in characterizing particle behavior has manifested its power in the investigation of BFs. In the framework of DEM, many particle models have been developed, but which model is more suitable for simulating the particle behaviors of BFs remains a question because real particles in BFs have large shape and size dispersity. Among these particle models, the super-ellipsoid model possesses the ability to change shape flexibly. Therefore, the focus of this study is to investigate whether the super-ellipsoid model can meet the requirement of authenticity and accuracy in simulating the behaviors of particles with large shape and size dispersity. To answer this question, a simplified BF charging system composed of a hopper and a storage bin is established. The charging process and the final packing structure are analyzed and compared between experiments and simulations with different shape indexes. The results show that super-ellipsoid particles have prominent advantages over spherical particles in terms of representing the real BF particles, and it can more reasonably reproduce the flow behaviors and packing structure of experimental particles. The computation cost of super-ellipsoid particles is also acceptable for engineering applications. Finally, the micro-scale characteristics of packing structure is analyzed and the single-ring charging process in industry-scale BF using super-ellipsoid particles is conducted.     

Quasi-real-time simulation of rotating drum using discrete element method with parallel GPU computing

Real-time simulation of industrial equipment is a huge challenge nowadays. The high performance and fine-grained parallel computing provided by graphics processing units (GPUs) bring us closer to our goals. In this article, an industrial-scale rotating drum is simulated using simplified discrete element method (DEM) without consideration of the tangential components of contact force and particle rotation. A single GPU is used first to simulate a small model system with about 8000 particles in real-time, and the simulation is then scaled up to industrial scale using more than 200 GPUs in a 1D domain-decomposition parallelization mode. The overall speed is about 1/11 of the real-time. Optimization of the communication part of the parallel GPU codes can speed up the simulation further, indicating that such real-time simulations have not only methodological but also industrial implications in the near future.     

Eulerian-Lagrangian simulation of distinct clustering phenomena and RTDs in riser and downer

Numerical simulation of fully developed hydrodynamics of a riser and a downer was carried out using an Eulerian-Lagrangian model, where the particles are modeled by the discrete element method (DEM) and the gas by the Navier-Stokes equations. Periodic flow domain with two side walls was adopted to simulate the fully developed dynamics in a 2D channel of 10 cm in width. All the simulations were carried out under the same superficial gas velocity and solids holdup in the domain, starting with a homogenous sta...     

基于Voronoi切割算法的碎冰区构造及离散元分析

离散元方法广泛应用于海冰,特别是碎冰区的动力过程及其对海洋结构作用过程的数值模拟。为构造碎冰区中的冰块几何特性,基于二维Voronoi图方法对计算域进行随机切割以生成碎冰区中冰块的几何形态,并采用球体单元对每个碎冰块单元进行填充,从而确定碎冰区的初始分布场。在采用Voronoi图进行碎冰区构造时,可对冰块尺寸、几何形态和密集度等海冰参数进行设定。为确定冰块的不同几何规则度,综合采用排斥法和扰动法以定量地控制碎冰块几何形态从完全随机分布到规则分布的连续变换。为分析不同几何规则度下碎冰块的几何特性概率分布规律,对计算域内冰块的面积和边数等参数进行统计分析,从而可更合理地参数化控制初始冰场中碎冰块的几何特性。在此基础上,本文基于粘接-破碎的球体离散元方法对不同冰况下锥体结构的冰荷载进行了数值计算,讨论分析了碎冰区的海冰密集度、冰块面积和几何规则度对冰载荷的影响。     

Application of the FEM/DEM and alternately moving road method to the simulation of tire-sand interactions

The three-dimensional finite-discrete element method (FEM/DEM) is applied to the simulation of tire-sand interactions, where the tire is discretized into hexahedron finite elements and sand is modeled by using the discrete element method. The feasibility and effectiveness of the method are proven by comparing the simulation results with the current reported results. Since long test roads are usually required for investigating tire running behaviors, which lead to large-scale simulation models and time consuming problems, the alternately moving road method is proposed to handle this problem. It can simulate tire running behaviors on an arbitrary length sand road with a constant road length value. The numerical model of a lug tire running on a bisectional road with fine and coarse sand is established to verify the feasibility of the method.     

Determination of contact parameters for discrete element method simulations of granular systems

Both linear-spring-dashpot （LSD） and non-linear Hertzian-spring-dashpot （HSD） contact models are commonly used for the calculation of contact forces in Discrete Element Method （DEM） simulations of granular systems. Despite the popularity of these models, determination of suitable values for the contact parameters of the simulated particles such as stiffness, damping coefficient, coefficient of restitution, and simulation time step, is not altogether obvious. In this work the relationships between these contact parameters for a model system where a particle impacts on a flat base are examined. Recommendations are made concerning the determination of these contact parameters for use in DEM simulations.