Cross polarization, radio frequency field homogeneity, and circuit balancing in high field solid state NMR probes

Homogeneous radio frequency (RF) fields are important for sensitivity and efficiency of magnetization transfer in solid state NMR experiments. If the fields are inhomogeneous the cross polarization (CP) experiment transfers magnetization in only a thin slice of sample rather than throughout the entire volume. Asymmetric patterns have been observed in plots of the CP signal versus RF field mismatch for an 800 MHz solid-state NMR probe where each channel is resonated in a single-ended mode. A simple model of CP shows these patterns can be reproduced if the RF fields for the two nuclei are centered at different places in the coil. Experimental measurements using B1 field imaging, nutation arrays on extremely short NMR samples, and de-tuning experiments involving disks of copper incrementally moved through the coil support this model of spatially offset RF fields. We have found that resonating the high frequency channel in a double-ended or "balanced" mode can alleviate this field offset problem, and have implemented this in a three-channel solid state NMR probe of our own design.     

Low-E probe for (19)F-(1)H NMR of dilute biological solids

Sample heating induced by radio frequency (RF) irradiation presents a significant challenge to solid state NMR experiments in proteins and other biological systems, causing the sample to dehydrate which may result in distorted spectra and a damaged sample. In this work we describe a large volume, low-E (19)F-(1)H solid state NMR probe, which we developed for the 2D (19)F CPMG studies of dilute membrane proteins in a static and electrically lossy environment at 600MHz field. In (19)FCPMG and related multi-pulse (19)F-(1)H experiments the sample is heated by the conservative electric fields E produced in the sample coil at both (19)F and (1)H frequencies. Instead of using a traditional sample solenoid, our low-E (19)F-(1)H probe utilizes two orthogonal loop-gap resonators in order to minimize the conservative electric fields responsible for sample heating. Absence of the wavelength effects in loop-gap resonators results in homogeneous RF fields and enables the study of large sample volumes, an important feature for the dilute protein preparations. The orthogonal resonators also provide intrinsic isolation between the (19)F and (1)H channels, which is another major challenge for the (19)F-(1)H circuits where Larmor frequencies are only 6% apart. We detail steps to reduce (19)F background signals from the probe, which included careful choice of capacitor lubricants and manufacture of custom non-fluorinated coaxial cables. Application of the probe for two-dimensional (19)F CPMG spectroscopy in oriented lipid membranes is demonstrated with Flufenamic acid (FFA), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.     

亚纳秒前沿有界波模拟器传输线设计的理论分析与实验

 介绍了亚纳秒前沿有界波模拟器的组成、主要技术指标和传输线结构。用时域有限差分法对模拟器的场传播和场分布进行了数值模拟,并实测了工作区域的电场分布。测量结果表明:不同位置处场的上升时间基本不变,约为800 ps,1 m×1 m×1 m工作区域内的电场两侧不均匀性约为10%,前后位置约为±50%,满足技术指标要求,场的分布与数值模拟结果相一致。     

EAST离子回旋加热天线传输线结构设计

阐述了EAST离子回旋加热天线传输线的结构设计。用有限元的方法对EAST离子回旋加热天线传输线内导体结构进行了分析,获得了内导体的受力情况。根据内导体的受力情况适当加大波纹管厚度和设计内导体支撑,通过ANSYS分析优化确定了波纹管的厚度和内导体布置的位置。此外,还计算了传输线的热损耗、热变形、电压驻波系数和最大功率容量,计算结果进一步验证了传输线结构的可行性。     

用传输线和时域有限差分法计算电缆X射线响应

 介绍了时域传输线和时域有限差分两种计算电缆X射线瞬态响应的方法,并利用电缆芯线总电荷以及介质层的电荷分布,结合实验结果,分别给出了时域传输线模型中的电流源和时域有限差分模型中电流密度的计算方法。作为例子,在60 keV单能X射线垂直于电缆轴向辐照的条件下,采用两种方法计算了电缆两端接匹配负载时负载上的电流响应;采用传输线方法计算了不同能量X射线辐照电缆时的芯线负载电流响应。计算结果表明,两种方法计算的电缆X射线瞬态响应是一致的;电缆介质层中存在静电场;X射线能量不同时,电缆芯线负载电流存在最大值。计算中,电缆与X射线的作用采用蒙特卡罗方法计算。     

Parallelizing acquisitions of solid-state NMR spectra with multi-channel probe and multi-receivers: Applications to nanoporous solids

A five-channel (¹H, ¹⁹F, ³¹P, ²⁷Al, ¹³C) 2.5 mm magic-angle-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe is used in combination with three separate receivers for the parallel acquisitions of one (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra in model fluorinated aluminophosphate and porous Al-based metal-organic framework (MOF). Possible combinations to record simultaneously spectra using this set-up are presented, including (i) parallel acquisitions of quantitative 1D NMR spectra of solids containing nuclei with contrasted T₁ relaxation rates and (ii) parallel acquisitions of 2D heteronuclear NMR spectra. In solids containing numerous different NMR-accessible nuclei, the number of NMR experiments that have to be acquired to get accurate structural information is high. The strategy we present here, i.e. the multiplication of both the number of irradiation channels in the probe and the number of parallel receivers, offers one possibility to optimize this measurement time.     

电容加载平板传输线型PFN理论与实验研究

介绍了一种电容加载双导体平板传输线型PFN,分析了PFN的波传播特性,提出通过减小加载电容间距提高PFN上限截止频率、减小阻抗色散的方法;采用损耗线模型分析了串联PFN的端部反射系数,研究了减小反射系数的方法;分析了串联PFN的磁耦合问题,从理论和实验两方面研究了PFN几何参数和排布方式对电流脉冲的影响。基于串联PFN和Tesla变压器技术,研制成功一台长脉冲功率源,输出电压脉冲幅度超过300 kV,脉冲宽度110 ns,前沿小于10 ns,功率超过2 GW。     

射频场照射下多自旋体系弛豫的理论计算

根据Liouville-von Neumann方程，对射频场照射下多自旋体系的弛豫进行了理论描述，并用WBR理论推导出了体系的弛豫方程组，给出了各类弛豫速率的理论计算公式.在此基础上，编制了弛豫方程组数值解的计算程序，分别用此程序和Bloch方程计算了双自旋体系在不同情况下的稳态解，并对计算结果进行了简要的分析和讨论. 关键词： 核磁共振 弛豫 射频场 多自旋体系     

16单元矩形径向线螺旋阵列天线的理论分析和数值模拟

 提出了一种16单元矩形径向线螺旋阵列天线。介绍了该矩形阵列天线的提出背景以及工作原理,分析了两种电磁组合探针的耦合特性,设计并数值模拟了中心频率为4.0 GHz的16单元矩形径向线螺旋阵列天线。模拟结果表明：该口径为180 mm×180 mm 的天线在中心频率4.0 GHz 下,增益为18.24 dB,轴向轴比值1.065;在3.8～4.2 GHz的频率范围内增益大于17.89 dB,轴向轴比值小于1.2,反射系数小于0.15,口径效率大于85％。     

薄膜介质层绕式Blumlein线理论与实验研究

对薄膜介质层绕式Blumlein线的特性参数进行了理论分析。采用Pspice软件对电路模型进行了计算,分析了开关电感、寄生电阻对负载输出波形的影响。结果表明:开关电感的存在使得负载波形前沿变缓,后延波形扭曲变差,寄生电阻会影响负载的电压输出效率。采用模拟软件对传输线中的电磁场分布进行了计算,结果表明薄电极边缘场畸变以及折叠弯曲部分的场变化是绝缘介质耐压必须考虑的因素。基于此理论分析,设计制作了一种新型薄膜介质Blumlein线,绝缘材料为聚酯薄膜,单层薄膜厚100μm,电极为厚50μm的铜皮,单元模块设计耐压50 kV。进行了三级模块串联叠加实验,充电25 kV,匹配负载输出60 kV,脉冲上升沿80 ns,脉冲宽度200 ns。     

薄膜介质层绕式Blumlein线理论与实验研究

对薄膜介质层绕式Blumlein线的特性参数进行了理论分析。采用Pspice软件对电路模型进行了计算,分析了开关电感、寄生电阻对负载输出波形的影响。结果表明:开关电感的存在使得负载波形前沿变缓,后延波形扭曲变差,寄生电阻会影响负载的电压输出效率。采用模拟软件对传输线中的电磁场分布进行了计算,结果表明薄电极边缘场畸变以及折叠弯曲部分的场变化是绝缘介质耐压必须考虑的因素。基于此理论分析,设计制作了一种新型薄膜介质Blumlein线,绝缘材料为聚酯薄膜,单层薄膜厚100 μm,电极为厚50 μm的铜皮,单元模块设计耐压50 kV。进行了三级模块串联叠加实验,充电25 kV,匹配负载输出60 kV,脉冲上升沿80 ns,脉冲宽度200 ns。     

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68GHz ECRH系统由6套0.5MW/1s(1.5s)子系统构成,140GHz ECRH系统由2套1MW/3s子系统构成。每套子系统由独立的传输线与天线相连,再通过天线注入等离子体。68GHz ECRH子系统为非真空传输线,以内径为80mm的过模波纹圆波导为主要传输部件,包括隔直器、弹性波导、换向波导和一个槽纹深度为l/2的极化器;140GHz ECRH子系统为真空传输线,以内径为63.5mm的过模波纹圆波导为主要传输部件,包括隔直器、弹性波导、换向波导、转换开关、抽气波导和槽纹深度分别为l/4与l/8的极化器。经过不断地完善,68GHz ECRH系统传输线已成功运用于ECRH运行中,整条传输线的输送效率可以达到90%左右。对于140GHz ECRH系统,已完成了传输部件的整体设计,目前正在进行相关部件加工测试。     

非线性传输线数值模拟方法

给出了模拟交叉耦合磁饱和非线性传输线的数值模拟方法,算法基于传输线各节点的时域差分方程组进行步进迭代,其中利用J-A模型描述传输线中铁氧体磁芯的非线性磁化行为。根据节点电路方程推导了非线性传输线色散关系,设计了输出频率为300 MHz的交叉耦合磁饱和非线性传输线,利用本数值模拟方法对交叉耦合磁饱和非线性传输线的物理过程进行了分析,在充电电压达到30 kV时获得了频率303 MHz、峰峰值不小于40 kV的高压射频脉冲输出。     

A microstrip transmission line volume coil for human head MR imaging at 4T

A high-frequency RF volume coil based on the use of microstrip transmission line (MTL) has been developed for in vivo 1H MR applications on the human head at 4T. This coil is characterized by major advantages: (i) completely distributed coil circuit, (ii) high-quality factor (Q), (iii) simple coil structure, and (iv) better sensitivity and less signal-intensity variation in the MR image of the human head compared with an RF shielded birdcage coil of similar coil size. The proposed MTL volume coil does not require additional RF shielding for preventing Q degradation from radiation losses due to the unique MTL structure; thus, it provides a maximal useable space inside the volume coil when compared with most volume coils available at high fields with the same overall coil size. The intrinsic B(1) distribution of the MTL volume coil effectively compensates for the dielectric resonance effect at 4T and improves the signal homogeneity in human head MR images in the transaxial planes. The results of this study demonstrate that the MTL volume coil design provides an efficient and simple solution to RF volume coil design for human MR studies at high fields.     

有孔矩形腔屏蔽效能的传输线法分析

 首先介绍了用传输线法（transmission line method,TLM）分析有孔矩形腔屏蔽效能的基本原理，然后将基本公式作进一步扩展，使其能计算圆孔、多孔洞以及在任意极化方向时的情形。仿真结果表明：当频率低于主谐振频率时，离孔缝越近，耦合进的电磁能量越大；当处于谐振频率时，屏蔽腔与孔形成共振，屏蔽效能很低甚至为负，而且腔体内任何空间都如此；屏蔽效能随极化角度的递增而递减，低频段的屏蔽比高频段要好；对于相同面积的孔洞，单孔洞的屏蔽效能比多孔洞的屏蔽效能要差，孔洞越多，屏蔽效果越好，而圆形孔（等同于方形孔）的屏蔽效果最好。     

16单元矩形径向线螺旋阵列天线的理论分析和数值模拟

提出了一种16单元矩形径向线螺旋阵列天线。介绍了该矩形阵列天线的提出背景以及工作原理,分析了两种电磁组合探针的耦合特性,设计并数值模拟了中心频率为4.0 GHz的16单元矩形径向线螺旋阵列天线。模拟结果表明：该口径为180 mm×180 mm 的天线在中心频率4.0 GHz 下,增益为18.24 dB,轴向轴比值1.065;在3.8～4.2 GHz的频率范围内增益大于17.89 dB,轴向轴比值小于1.2,反射系数小于0.15,口径效率大于85％。     

Design, construction, and validation of a 1-mm triple-resonance high-temperature-superconducting probe for NMR

We report a 600-MHz 1-mm triple-resonance high-temperature-superconducting (HTS) probe for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The probe has a real sample volume of about 7.5 microl, an active volume of 6.3 microl, and appears to have the highest mass sensitivity at any field strength. The probe is constructed with four sets of HTS coils that are tuned to 1H, 2H, 13C, and 15N, and there is a z-axis gradient. The coils are cooled with a conventional Bruker CryoPlatform to about 20 K, and the sample chamber can be regulated above or below room temperature over a moderate range using a Bruker variable temperature unit. The absolute S/N for 0.1% ethylbenzene is approximately 1/3 that of a conventional 5mm probe with just 1/70 of the sample volume. We demonstrate the utility of this probe for small molecules and proteins with 2D spectra of just 1.7 microg of ibuprofen and 400 microM 15N-labeled ubiquitin.     

Multisolitons and stability of two hump solitons of upper cutoff mode in discrete electrical transmission line

We show that a discrete electrical transmission line, such as a Band-pass filter is modeled by the Salerno equation at the upper cutoff mode. Special interest is paid to the investigation of stationary localized solutions supported by this equation for some given experimental parameters. Applying a map approach, the profiles of single and two bright solitons are obtained. Linear stability and direct numerical simulations are performed and the results show that a single bright soliton is stable while two bright ones are unstable and lead to a single bright soliton. Finally, we show that the lifespan of two hump solitons increases depending on the length thrust range of the kicked initial condition.     

纵向弛豫对核磁共振线型的影响

根据经典 Bloch方程的解析解以及考虑辐射阻尼效应的Bloch方程的数值解,通过解析分析和数值模拟,从理论上研究了在射频场扰动下以及在辐射阻尼效应的作用下纵向弛豫对核磁共振线型的影响.结果表明:①射频场的扰动和辐射阻尼效应将导致纵向磁化与横向磁化的耦合,从而使纵向弛豫对线型产生了一定的影响.②在射频场的扰动下,峰强和线宽分别为2M0sin(θ)T1T2/(T1+T2)和(T1+T2)/(2πT1T2),即纵向弛豫将使谱线的峰强增大、线宽变窄,且影响程度随着比值T2/T1的减小而增大,峰强最大可增加1倍而线宽最多可减小1/2.③在强辐射阻尼效应的作用下,纵向弛豫会使谱线的峰强降低,降低的幅度与扳转角θ以及比值T2/T1密切相关.当θ从0到3π/4时,降低的幅度均较小,只有当θ＞3π/4时,降低的幅度才开始逐渐变大,且当 θ接近π时,降低的幅度急剧增大.谱线峰强降低的幅度与T2/T1呈较严格的正比关系,即T1越接近T2,峰强下降得越显著.     

NMR study of perovskites

The perovskite compounds of have been studied by means of NMR spectroscopy in powder samples prepared by the solid state reaction and sol–gel methods. The NMR signals were observed in the frequency range 250–650 MHz at 4.2 K in zero external magnetic field. A relatively narrow spectral line assigned to ⁵⁵Mn in Mn⁴⁺ is situated around 270–320 MHz in all spectra. Additional spectral lines are observed at higher frequencies. Line intensities and forms are dependent on the cobalt concentration and preparation techniques.