Measurement techniques in low-speed turbulent flows

Measurement techniques in low-speed turbulent flows were discussed at the EUROMECH 202 Colloquium at NLR in Marknesse, The Netherlands, October 7–10, 1985. A total of 54 participants from 9 countries attended, and 38 papers were given in two sessions, each closed with a general discussion.     

Measurement of wall shear rate in large amplitude unsteady reversing flows

Wall shear rates in large amplitude unsteady flows that cause flow reversal can be measured by using two rectangular electrodes in a sandwich arrangement. The frequency response of this sandwich probe is studied numerically. An inverse mass transfer method is applied to recover the instantaneous shear rate from the measured difference in the mass transfer rate to the two segments. Experimental results for a turbulent pipe flow with imposed large amplitude sinusoidal oscillations are used to test the method.     

Multiscale block spectral solution for unsteady flows

Many problems of interest are characterized by 2 distinctive and disparate scales and a huge multiplicity of similar small‐scale elements. The corresponding scale‐dependent solvability manifests itself in the high gradient flow around each element needing a fine mesh locally and the similar flow patterns among all elements globally. In a block spectral approach making use of the scale‐dependent solvability, the global domain is decomposed into a large number of similar small blocks. The mesh‐pointwise block spectra will establish the block‐block variation, for which only a small set of blocks need to be solved with a fine mesh resolution. The solution can then be very efficiently obtained by coupling the local fine mesh solution and the global coarse mesh solution through a block spectral mapping. Previously, the block spectral method has only been developed for steady flows. The present work extends the methodology to unsteady flows of short temporal and spatial scales (eg, those due to self‐excited unsteady vortices and turbulence disturbances). A source term–based approach is adopted to facilitate a two‐way coupling in terms of time‐averaged flow solutions. The global coarse base mesh solution provides an appropriate environment and boundary condition to the local fine mesh blocks, while the local fine mesh solution provides the source terms (propagated through the block spectral mapping) to the global coarse mesh domain. The computational method will be presented with several numerical examples and sensitivity studies. The results consistently demonstrate the validity and potential of the proposed approach.     

Aerodynamic shape optimization for unsteady three-dimensional flows

This paper presents an adjoint method for the optimum shape design of unsteady flows. The goal is to develop a set of discrete unsteady adjoint equations and the corresponding boundary condition for the non-linear frequency domain method. First, this paper presents the complete formulation of the time dependent optimal design problem. Second, we present the non-linear frequency domain adjoint equations for three-dimensional flows. Third, we present results that demonstrate the application of the theory to a three-dimensional wing.     

Stability of unsteady viscous flows

A study is made of the linear stability of plane-parallel unsteady flows of a viscous incompressible fluid: in the mixing layer of two flows, in a jet with constant flow rate, and near a wall suddenly set in motion [1]. The slow variation of these flows in time compared with the rate of change of the perturbations makes it possible to use the method of two-scale expansions [2]. The stability of nonparallel flows with allowance for their slow variation with respect to the longitudinal coordinate was investigated, for example, in [3–6]. The unsteady flows considered in the present paper have a number of characteristic properties of non-parallel flows [1], but in contrast to them are described by exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. In addition, for unsteady planeparallel flows a criterion of neutral stability can be uniquely established by means of the energy balance equation.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, 138–142, July–August, 1981.I thank G. I. Petrov for suggesting the problem, and also S. Ya. Gertsenshtein and A. V. Latyshev for assisting in the work.     

On elastic effects in unsteady pipe flows

Summary Theoretical consideration is given to two unsteady pipe flows. In the first, a combined steady and oscillatory shear flow is generated by a pulsatile pressure gradient in a stationary pipe. In the second, the pressure gradient is constant, but the pipe wall executes axial vibrations.The theoretical analysis is carried out for an upper convected Maxwell model characterized by a viscosity function and one relaxation time. A conventional perturbation method of solution is concluded to be inadequate to describe some of the interesting experimental observations and most of the work employs a finite-difference formulation based onTownsend's work. In the vibrating-pipe analysis, it is concluded that the flow must be considered to be dominated by the axial movement of the pipe if the interesting experiments ofManero andMena are to be properly interpreted.We have still not reached the stage where existing experimental results on pulsatile flow and the vibratingpipe situation can bequantitatively predicted.

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Zusammenfassung Es werden zwei Typen instationärer Rohrströmungen theoretisch betrachtet. Bei dem ersten wird eine kombinierte stationäre und oszillierende Scherströmung dadurch erzeugt, daß bei ruhendem Rohr der Strömung ein pulsierender Druckgradient aufgeprägt wird. Bei dem zweiten ist der Druckgradient konstant, dagegen führt das Rohr axiale Schwingungen aus.Die theoretische Analyse wird für das Modell einer verallgemeinerten Maxwell-Oldroyd-FlüssigkeitB (d. h. mit kontravarianter konvektiver Zeitableitung) durchgeführt, welches durch eine Viskositätsfunktion, aber nur eine einzige Relaxationszeit gekennzeichnet ist. Es wird gezeigt, daß die üblichen Störungsmethoden nicht geeignet sind, einige der interessantesten experimentellen Beobachtungen zu beschreiben. Daher wird in den meisten Fällen eine auf den Arbeiten vonTownsend basierenden Finite-Differenzen-Methode angewendet. Bei der Analyse des vibrierenden Rohrs wird geschlossen, daß die Strömung maßgeblich durch die Axialbewegung des Rohrs bestimmt sein muß, wenn die interessanten Experimente vonManero undMena angemessen interpretiert werden sollen.Zur Zeit ist noch nicht eine solche Stufe des theoretischen Verständnisses erreicht, von wo aus einequantitative Voraussage der bekannten experimentellen Ergebnisse bei pulsierenden Strömungen bzw. einem vibrierenden Rohr geleistet werden könnte.

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With 14 figures     

A cavitation model for computations of unsteady cavitating flows

A local vortical cavitation(LVC) model for the computation of unsteady cavitation is proposed.The model is derived from the Rayleigh–Plesset equations,and takes into account the relations between the cavitation bubble radius and local vortical effects.Calculations of unsteady cloud cavitating fows around a Clark-Y hydrofoil are performed to assess the predictive capability of the LVC model using well-documented experimental data.Compared with the conventional Zwart's model,better agreement is observed between the predictions of the LVC model and experimental data,including measurements of time-averaged fl w structures,instantaneous cavity shapes and the frequency of the cloud cavity shedding process.Based on the predictions of the LVC model,it is demonstrated that the evaporation process largely concentrates in the core region of the leading edge vorticity in accordance with the growth in the attached cavity,and the condensation process concentrates in the core region of the trailing edge vorticity,which corresponds to the spread of the rear component of the attached cavity.When the attached cavity breaks up and moves downstream,the condensation area fully transports to the wake region,which is in accordance with the dissipation of the detached cavity.Furthermore,using vorticity transport equations,we also fin that the periodic formation,breakup,and shedding of the sheet/cloud cavities,along with the associated baroclinic torque,are important mechanisms for vorticity production and modification When the attached cavity grows,the liquid–vapour interface that moves towards the trailing edge enhances the vorticity in the attached cav-ity closure region.As the re-entrant jet moves upstream,the wavy/bubbly cavity interface enhances the vorticity near the trailing edge.At the end of the cycle,the break-up of the stable attached cavity is the main reason for the vorticity enhancement near the suction surface.     

A SOLVER USING NEWTON‘S METHOD FOR UNSTEADY VISCOUS FLOWS

A solver is developed for time-accurate computations of viscous flows based on the conception of Newton‘s method. A set of pseudo-time derivatives are added into governing equations and the discretized system is solved using GMRES algorithm. Due to some special properties of GMRES algorithm, the solution procedure for unsteady flows could be regarded as a kind of Newton iteration. The physical-time derivatives of governing equations are discretized using two different approaches, I.e., 3-point Euler backward, and Crank-Nicolson formulas, both with 2nd-order accuracy in time but with different truncation errors. The turbulent eddy viscosity is calculated by using a version of Spalart~Allmaras one-equation model modified by authors for turbulent flows. Two cases of unsteady viscous flow are investigated to validate and assess the solver, I.e., low Reynolds number flow around a row of cylinders and transonic bi-circular-arc airfoil flow featuring the vortex shedding and shock buffeting problems, respectively. Meanwhile, comparisons between the two schemes of timederivative discretizations are carefully made. It is illustrated that the developed unsteady flow solver shows a considerable efficiency and the Crank-Nicolson scheme gives better results compared with Euler method.     

Time marching integral equation method for unsteady transonic flows

In this paper, we have proposed a time marching intregral equation method which does not have the limitation of the time linearized integral equation method in that the latter method can not satisfactorily simulate the shock-wave motions. Firstly, a model problem—one dimensional initial and boundary value wave problem is treated to clarify the basic idea of the new method. Then the method is implemented for 2-D and 3-D unsteady transonic flow problems. The introduction of the concept of a quasi-velocity-potential simplifies the time marching integral equations and the treatment of trailing vortex sheet condition. The numerical calculations show that the method is reasonable and reliable.     

Parametric study of unsteady laminar flows

Results of a parametric study of unsteady laminar flows are analyzed. Three-dimensional unsteady equations of hydromechanics for a compressible medium are solved. The range of the characteristic Reynolds number Re = 400–900 is considered. It is demonstrated that the laminar flow in a plane channel ceases to be steady at Re = 415. As the Reynolds number increases, the unsteady processes become more intense, disturbances penetrate inward the channel, and separation zones lose their stability. In the vicinity of the channel exit, however, the flow tends to stabilize, though it remains unsteady. No transition to a turbulent flow occurs in the examined range of Reynolds numbers.     

A finite volume approach for unsteady viscoelastic fluid flows

A finite volume, time‐marching for solving time‐dependent viscoelastic flow in two space dimensions for Oldroyd‐B and Phan Thien–Tanner fluids, is presented. A non‐uniform staggered grid system is used. The conservation and constitutive equations are solved using the finite volume method with an upwind scheme for the viscoelastic stresses and an hybrid scheme for the velocities. To calculate the pressure field, the semi‐implicit method for the pressure linked equation revised method is used. The discretized equations are solved sequentially, using the tridiagonal matrix algorithm solver with under‐relaxation. In both, the full approximation storage multigrid algorithm is used to speed up the convergence rate. Simulations of viscoelastic flows in four‐to‐one abrupt plane contraction are carried out. We will study the behaviour at the entrance corner of the four‐to‐one planar abrupt contraction. Using this solver, we show convergence up to a Weissenberg number We of 20 for the Oldroyd‐B model. No limiting Weissenberg number is observed even though a Phan Thien–Tanner model is used. Several numerical results are presented. Smooth and stable solutions are obtained for high Weissenberg number. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

One-dimensional unsteady flows of solid-liquid suspensions

Summary The partial differential equations governing the unsteady one-dimensional motion of a solid-liquid mixture in an elastic tube are derived and applied to the problem of pressure surge generation resulting from rapid flow shutdown. The momentum exchange between the phases is then assumed to be simply proportional to the relative velocity of the phases, as correct in the case of slow relative motion. This assumption permits a closed form solution of the problem by a Laplace transform technique. The physically meaningful boundary condition is assumed to be that of vanishing velocity for the fluid phase at the valve. This leads to an initial overshoot of the pressure if the density of the liquid is larger than that of the solid, at variance with previous results of Wood and Kao. Another result is that the presence of a transient in the time evolution of the pressure, discovered by the latter authors, does not play an important role in applications dealing with long tubes. This is proved by both asymptotic estimates and numerical results.

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Sommario Si ricavano le equazioni a derivate parziali che reggono il moto unidimensionale non stazionario di una miscela solido-liquido in un tubo elastico e le si applicano al problema dell'aumento di pressione prodotto da una brusca interruzione di corrente. Lo scambio di quantità di moto fra le fasi viene ritenuto semplicemente proporzionale alla loro velocità relativa, come è accurato nel caso di piccoli valori di quest'ultima. Questa ipotesi permette di ottenere una soluzione analitica del problema per mezzo della trasformata di Laplace. Si fa anche l'ipotesi che la condizione al contorno fisicamente significativa sulla valvola di chiusura sia quella di annullamento della velocità della fase fluida. Questo porta a un massimo iniziale di pressione nel caso in cui la densità del liquido sia maggiore di quella del solido, a differenza da quanto ottenuto da Wood e Kao. Un altro risultato è che la presenza di un transiente nell'evoluzione temporale della pressione, scoperto da questi autori, non gioca un ruolo importante nelle applicazioni relative a tubi sufficientemente lunghi. Questo risultato viene dimostrato sia per mezzo di stime asintotiche sia per mezzo di calcoli numerici.

     

Analysis of different POD methods for PIV-measurements in complex unsteady flows

Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is an effective tool in fluid dynamics for investigation of complex, transitional or turbulent flows. In POD the transient vector or scalar field (velocity, concentration, temperature, etc.) is decomposed into a sum of spatial modes multiplied with time coefficients (Fourier-splitting method). However, these spatial modes and time coefficients can in practice be obtained by different methods. Even if POD has been used in numerous fluid dynamical studies, there are only few publications describing the relationship between the different methods and comparing the results. In the present case the POD basis functions are calculated either by Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) or by the Snapshot-POD approach. The results are compared in order to understand similarities and differences between the methods, as well as advantages and drawbacks. Comparisons between the obtained spatial modes, time coefficients, required computational effort, and complexity of calculation are presented and discussed. The influence of the numerical settings is also investigated, in particular the impact of the number of snapshots on the results. Finally, the differences obtained when analyzing a vector field globally or component-wise are discussed in detail.     

A continuous shape sensitivity equation method for unsteady laminar flows

This paper presents the application of a general shape sensitivity equation method (SEM) to unsteady laminar flows. The formulation accounts for complex parameter dependence and is suitable for a wide range of problems. The flow and sensitivity equations are solved on 3D meshes using a Streamline-Upwind Petrov Galerkin (SUPG) finite element method. In the case of shape parameters, boundary conditions for sensitivities depend on the flow gradient at the boundary. Therefore, an accurate recovery of solution gradients is crucial to the success of shape sensitivity computations. In this work, solution gradients at boundary points are extracted using the Finite Node Displacement (FiND) method on which the finite element discretization is enriched locally via the insertion of nodes close to the boundary points. The normal derivative of the solution is then determined using finite differences. This approach to evaluate shape sensitivity boundary conditions is embedded in the continuous SEM. The methodology is applied to the flow past a cylinder in ground proximity. First, the proposed method is verified on a steady state problem. The computed sensitivity is compared to the actual change in the solution when a small perturbation is imposed to the shape parameter. Then, the study investigates the ability of the SEM to anticipate the unsteady flow response to changes in the ground to cylinder gap. A reduction of the gap causes damping of the vortex shedding while an increase amplifies the unsteadiness.     

Implicit solution of time spectral method for periodic unsteady flows

The present paper investigates the implicit solution of time spectral model for periodic unsteady flows. In the time spectral model, the physical time derivative is approximated using spectral method. The robustness issues associated with implicit solution of time spectral model are analyzed and validated by numerical results. It is found that spectral approximation of the time derivative weakens the diagonal dominance property of the Jacobian matrix, resulting in the deterioration of stability and convergence speed. In this paper we propose to solve the coupled governing equations implicitly using multigrid preconditioned generalized minimal residual (GMRES) method, which demonstrates favorable convergence speed. Also it is demonstrated that the current method is insensitive to the variations of frequency and number of harmonics. Comparison of computation results with dual time step unsteady computation validates the high efficiency of the current method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

动态混合网格生成及隐式非定常计算方法

建立了一种基于动态混合网格的非定常数值计算方法. 混合网格由贴体的四边形网格、外场 的多层次矩形网格和中间的三角形网格构成. 当物体运动时，贴体四边形网格随物体运动而 运动，而外场的矩形网格保持静止，中间的三角形网格随之变形；当物体运动位移较大，导 致三角形网格的质量降低，甚至导致网格相交时，在局部重新生成网格. 新网格上的物理量 由旧网格上的物理量插值而得. 为了提高计算效率，采用了双时间步和子迭代相结合的隐式 有限体积格式计算非定常Navier-Stokes方程. 子迭代采用高效的块LU-SGS方法. 利用该 方法数值模拟了NACA0012振荡翼型的无黏和黏性绕流，得到了与实验和他人计算相当一致 的结果.