利用O型环抑制圆柱绕流涡脱落的数值研究

圆柱绕流涡脱落诱发较大的振动和声,如何有效地抑制值得关注。利用大涡模拟技术求解了Navier—Stokes方程,得到了涡脱落频率,升力脉动幅值及平均阻力系数。计算表明二维模拟不能体现流动基本特征．三维计算与实验吻合较好。为了抑制涡脱落,在直径为D的圆柱表面装入间距为1D．直径为0．0167D的O型环。通过升力、速度谱分析以及柱向横截面流场分析可知．在光滑圆柱外表面加入O型环能诱发流体边界层分离,有效地抑制涡脱落现象．升力脉动和观测点速度脉动幅值几乎完全消失,阻力系数也略微降低,适合在实际工程中采用。     

带整流罩隔水管流场特性的大涡模拟研究

为了深入揭示整流罩抑制涡激振动的机理,采用CFD软件FLUENT,结合大涡模拟方法,分别对附加整流罩前后隔水管模型的绕流流场进行模拟,将附加整流罩前后隔水管周围的流场特性、升力系数、阻力系数及其频谱特性等进行对比分析．结果表明,整流罩能有效抑制隔水管尾流区的漩涡脱落,隔水管背部的压力升高,升力系数和阻力系数显著降低,从而抑制了隔水管的涡激振动．     

带有新型涡激振动抑制罩的圆柱体的水动力特性

通过模型实验和数值模拟计算,研究了带有涡激振动抑制罩的圆截面柱体的水动力特性.模型实验主要测试了柱体上附加谐波型和类圆锥型涡激振动抑制罩的单摆结构在不同流速下发生涡激振动的性质;数值模拟则针对谐波型和圆锥型扰动,在雷诺数Re为102到105范围内,研究其水动力参数,如阻力、升力和涡脱落频率等,随扰动波长和波动强度的变化.模型实验结果表明,在直圆柱开始发生共振的流速下,带抑制罩的柱体的振幅显著降低,而在更高流速下则显著增大.数值模拟结果表明,谐波型和圆锥型扰动具有相似的水动力特性;且在不同Re时,阻力、升力和涡脱落频率具有相似的变化规律;随波动强度的增大,阻力一般逐渐增大,升力则在多数情况下先减小而后增大,而涡脱落频率一般逐渐减小.      

柔性圆柱涡激振动流体力系数识别及其特性

涡激振动是诱发海洋立管、浮式平台系泊缆和海底悬跨管道等柔性圆柱结构疲劳损伤的重要因素.目前,海洋工程中用于柔性圆柱涡激振动预报的流体力系数主要来源刚性圆柱横流向受迫振动的实验数据,存在一定缺陷和误差.本文综合考虑横流向与顺流向振动耦合作用,建立了柔性圆柱涡激振动流体力模型,运用有限元法和最小二乘法确定升力系数、脉动阻力系数和附加质量系数.为了准确识别柔性圆柱涡激振动流体力系数,设计并开展了拖曳水池模型实验,实验用柔性圆柱模型的质量比为1.82,长径比为195.5.通过与刚性圆柱流体力系数对比,深入分析了柔性圆柱流体力系数的特性.结果表明:柔性圆柱在一阶模态控制区,流体力系数随约化速度变化趋势与刚性圆柱大致相似;二阶模态控制区,升力系数和脉动阻力系数显著增大;附加质量系数在响应频率较低时与振动位移的相关性增强;当响应频率较低时,振动位移较大区域为能量耗散区,当响应频率较高时,振动位移较大区域为能量输入区.     

三维不等直径串列圆柱绕流的双涡脱落流态频率特征研究

采用大涡模拟方法计算Re=2×10~3三维不等直径串列圆柱(d/D≤1)绕流问题。结果显示,处于双涡脱落流态时,随着串列圆柱间距增加,上游圆柱量纲为一的涡脱频率值St₁总体上升,而下游圆柱量纲为一的涡脱频率值St₂存在先下降后上升的变化规律。在圆柱间距较小的情况下,St₂随着串列圆柱间距的增加而减小,量纲为一的涡脱频率比值、直径比与间距比之间近似满足St₂/St₁∝(L/D)^-1/4(d/D)的幂指数关系;在圆柱间距较大的情况下,圆柱间时均流向速度提高并趋近主流区速度,St₂随间距比增加而上升。在较小直径比串列圆柱情形下,下游圆柱量纲为一的涡脱频率St₂可下降至更低的临界拐点,从而产生“次谐波涡脱锁定”现象。     

串列双锥柱绕流流动特性的大涡模拟研究

利用大涡模拟研究了雷诺数Re = 3900下串列双锥柱在间距比L/D_m = 2 ~ 10下的升阻力特性及三维流动结构. 研究发现: 上游锥柱在后方形成的两个展向不对称回流区, 使其后方压力分布不对称. 上游锥柱发展的上洗、下洗和侧面剪切层作用在下游锥柱的附着点位置不同是上游和下游锥柱时均阻力系数和脉动升力系数变化的主要原因, 串列双锥柱间流动结构随间距比变化可分为三种状态: 剪切层包裹状态, 过渡状态及尾流撞击状态. 剪切层包裹状态. 上游锥柱的自由端主导来流在下游锥柱迎风面影响范围广, 上游锥柱剪切层完全包裹住下游锥柱, 从而抑制下游锥柱后方回流区形成, 导致下游锥柱时均阻力系数降低; 尾流撞击状态; 上游锥柱尾流得到充分发展, 其回流区大小随间距比增大不再发生变化, 上游锥柱尾流出现周期性脱落, 撞击在下游锥柱表面, 从而使脉动升力系数大幅增加, 最大脉动升力系数较单直圆柱提升约20.7倍; 过渡状态, 此时时均阻力系数和脉动升力系数均会较剪切层包裹状态增加. 该研究可以为风力俘能结构群列阵布局提供理论支持.      

基于定常吹吸气的波浪型圆柱主动控制研究

基于定常吹吸气对波浪型圆柱近尾迹流动进行控制以增强柱体振动, 采用大涡模拟研究了亚临界雷诺数(Re = 3000)下前吹后吸和前后吸气控制方式在不同吹吸气工况对波浪型圆柱升阻力特性、时均压力系数、环量、湍动能及近尾迹流动结构的影响. 研究发现: 前吹后吸和前后吸气控制下波浪型圆柱在不同吹吸气动量系数工况脉动升力系数均显著提高, 最大较未受控直圆柱和波浪型圆柱分别提升高达636%和391%, 这主要可能归因于吹吸气控制使波浪型圆柱回流区变短, 高强度涡集中向钝体后方靠拢, 旋涡形成长度缩短, 展向涡流与顺流向涡流相互作用在波浪型圆柱下游形成的“肋状涡”变大变长, 近尾迹环量显著增大, 从而导致脉动升力系数增大, 这可能将诱导柱体产生更强的振动; 同时两种控制方式均改变了波浪型圆柱表面的压力分布, 由于在波浪型圆柱前驻点吹气使前端趋于流线型, 前吹后吸在不同吹吸气动量系数下波浪型圆柱的高压区减小, 但在后驻点吸气使得低压区增大, 而前后吸气在不同吹吸气动量系数下波浪型圆柱的高压区基本不变, 低压区增大. 研究结果可为低风速地区分布式风力俘能结构俘能效率提升提供基础理论支持.      

基于LBM-LES的三维串列多圆柱绕流尾涡结构研究

为了研究三维串联多圆柱绕流在不同圆柱间距比L/D(L为圆柱的间距,D为圆柱直径)情况下的尾涡结构,基于格子玻尔兹曼(LBM)方法,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法计算了高雷诺数下三维单圆柱及三维串联多圆柱在不同L/D情况下的尾涡流场.数值结果表明:LBM-LES方法可以较好地模拟出三维单圆柱以及串联多圆柱的尾涡结构;高雷诺数...     

圆柱附加旋转整流罩表面压力分布及气动力特性

对圆柱附加固定整流罩的已有研究表明,它在降低升阻力和抑制涡激振动方面有优良的效果。但固定整流罩具有方向敏感性,当来流方向改变后效果会受到显著影响,甚至起到增加升阻力和加剧涡激振动的反作用。本文给圆柱附加了圆弧直径为40mm,形状夹角α分别为30°、45°、60°、75°和90°五种尺寸的旋转整流罩,并进行了风洞实验。其中整流罩可以自由地围绕圆柱轴线旋转。实验结果表明:旋转整流罩在流体力产生的力矩作用下,旋转至一个偏离尾流中心线固定角度的动态平衡位置,而平衡位置偏转角δ随着形状夹角α的增大而增大。附加旋转整流罩后,相对单圆柱能够提高尾迹区域压力,并能使时均阻力和脉动升力分别在α=30°和α=75°时获得最大43.5%和67.0%的降低。此外,对于小α(α≤60°)情况,漩涡脱落频率明显高于单圆柱情况,而对于大α(α≥75°)情况,则与单圆柱情况相接近。所有旋转整流罩升力主频的幅值较之单圆柱有了很大程度的降低,可见旋转整流罩在抑制漩涡脱落方面有很好的效果。     

带有柔性薄板三维方柱流固耦合的数值模拟研究

采用双向流固耦合方法,对带有柔性薄板三维方柱的流场变化特性进行了研究。通过对比单方柱,分析了带有柔性薄板三维方柱阻力系数、升力系数以及斯特劳哈尔数的变化规律。研究表明,在方柱尾流区域附加一柔性薄板可以使其阻力系数降低34.6%,同时其变化幅值大大减小;其升力系数的均方根减小84.8%,流场脉动大幅度减小;斯特劳哈尔数降低79.5%。研究结果表明,在三维方柱后设置柔性薄板可有效抑制涡脱落,从而改善三维方柱的尾流特性。     

Suppression of lift fluctuations on a circular cylinder by inducing the symmetric vortex shedding mode

The flow around a stationary circular cylinder modified by two synthetic jets positioned at the mean separation points is numerically studied. The Reynolds number based on the free-stream velocity and the circular cylinder diameter is Re=500. The focus is to present a novel way to suppress the lift fluctuations by changing the vortex shedding mode, and thus particular attention is paid to the interactions between the synthetic jets and wake shear layers and the resulting vortex dynamics. The overall influences of both momentum coefficient and excitation frequency are discussed. In some simulated cases, the vortex lock-on phenomenon is discovered, which causes the typical Kàrmàn type vortex shedding to be converted into the symmetric shedding modes, leading to the complete suppression of lift fluctuations. In other cases, the asymmetric shedding mode still dominates the wake evolution. Detailed vortical evolution for each typical wake pattern is analyzed to reveal the control mechanism. Additionally, the control effectiveness is evaluated, indicating that the present control strategy contributes an effective way to suppress the lift fluctuations and reduce the mean drag.     

Numerical simulation of Reynolds number effects on velocity shear flow around a circular cylinder

Three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are performed to investigate the shear effects on flow around a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers of Re=60–1000. The shear parameter, β, which is based on the velocity gradient, cylinder diameter and upstream mean velocity at the center plane of the cylinder, varies from 0 to 0.30. Variations of Strouhal number, drag and lift coefficients, and unsteady wake structures with shear parameter are studied, along with their dependence on Reynolds number. The presented simulation provides detailed information for the flow field around a circular cylinder in shear flow. This study shows that the Strouhal number exhibits no significant variation with shear parameter. The stagnation point moves to the high-velocity side almost linearly with shear parameter, and this result mainly influences the aerodynamic forces acting on a circular cylinder in shear flow. Both the Reynolds number and shear parameter influence the movement of the stagnation point and separation point. Mode A wake instability is suppressed into parallel vortex shedding mode at a certain shear parameter. The lift force increases with increasing shear parameter and acts from the high-velocity side to the low-velocity side. In addition, a simple method to estimate the lift force coefficient in shear flow is provided.     

The variation in the maximum loading of a circular cylinder impacted by a 2D vortex with time of impact

Direct numerical simulation is used to study the loading of a rigid, circular cylinder impacted by a 2D vortex. The vortex travels within a stream of fluid characterized by Reynolds number of 150. Vortex impact occurs at twenty-five different times within one vortex shedding cycle. Substantial variation is observed in the maximum values of the drag and lift force coefficients. This variation is due to interaction between the impinging vortex and those attached to the cylinder. As the radius of the impinging vortex is increased from one to three times the cylinder’s diameter, the variation in maximum force coefficients with time of impact decreases. The variation decreases because the larger vortex alters the flow field and vortex shedding cycle prior to impacting the cylinder. For structures impacted by a vortex similar in size, significant under-prediction of the maximum loading may occur if variation in loading with vortex impact time is not considered.     

Control of mean and fluctuating forces on a circular cylinder at high Reynolds numbers

A narrow strip is used to control mean and fluctuating forces on a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers from 2.0 × 10⁴ to 1.0 × 10⁵. The axes of the strip and cylinder are parallel. The control parameters are strip width ratio and strip position characterized by angle of attack and distance from the cylinder. Wind tunnel tests show that the vortex shedding from both sides of the cylinder can be suppressed, and mean drag and fluctuating lift on the cylinder can be reduced if the strip is installed in an effective zone downstream of the cylinder. A phenomenon of mono-side vortex shedding is found. The strip-induced local changes of velocity profiles in the near wake of the cylinder are measured, and the relation between base suction and peak value in the power spectrum of fluctuating lift is studied. The control mechanism is then discussed from different points of view. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10172087 and 10472124). The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

NEURAL NETWORK CONTROL OF VORTEX SHEDDING FROM A CIRCULAR CYLINDER USING ROTATIONAL FEEDBACK OSCILLATIONS

The performance of active control of vortex shedding from a circular cylinder is studied experimentally with rotational feedback oscillations. The optimization of the control parameters, such as the phase lag, the feedback gain, and the position of reference sensor are carried out using neural networks to minimize the reference velocity fluctuations in the cylinder wake. Measurement of pressure distributions over the circular cylinder under the optimum control indicate that the drag force is reduced by 16% and the lift force is suppressed by more than 70% in comparison with the stationary cylinder.     

Vortex shedding and aerodynamic forces on a circular cylinder in linear shear flow at subcritical Reynolds number

Vortex shedding and aerodynamic forces on a circular cylinder in a linear shear flow with its axis normal to the plane of the velocity shear profile at subcritical Reynolds number are investigated experimentally. The shear parameter β, which is based on the velocity gradient, cylinder diameter and upstream mean velocity at the center plane of the cylinder, varies from 0 to 0.27. The Strouhal number has no significant variation with the shear parameter. The time-mean base pressure increases and the fluctuating component of the base pressure decreases significantly with increasing shear parameter. Vortex shedding is suppressed by the velocity shear. Dislocation of the stagnation point takes place and this influences the pressure distribution around the cylinder together with the velocity shear. A mean lift force arises in the shear flow due to asymmetry of the pressure distribution, and it acts from the high velocity side to the low velocity side. In addition, the lift coefficient increases and the drag coefficient decreases with increasing shear parameter.     

Numerical investigation on vortex-induced vibration of an elastically mounted circular cylinder at low Reynolds number using the fictitious domain method

A direct numerical simulation of two-dimensional (2D) flow past an elastically mounted circular cylinder at low Reynolds number using the fictitious domain method had been undertaken. The cylinder motion was modelled by a two degree-of-freedom mass–spring–damper system. The computing code was verified against a benchmark problem in which flow past a stationary circular cylinder is simulated. Then, analyses of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) responses, drag and lift forces and the phase and vortex structures were carried out. Results show that the cylinder's non-dimensional cross-flow response amplitude reaches its summit of 0.572 in the ‘lock-in’ regime. The ‘2S’, instead of the ‘2P’, vortex shedding mode is dominated in the ‘lower’ branch for this 2D low-Re VIV. A secondary oscillation is observed in the lift force when ‘lock-in’ occurs. It is shown that this secondary component changes the phase, offset the energy input by the primary component and thus reduces the cylinder responses. Effects of the Skop–Griffin parameter on cylinder responses were also investigated.     

流向强迫振荡圆柱绕流的涡脱落模态分析

通过求解采用ALE方法描述的运动坐标系Navier-Stokes方程组，分析均匀来流下雷诺 数为150的静止和流向振荡的圆柱绕流. 主要研究了强迫振荡频率和较大振幅比 (A/D=0.3-1.2)对圆柱升力、阻力变化特性以及涡脱落模态的影响. 研究表 明，流向振荡圆柱绕流存在多种涡脱落模态，如对称S以及反对称A-I, A-III, A-IV等多种形式；比较研究结果，拓展了各模态下对应的锁定区域，并将其分为5个 子区；A-I模态中圆柱受力较以前所知更复杂；通过分析计算结果，发现最大加速度 比Af_{c}^{2}/Df_{s0}^{2}可能是涡脱落模态(尤其是对称S模态)最有效的控制参数.     

Numerical investigations into effects of three-dimensional wake patterns on unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of a circular cylinder at Re=1.3×105

In contrast with a wide range of applications concerning flows around a circular cylinder at upper subcritical Reynolds numbers (Re), there is no systematic understanding about the fundamentals of so-called random flow patterns, and their effects on intermittent modulations in the time history of pressure or force, and the decrease in their spanwise correlations. This paper employed the large-eddy simulation (LES) technique to predict flows past a circular cylinder at Re=1.3×10⁵ and to provide images based on flow visualization that can clarify the physical mechanism responsible for these outcomes. A reasonably sufficient spanwise length was adopted for the numerical model by taking into consideration the effect of aspect ratios (the spanwise length to the diameter). We found that even at such high Res, a three-dimensional pattern of vortical field is present in the wake resulting in total force modulation and weak spanwise correlation, e.g., obvious oblique shedding. The whole development process of the three-dimensional wake is exhibited as a universal. The results revealed that local phase variations in primary vortex shedding are the starting points of three-dimensional wake patterns, which are induced by the “irregular” streamwise vortex. The three-dimensional near wake following local phase variations is associated with a successive evolution composed of certain stages in order. Quantitative analyses based on the time series of sectional lift coefficients show that intermittent increase in primary shedding periods and sectional lift streak divisions are closely related to local phase variations and vortex division in the development process of the three-dimensional pattern. In addition to the phase difference along the span, the three-dimensional pattern also weakens vortex shedding in cross sections perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder, resulting in modulation of the sectional lift coefficient.     

Lattice-Boltzmann方法在求解钝体绕流非定常尾迹中的应用

应用Lattice- Boltzmann方法计算了水平通道内方柱绕流,分析了不同时刻方柱后尾迹的旋涡结构和发展过程,得到了合理的结果;并进一步对Re=100时的圆柱绕流进行了计算,计算得到的升力系数、脱落频率、圆柱表面的压力系数的分布与他人的计算比较吻合。