基于相位标靶的光学坐标测量方法

提出一种基于相位标靶的光学坐标测量方法,与有3个以上的标记点的辅助测量棒(传统标靶)相比较,由于相位标靶特征点数量的大量增多以及基于相位计算的精确的特征点的提取,使得用这种标靶进行测量时,其测最结果更为准确和可靠.在计算机屏幕上产生二维正弦条纹,并以此作为校准靶进行摄像机标定.设计制作的相位标靶由小型特征图象屏和测棒组成,采用相位测量技术及条纹处理方法计算特征图象屏各点的相位和面内坐标,进而计算测棒上测点的三维坐标.将该相位标靶用于光学坐标测量,提出了标靶移动时坐标变换的计算公式和移动距离的计算方法,分析了测量误差的成因.实验得到了准确的光学坐标测量结果,证明了该方法的有效性.     

立体视觉测量系统现场校准技术

为实现大空间复杂工件的准确测量,精确校准立体视觉系统变得越来越重要.提出了一种利用光学参考棒,基于单位四元数法的灵活、有效的立体视觉测晕系统现场校准技术.该方法以光学参考棒为校准靶标,以参考棒上的三个共线的距离已知的红外LED作为特征点,通过在测量范围内不同位置对光学参考棒上特征点成像,灵活、有效地实现两摄像机之间的外参校准.参数校准过程中,自动地控制光强,优化曝光时间,从而使得不同位置处光点图像的强度一致,并且可以获得高的信噪比,提高校准精度.实验结果表明该方法具有相当高的在线校准精度,在实际应用中能获得很好的效果,最大测量误差为0.15 mm,最大标准差为0.11 mm.     

结构位移摄像测量系统的设计与实现

针对飞机等大型工程结构的位移测量需求,设计实现了结构位移摄像测量系统.该系统采用多台数字式摄像机从不同方向拍摄飞机机身、机翼表面的人工合作标志点,在试验前对各个摄像机的参数进行精确标定,试验过程中实时分析各摄像机采集到的序列图像,检测跟踪得到标志点在图像上的二维像点坐标,根据像机参数和标志点二维像点坐标交会计算得到各标志点的三维坐标,即可得到整个结构的位移与变形参数.结构位移结果可进行三维动画显示,也可随时查看各标志点的位移曲线.精度测试结果表明该系统位移测量误差标准差小于1 mm,相对误差小于1%.该系统已成功应用于飞机机翼位移测量中.     

傅里叶变换轮廓术物体三维形貌测量的系统分析及其坐标校准方法

对非共面以及非平行度下的傅里叶变换轮廓术(FTP)物体三维形貌的测最系统进行了分析,采用两个参考平面辅助分析系统光路结构,引入了一个能使双光轴共面的等效虚拟投影出瞳中心.基于光线跟踪原理给出了相位与高度的映射关系,给出了满足平等度的系统参数特性并借助于摄像机坐标系同时获取校准平面的高度以及相应的相位数据,实现了高度和横向坐标的简易校准.实验结果表明了该方法的有效性与可行性.     

高精度柔性坐标测量系统及其校准技术研究EI北大核心CSCD

针对传统的机器人柔性坐标测量方法中,机器人模型不完善及机器人固定参数不断变化导致测量精度难以提高的问题,提出一种基于双目视觉原理的全局实时校准方法,组建由两台相机组成的高精度全局校准单元,通过测量布置在机器人末端视觉传感器上的控制点阵,实时得到机器人末端的空间位姿,实现机器人在全局空间的精确定位。提出基于空间网格控制场的相机校准方法,构建像面坐标系上的残差库,实现相机在全视场空间内的高精度校准。实验表明,采用上述方法可实现±0.1mm的双相机校准精度,整个系统的测量精度可达±0.15mm,从根本上摆脱了机器人运动学模型及参数误差带来的影响,有效地保证了柔性坐标测量系统的精度。     

红外地平仪地球模拟器光学校准精度分析

针对适用于双圆锥扫描红外地平仪地面检测体积相对较大的地球模拟器,使用两台电子经纬仪建立三维坐标测量系统,采用全测角的方法计算并实时显示被测点的三维坐标值,可以大大提高光学校准精度。基于坐标值的计算以及地球模拟器的模拟原理,首先对地球模拟器进行精密校准,然后基于误差传递公式计算直角坐标的校准测试误差,对光学校准精度进行分析,最终实现红外地球敏感器姿态角测量的误差分析。计算与实际测量结果表明,通过使用实时三维测量系统对地球模拟器进行精密校准后,双圆锥扫描红外地平仪的姿态角模拟测试误差可降低到0.01°以下。验证了该测量系统在大型航天地面检测设备中的有效性与实用性。     

基于光学参考棒的立体视觉测量系统现场标定技术

为实现大空间复杂工件的准确测量,精确标定立体视觉系统变得越来越重要。为了克服传统立体摄像机标定过程繁复、户外实现困难的弱点,提出了一种基于光学参考棒的灵活、有效的立体视觉测量系统标定技术。参考棒水平和深度方向各有三个距离已知的红外LED作为特征点。通过在测量范围内的不同位置和方位移动光学参考棒,两像机同时捕获参考棒上特征点的图像。基于匹配的特征像点以及对极线约束,利用线性算法和Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)迭代算法快速地标定立体视觉测量系统。两像机之间平移量的比例因子由参考棒上特征点间的已知距离确定。参量标定过程中,自动地控制光强,优化曝光时间,使不同位置处光点图像的强度均一致,可以获得高的信噪比,提高标定精度。实验结果表明,该方法灵活、有效,在线标定能达到很高的精度,将现场标定过程应用到实际的大空间三维测量系统中,测量最大误差为0.18 mm。     

基于构建初始测量网络的相机内部参数校准

提出了一种基于构建初始测量网络的相机内部参数校准方法,有效解决了二维平面靶标在深度方向信息的不足以及三维靶标空间的限制等问题。通过对靶标板进行初始成像,按照测量网络的构建原则建立初始测量网络,经过后方交会求解外方位、前方交会求解空间三维靶标点坐标,最后由光束平差优化求解相机内部参数。利用标定后内部参数求解空间点坐标,实验结果表明,采用构建初始测量网的误差平均值为0.0794,优于平面靶标和立体靶标标定的-0.2443和-0.1916。同时校准所用时间也明显小于虚拟立体校准,即该方法具有快速、精确和方便等优点,满足大空间视觉测量中相机内部参数现场校准的要求。     

单摄像机虚拟立体视觉测量技术研究

以双目立体视觉传感器三维测量模型为基础,提出了一种用于测量空间三维点坐标的低成本单摄像机模型。该模型利用光学成像,把单摄像机镜像为一对虚拟摄像机,在一个CCD像面上采集到同一物体存在视差的两幅图像,从而恢复空间点的三维信息。讨论了单摄像机传感器测量空间三维点坐标的基本原理,建立了单摄像机传感器的测量模型,克服了双摄像机系统中成本高、切换采集左右摄像机的图像使检测速度减慢等诸多缺陷,为空间三维点的精密测量提供了经济、快速、有效的测量途径。实验表明．传感器可实现约0．8％的相对测量精度．证明了本方案合理、有效。     

光学特征点亮度控制方法研究

针对用于空间大尺寸测量的单机视觉三维坐标测量系统的光学测棒的特征点亮度远程控制问题,提出了一种通过PC机的RS485串行接口控制的具有良好线性的光学测棒特征点亮度控制方案。介绍了方案的工作原理,根据光学特征点———红外发光二极管的光学特性,运用新型D/A转换器、运算放大器及三极管等构成可程序控制的恒流源电路,解决了发光二极管控制过程中的电流调整困难、工作过程中发热、管耗高等问题。实验证明该方法具有线性好,灵敏度高,反映速度快等优点,完全可以满足实际应用的要求。     

Calibration for stereo vision system based on phase matching and bundle adjustment algorithm

Calibration for stereo vision system plays an important role in the field of machine vision applications. The existing accurate calibration methods are usually carried out by capturing a high-accuracy calibration target with the same size as the measurement view. In in-situ 3D measurement and in large field of view measurement, the extrinsic parameters of the system usually need to be calibrated in real-time. Furthermore, the large high-accuracy calibration target in the field is a big challenge for manufacturing. Therefore, an accurate and rapid calibration method in the in-situ measurement is needed. In this paper, a novel calibration method for stereo vision system is proposed based on phase-based matching method and the bundle adjustment algorithm. As the camera is usually mechanically locked once adjusted appropriately after calibrated in lab, the intrinsic parameters are usually stable. We emphasize on the extrinsic parameters calibration in the measurement field. Firstly, the matching method based on heterodyne multi-frequency phase-shifting technique is applied to find thousands of pairs of corresponding points between images of two cameras. The large amount of pairs of corresponding points can help improve the accuracy of the calibration. Then the method of bundle adjustment in photogrammetry is used to optimize the extrinsic parameters and the 3D coordinates of the measured objects. Finally, the quantity traceability is carried out to transform the optimized extrinsic parameters from the 3D metric coordinate system into Euclid coordinate system to obtain the ultimate optimal extrinsic parameters. Experiment results show that the procedure of calibration takes less than 3 s. And, based on the stereo vision system calibrated by the proposed method, the measurement RMS (Root Mean Square) error can reach 0.025 mm when measuring the calibrated gauge with nominal length of 999.576 mm.     

基于十字靶标的双目立体测量系统标定

提出了一种基于十字靶标的双目立体测量系统标定方法。采用多视图几何约束和光束平差优化精确获得两相机内参数,同时得到在两相机各自坐标系下重建出的靶点三维坐标点集;由两组三维点集之间的刚体变换直接求得系统外参数。该方法只需双相机同时对十字靶标拍摄一次,再由两相机单独拍摄若干幅靶标图像即可,现场操作简单灵活。在标定结果的基础上,对长度为611.800mm的标尺进行多次测量,平均值为611.776mm,标准差为0.030mm。     

光笔式双目视觉测量系统标定技术研究

针对光笔式双目视觉测量系统的标定问题,讨论了关于相机内参、双相机外参以及测量笔的相关标定理论,开发了一整套基于LabVIEW的标定系统。运用张氏平面标定法实现了相机内参标定。结合基于标准长度的外部参数标定方法,实现了双相机外参数标定。运用粒子群算法和LM算法相结合,加快了目标函数高维寻优速度。在测量笔标定环节,提出了一种基于最小二乘法的现场校准方法。标定系统完成了后期开展相关测量前的所有准备工作,具有较高的精度和实用性。在测量系统标定结果基础上对直径25 mm标准陶瓷球进行测量,测量结果标准差达到0.019 mm。     

结构光三维成像系统的计算机仿真

基于相位测量轮廓术和摄像机模型,提出一种结构照明三维成像系统的高精度计算机仿真算法。对于给定的物体三维模型,首先根据系统结构,采用Z缓冲技术消除遮挡和阴影部分,得到与摄像机像素点对应的物体表面采样点三维坐标,再使用统一的数学模型和方法处理投影过程。根据摄像机及投影仪的内、外参数,最终得到了摄像机像素点、物体表面采样点和投影仪像素坐标三者之间的对应关系,从而实现了结构照明三维成像系统仿真。为实际系统的结构设计、调整和参数校正提供了参考。     

Non-contact scanning measurement utilizing a space mapping method

In this study, a novel approach to a measuring methodology and calibration method for an optical non-contact scanning probe system is proposed and verified by experiments. The optical probe consists of a line laser diode and two charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras and is placed on a computer numerical control (CNC) machine to measure the workpiece profiles. A space mapping method using the least-squares algorithm is presented for the probe calibration and profile measurement. This method provides a simple and accurate calculation of the relationship between the real space plane and its related image space plane in a CCD camera. A transparent grid with regularly spaced nodal points is used to construct the space mapping function. The space coordinate of an object can be obtained from its image in the CCD camera via the mapping function. The measured profile data are smoothed by the B-spline blending function and can be transferred to a CAD/CAM package for industrial applications. Experimental results show that this technique can determine the 3-D profile of an object with an accuracy of 60 μm.     

High precision camera calibration in vision measurement

In order to ensure the measurement precision for shape recovery from a stereo vision system, a novel high precision calibration method is presented. Some standard points acquired from the object of interest are used as standard world points. There are four rotation matrices and translation matrices that need to be calibrated, the first is between the left camera and the world coordinate, the second is between the right camera and the world coordinate, the third is between the left camera and the right camera, and the last is between the right camera and the left camera. The lens distortion parameters include radial and tangential distortion. The merits of the calibration method are its high precision, easy of operation, and high reliability.     

Self-calibration of multi-camera networks without feature correspondence between different cameras

An automatic calibration approach for multi-camera networks is proposed to calibrate the intrinsic parameters of each camera and the extrinsic parameters between different cameras. Firstly, the moving objects are tracking, and the feature points are detected and calculated by a matching method from image sequences. And then we estimate the intrinsic parameters of each camera respectively by a self-calibration method from the motion of feature points, while estimating the rotation and translation of each camera with respect to the object. Thirdly, we estimate the extrinsic parameters between different cameras from the rotation and the motion of each camera with respect to the object. Our method only needs to track the motion of objects in each camera without the correspondence between different cameras. It avoids the difficulty of the correspondence between different cameras in real networks. Experiments with simulated data and real images are carried out to verify the theoretical correctness and numerical robustness.     

A calibration method for stereo vision sensor with large FOV based on 1D targets

Large FOV (field of view) stereo vision sensor is of great importance in the measurement of large free-form surface. Before using it, the intrinsic and structure parameters of cameras should be calibrated. Traditional methods are mainly based on planar or 3D targets, which are usually expensive and difficult to manufacture especially for large dimension ones. Compared to that the method proposed in this paper is based on 1D (one dimensional) targets, which are easy to operate and with high efficiency. First two 1D targets with multiple feature points are placed randomly, and the cameras acquire multiple images of the targets from different angles of view. With the fixed angle between vectors defined by the two 1D targets we can establish the objective function with intrinsic parameters, which can be later solved by the optimization method. Then the stereo vision sensor with two calibrated cameras is set up, which acquire multiple images of another 1D target with two feature points in unrestrained motion. The initial values of the structure parameters are estimated by the linear method for the known distance between two feature points on the 1D target, while the optimal ones and intrinsic parameters of the stereo vision sensor are estimated with non-linear optimization method by establishing the minimizing function involving all the parameters. The experimental results show that the measurement precision of the stereo vision sensor is 0.046 mm with the working distance of about 3500 mm and the measurement scale of about 4000 mm×3000 mm. The method in this paper is proved suitable for calibration of stereo vision sensor of large-scale measurement field for its easy operation and high efficiency.     

Real-time camera pose estimation based on volleyball court view

The use of technology in sports has increased in recent years. One of the most influential of these technologies is referee support systems. Team sports such as volleyball require accurate and robust tracking systems that do not affect either the players or the court. This paper introduces the application of intrinsic and extrinsic camera calibration in a 12-camera volleyball referee system. Intrinsic parameters are calculated by using the classic pinhole model and Zhang’s method. To perform extrinsic calibration in real time, the volleyball court is treated as a global calibration artifact. Calibration keypoints are defined as court-line intersections. In addition, a new keypoint detection algorithm is proposed. It enables achievement of an accurate camera pose in regard to the court. With all 12 cameras calibrated in a common coordinate system, a dynamic camera stereo pair creation is possible. Therefore, with known ball 2D image coordinates, the 3D real ball coordinates can be reconstructed and the ball trajectory can be estimated. The performance of the proposed method is tested on a synthetic data set, including 3Ds Max rendering and real data scenarios. The mean camera pose error calculated for data biased with keypoint detection errors is approximately equal to 0.013% of the measurement volume. For the real data experiment with a human hand phantom, it is possible to determine the presence of the human phantom on the basis of the ball reflection attitude.