[Pd(NH3)4]2+负载氢基钛酸盐纳米管的制备及表征

以水热法制备的氢基钛酸盐纳米管(H-TNT)为基体,利用其离子交换性能在碱性条件下制备了[Pd(NH3)4]2+负载的氢基钛酸盐纳米管.采用ICAP、XRD、TEM、DRS、XPS等手段对材料进行了表征,研究了[Pd(NH3)4]2+的浓度和溶液的pH值对氢基钛酸盐纳米管离子交换性能的影响以及交换后样品的晶型、微观形貌、光学性能以及化学组成.结果表明:[Pd(NH3)4]2+负载在H-TNT表面,相互之间以Pd-O键作用.[Pd(NH3)4]2+负载之后,样品的晶型和管状形貌都没有变化,但是在400 ～ 600 nm范围对可见光有明显吸收.溶液浓度和pH值均对离子交换性能有影响,当[Pd(NH3)4]2+浓度较小,溶液中Pd与H-TNT的质量比较小时,[Pd(NH3)4]2+在9≤pH≤12的范围内能够全部负载到H-TNT上;当[Pd(NH3)4]2+浓度较大,溶液中Pd与H-TNT的质量比较大时,增大浓度和pH值均有利于[Pd(NH3)4]2+负载比例的提高,但pH≥10时,[Pd(NH3)4]2+的负载量却趋于饱和.     

改进的碳铵沉淀法中氧化钇粉体尺寸及形貌的调控研究

以商业氧化钇(Y2 O3)为原材料,采用改进的碳酸盐沉淀工艺合成钇碳酸盐前驱体,经随后的焙烧工艺获得Y2O3产品.X衍射技术(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征表明:合成的碳酸盐前驱体Y2(CO3)3·2H2O具有类球形形貌、粒度分布均匀,经950℃焙烧2 h,前驱体受热分解为Y2 O3粉体,粉体完整保留了前驱体的形貌特征.同时,基于对NH4 HCO3/NH4+不同摩尔比条件下NH4 HCO3/NH4 NO3混合溶液中pH值变化的理论计算,在保持其他条件不变化条件下,通过改变NH4 HCO3/NH4 NO3混合溶液的加入量以获得不同的稀土碳酸盐沉淀终点pH值,当碳酸盐沉淀过程中pH值从6.0降低至4.7时,可实现超细至大颗粒不同尺寸氧化钇粉体的制备.同时,公斤级的扩大试验证实该工艺具有良好的可推广性.进一步提出NH4+在碳酸氢铵沉淀制备氧化钇工艺中的作用机理:(1)改变反应体系中阳离子和阴离子的组成;(2)显著影响前驱体的晶型;(3)显著影响产品颗粒尺寸大小.     

Ca3(PO4)2:Dy3+纳米荧光粉 的制备及发光性能研究

采用水热法制备出Ca3(PO4)2:Dy3+纳米荧光粉,通过XRD、SEM和荧光光谱对样品进行了分析,主要研究了制备工艺以及Dy3+离子掺杂浓度对材料发光性能的影响规律.研究结果表明:初始溶液pH值为7,反应釜填充度为80;,在180℃条件下反应24 h所得的Ca3(PO4)2:0.02 Dy3+纳米荧光粉发光性能最佳.SEM分析表明荧光粉颗粒的平均粒径为100 nm,分散性好.     

晶体(NH4)2C4H4O6:VO2+的EPR参量及局域结构的研究

采用叠加模型和双旋-轨耦合参量模型,建立了结构参数与EPR参量之间的定量关系;较好地解释了[VO(H2O)5]2+络离子的局域结构和EPR参量;研究结果发现,(NH4)2C4H4O6:VO2+晶体中络离子[VO(H2O)5]2+的键长为R//≈0.130nm,R⊥≈0.195nm;在(NH4)2C4H4O6:VO2+晶体中,局域结构沿C4轴方向呈压缩的八面体结构;所得EPR参量的理论计算与实验测量数据符合很好.     

晶体(NH_4)_2C_4H_4O_6∶VO~(2 )的EPR参量及局域结构的研究

采用叠加模型和双旋-轨耦合参量模型,建立了结构参数与EPR参量之间的定量关系;较好地解释了[VO(H2O)5]2 络离子的局域结构和EPR参量;研究结果发现,(NH4)2C4H4O6:VO2 晶体中络离子[VO(H2O)5]2 的键长为R//≈0.130nm,R⊥≈0.195nm;在(NH4)2C4H4O6:VO2 晶体中,局域结构沿C4轴方向呈压缩的八面体结构;所得EPR参量的理论计算与实验测量数据符合很好。     

共沉淀法制备Gd3（In,Al）5 O12∶Ce石榴石粉体

将Gd2O3、In2O3、NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O和Ce2(CO3)3试剂溶入稀硝酸制取可溶盐混合溶液,采用NH3·H2O和NH4 HCO3混合溶液沉淀剂,通过共沉淀法获得碱式硫酸碳酸复合盐水合物前驱体,经950℃以上温度烧结处理制备出立方晶系GIAG∶Ce石榴石粉体。应用红外光谱和差热分析研究了前驱体所含特征官能团和热化学行为,应用X射线粉末衍射分析了前驱体经不同温度烧结所出现的物相变化,应用表面电镜和粒度分析表征了GIAG∶Ce粉体的SEM形貌和粒度分布,GIAG∶Ce粉体的荧光光谱呈现365 nm和450 nm两个发光峰,表明Ce3+离子已固溶进入粉体介质晶格。     

水热控制合成球形碱式磷酸铁及生长机理研究

以FeCl3·2H2O和NH4H2PO4·2H2O为水热反应原料,采用一步水热法通过调节反应体系的浓度合成形状规则的球形Fe5(PO4)4(OH)3·2H2O颗粒.研究发现,反应体系浓度是影响Fe5(PO4)4(OH)3·2H2O微晶颗粒形貌生长的重要因素.此外,本文结合SEM及SAED表征分析,理论性的探讨了球形Fe5(PO4)4(OH)3·2H2O微晶在高温水热条件下的生长机理.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备Li3V2 (PO4)3粉体的形貌控制研究

以LiOH·H2O,NH4VO3,H3PO4和柠檬酸为原料,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为表面活性剂,采用溶胶凝胶法实现了Li3V2(PO4)3粉体的制备.添加不同剂量的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)探究其对Li3V2(PO4)3粉体物相形貌的控制作用,采用热分析、X射线衍射和场发射扫描电子显微镜对其晶型结构,形貌特征进行表征,从而研究Li3V2(PO4)3的合成温度及十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)加入量对粉体物相形貌的影响.结果表明,用溶胶凝胶法制备合成了单斜结构Li3V2(PO4)3粉体.SDBS的加入对样品的晶粒尺寸和表面形貌有一定的影响.     

化学沉淀法制备BiVO4及其表征

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和NH4VO3为原料,利用化学沉淀法制备了BiVO4,并系统地研究了不同反应条件如:反应物初始浓度、溶液pH值、反应温度、反应时间等对粒径的影响.采用Malvem粒度分布仪、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪等对产品进行了表征,并得出结论:化学沉淀法制备的钒酸铋,所得粒子粒度较小,均匀性好.     

C3N4-CaTi2O4(OH)2复合粉体的溶剂热制备及光催化性能

利用无水氯化钙-钛酸四正丁酯-无水乙醇体系,通过加入一定摩尔配比的C3N4粉体用溶剂热法制备了C3N4-CaTi2O4(OH)2复合材料粉体.利用X射线衍射(XRD),比表面积(BET)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品的显微结构进行检测分析,并利用紫外-可见吸收光度计分析了样品对光的吸收特性,研究不同摩尔配比的C3N4粉体复合量对CaTi2O4(OH)2样品的物相结构、微观形貌以及其光催化性能的影响,并考察了不同光源对所制备样品性能的影响.实验结果表明:C3N4粉体的引入显著提高了CaTi2O4(OH)2样品的光催化活性,且当CaTi2O4(OH)2:C3N4物质的量之比为1:0.75时,复合样品的光催化降解率在250nm光源照射下K可达到最大值0.02338min-1.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.