异丁烯在不同硅铝比的NanZSM-5型分子筛中的吸附：分子模拟研究

Frameworks of NanZSM-5 type zeolites with various Si/A1 ratios have been constructed and optimized with molecular dynamic quench simulation. The results show that the structure parameters of NanZSM-5 type zeolite, including the bond length and atomic charges, are consistent with those predicted by ab initio cluster calculations. It was also observed that atomic charges of Si atoms were shifted to higher field in NanZSM-5 type zeolite with lower Si/Al ratio. Then, the adsorption of isobutene on NanZSM-5 with various Si/Al ratios has been investigated using grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulation and Cvff-300-1.01 forcefield. The simulated adsorption amount was in good agreement with the experimental data. Based on these facts, the effects of Si/Al ratio on the adsorption amount and adsorption isotherms of isobutene on NanZSM-5 were predicted. The results indicated that Si/Al ratio was important for the adsorption of isobutene and the adsorption amount was decreased as the Si/Al ratio was increased, which can be explained that the atomic charge of Na^＋ cation would influence greatly the π electrons of the isobutene double bond due to the Coulomb force. In addition, the adsorption sites of isobutene and interaction energy of isobutene with NanZSM-5 were also discussed.     

Evolution of the Texture and Structure of SiO2–Al2O3 Xerogels and Aerogels as a Function of the Si to Al Molar Ratio

SiO₂–Al₂O₃ aerogels and xerogels with a Si to Al molar ratio r _Si/Al varying from 0.25 to 20, were made by sol-gel process in acidic conditions at pH 2 and respectively dried by the CO₂ supercritical method and by solvent evaporation. The Al precursor was also chelated with ethylacetoacetate, which made it possible to study the structure and texture of such gels in conditions favorable to the formation of mixed Al–O–Si bonds. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms according to the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method (BET), ²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (²⁷Al MAS-NMR), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Infrared absorbance spectra after Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) of pyridine, showed that the Si–O infrared asymmetric stretching vibration and the Bronsted acidity relative to the Lewis acidity, depended on the ratio of Al^IV to Si atoms.     

HZSM-5型分子筛硅铝比对一步法合成二甲醚的影响

以Cu/Zn/Al(摩尔比为6∶3∶1)甲醇合成催化剂与HZSM-5型分子筛混合,制备了一步法二甲醚合成催化剂。通过改用三种不同Si/Al摩尔比（摩尔比为25、38和50）的HZSM-5型分子筛,考察了催化剂中脱水组分（HZSM-5分子筛）的酸性对二甲醚合成的影响。结果表明,随着催化剂Si/Al摩尔比的降低,分子筛的酸性增强,使得CO单程转化率提高。当催化剂Si/Al＝38时,CO对二甲醚的选择性最高,可达到68.13％,其次是催化剂Si/Al＝50,选择性最差的是Si/Al＝25的催化剂。在553 K、 3 MPa和4 000 h－1的条件下,Si/Al＝25和Si/Al＝38的催化剂CO单程转化率和DME的选择性接近一致。在此条件下,两者的时空产率达到试验的最大值,分别为0.38 gDME/(gcat·h)和0.36 gDME/(gcat·h),在试验范围内,一步法合成二甲醚催化剂最佳的Si/Al摩尔比为25。     

Studies on molybdenum carbide supported HZSM-5 (Si/Al = 23, 30, 50 and 80) catalysts for aromatization of methane

Here in, for the first time we are reporting molybdenum carbide reduction into metallic molybdenum during methane aromatization on HZSM-5 (Si/Al ratio = 23, 30, 50 and 80) at methane space velocity of 1800 mL.g_cat⁻.h⁻. Benzene yield was influenced by the surface metallic molybdenum through the non-aromatic carbon deposits formation via linear hydrocarbons degradation on HZSM-5 with fewer acidity (Si/Al ratio = 30, 50 and 80). Our XPS analysis results demonstrated improved surface metallic molybdenum in spent Mo₂C/HZSM-5 = 80 (0.71 atom. %) and 50 (0.54 atom. %) samples over Mo₂C/HZSM-5 = 30 (0.33 atom. %) and 23 (0.20 atom. %) samples. Furthermore, HR-TEM and FFT analysis images clearly established fine distribution of distorted spherical shaped Mo₂C particles with 6–14 nm size in spent Mo₂C/HZSM-5 = 23. On the other hand, Mo₂C particle size was increased upto 22 nm in Mo₂C/HZSM-5 = 80. The ease reduction of Mo₂C into metallic molybdenum and aggregation of Mo₂C particles in spent higher Si to Al ratio (50 and 80) samples was associated with weak interactions between Mo₂C and the HZSM-5 with fewer acidity. At 700 °C, the order of benzene yield as follows: Mo₂C/HZSM-5 = 80 (2.2%) < Mo₂C/HZSM-5 = 50 (3.25%) < Mo₂C/HZSM-5 = 30 (5.2%) < Mo₂C/HZSM-5 = 23 (8.0%).     

Synthesis of HZSM-5 zeolites with excellent DME aromatization properties by orthogonal test

Abstract

The synthesis conditions of HZSM-5 zeolite, including crystallization temperature, crystallization time and raw material ratio, were investigated by L₃₂ (4⁸) orthogonal test to specifically optimize its performance in dimethyl ether (DME) aromatization for the first time. Based on the total yield of aromatic products, the synthesis conditions of HZSM-5 zeolite with the best DME aromatization properties were obtained by comprehensive analysis and validation experiments. The relationship between the aromatization performance, crystalline structure, pore structure, and acidity of HZSM-5 zeolite were analyzed. The results showed that the HZSM-5 zeolite accompanied by hierarchical structure, an appropriate Brønsted and Lewis acid content and uniform crystal morphology, was successfully synthesized under optimized conditions. Over this unmodified and un-doped catalyst, the conversion of DME approached to 99.3% and the total yield of aromatics reached was 53.5%.     

四丙基氢氧化铵改性纳米HZSM-5分子筛及其在甲醇制汽油中的催化性能

采用四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)溶液对纳米ZSM-5分子筛进行改性, 运用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、²⁷Al和²⁹Si固体核磁、X射线光电子能谱、N₂物理吸附脱附法和NH₃程序升温脱附等手段对所制样品进行了表征, 并评价了其催化甲醇制汽油反应性能. 结果表明, 改性后的HZSM-5相对结晶度增加, 晶体形貌更加规整, 表面硅铝比增加, 比表面积和微孔表面积增大, 强酸位酸量增多. 同时, TPAOH改性不仅可以使分子筛脱硅脱铝, 而且伴有二次晶化补硅补铝, 改变了分子筛的硅铝分布. 改性的HZSM-5在甲醇制汽油反应中的稳定性大幅度提高, 其寿命由70h增至170h以上, 随着TPAOH处理时间的增加, 催化剂寿命增加, 氢转移反应加快, 导致油相产品中异构烷烃增多, 烯烃减少.     

氟硅酸铵改性纳米HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯

在静态条件下, 采用不同浓度的氟硅酸铵溶液对纳米ZSM-5分子筛进行了改性处理. 利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、²⁷Al 魔角旋转固体核磁共振(²⁷Al MAS NMR)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N₂ 吸附、透射电镜(TEM)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)等技术对改性前后纳米ZSM-5分子筛的骨架结构、织构性质、酸性质进行了表征. 并在常压、反应温度为450℃、甲醇质量空速(WHSV)为1 h^-1的条件下, 研究了改性前后纳米HZSM- 的甲醇制丙烯(MTP)催化性能. 结果表明, 合适浓度的氟硅酸铵处 理能够选择性地脱除纳米ZSM-5 分子筛的外表面铝, 从而使得HZSM-5 的酸密度降低, 比表面积和孔容增大, MTP催化性能显著提高. 氟硅酸铵改性后纳米HZSM-5 的丙烯选择性和丙烯/乙烯(P/E)质量比分别由原来的 28.8%和2.6提高到45.1%和8.0, 催化剂寿命增加了近2倍.     

Effect of the Si/Al ratio of HZSM-5 zeolite on the production of dimethyl ether before and after ultrasonication

A series of as-synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios (25, 90, 120, 240 and 400) were post-treated by ultrasonication for an optimum time of 60 min. The morphology, acidity and textural properties of HZSM-5 were characterized with XRD, SEM, N₂ adsorption and NH₃-TPD techniques. The catalytic performance was evaluated by dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME), which is a promising gaseous automotive fuel in future. It was found that the Si/Al ratio of HZSM-5 had considerable impacts on its catalytic performance for dehydration of methanol to DME. Its activity increased with decreasing Si/Al ratio from 400 to 25. Ultrasonication of HZSM-5 could significantly improve its catalytic performance.     

A novel natural source Vicia faba L. membranes as colourant: development and optimisation of the extraction process using response surface methodology (RSM)

In this research paper, an eco-friendly extraction process of dyes from Vicia faba L. membranes was developed. In this regard, the influence of independent process factors like the weight of material, the extraction time, the temperature and the sodium hydroxide concentration on the natural dye extraction from Vicia faba membranes was investigated. The optimisation of the extraction conditions and the effect evaluation of the different operating parameters were carried out using a Box–Behnken design under response surface methodology. The optimum conditions were found to be 66 °C, 90 min, 5 g and 0.1628 mol·L^?1 for extraction temperature, time, mass of the material and sodium hydroxide concentration, respectively. The efficiency of this extraction process under these optimum conditions was evaluated by measuring the total phenolic content (TPC), the total flavonoid content and the relative colour yield (K/S). In these operating conditions, good fastness ratios were observed for the dyed fabrics.     

载体酸性对Mo/HZSM-5-Al2O3催化剂上烯烃歧化反应性能的影响

在固定床反应器上考察了Mo/HZSM-5-Al2O3催化剂上乙烯与2-丁烯歧化制丙烯反应的性能.结合X射线衍射、NH3程序升温脱附、吡啶吸附红外光谱、H2程序升温还原和程序升温氧化等表征结果发现,载体酸性的差异导致催化剂酸性和 Mo物种落位方式不同.载体酸性较强时,催化剂积炭严重,反应稳定性差;载体酸性较弱时,Mo物种...     

Effect of Phosphoric Acid on HZSM-5 Catalysts for Prins Condensation to Isoprene from Isobutylene and Formaldehyde

A series of HZSM-5 zeolites modified with different amounts of phosphoric acid(P/HZSM-5) was prepared. The physicochemical features of the P/HZSM-5 catalysts were characterized via X-ray diffraction(XRD), N₂ adsorption-desorption, NH₃-temperature programmed desorption(NH₃-TPD) and Fourier tranform infrared(FTIR) spectra of the adsorbed pyridine, and the performances of the catalysts for Prins condensation to isoprene from isobutylene and formaldehyde were investigated. The maximum isobutene conversion and isoprene selectivity were 10.3% and 94.6% on the HZSM-5 catalyst with a Si/Al molar ratio of 600 using 5%(mass fraction) phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acid modification not only modulated the amount of acidic sites but also regulated the acid type. An appropriate amount of weak Lewis and Brönsted acid sites served as the active sites for the condensation of isobutene with formaldehyde, and the strong acid sites could cause side reactions and coke deposition.     

HZSM—5沸石组成及其对甲苯乙基化选择性的影响

ZSM－5是一种铝含量较低（其（Si/Ai原子比变化可连续达几个数量级）的结晶硅酸铝，对许多酸催化反应有着良好的选择性。沸石Si/Al比的必然影响它的酸性质。Auroux和Kotasthane等研究HZSM－5沸石表面酸性时指出，强酸中心数与沸石铝含量有着密切的关系，酸强度分布也与铝含量有关，即随Si/Al比增加，最高酸强度中心数减少。另外，由晶胞参数测定表明，ZSM－5沸石孔径随Si/Al比增加呈逐渐缩小的趋势。由扫描电镜对沸石晶粒形貌和大小的测定示出，随Si/Al比增加，晶粒逐渐增大。鉴此，用不同整体Si/Al比和表层Si/Al比的HZSM－5沸石对甲苯乙基化反应的选择性进行了研究，结果表明：沸石表面酸性的调度以及孔径缩小和晶粒增大都能提高p-选择性，但表面最高酸强度的降 低比孔径缩小和晶粒增大更为重要。     

n-Pentane/i-pentane separation by using zeolite–PDMS mixed matrix membranes

The performances of various zeolite filled polymeric membranes in the separation of n-pentane from i-pentane were investigated as a function of zeolite loading and various experimental conditions. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was chosen as the polymer phase and HZSM-5, NaZSM-5, 4A and 5A were used as zeolite fillers. Different Si/Al ratios and different activation temperatures were tested for ZSM-5 and A type zeolites, respectively. No improvement with respect to the n-pentane/i-pentane ideal selectivity of the original polymeric membrane could be obtained for the mixed matrix membranes investigated in this study. Interactions occurring in the zeolite–polymer interface seem to play a significant role in the results obtained. n-Pentane consistently showed lower permeability than for the pure polymer. On the other hand, i-pentane permeability was not reduced and was even increased with increased zeolite loading in some cases. It is hypothesized that these trends reflect differences in interaction between the two chemically similar penetrants with the “interphase” region connecting the bulk polymer and dispersed zeolite phases. The Si/Al ratio, the cation type and the activation temperature of the zeolite employed also seem to affect the performance of the zeolite–PDMS mixed matrix membranes.     

低硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其正庚烷裂化反应性能

以氨水为矿化剂,通过添加NH₄⁺离子水热合成了具有较低骨架硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、固体核磁共振(MAS-NMR)等表征手段,研究了硅源、铝源、矿化剂、阳离子等对ZSM-5分子筛的结晶度、形貌尺寸和骨架硅铝比等的影响,研究了ZSM-5分子筛的骨架硅铝比对正庚烷催化裂化反应的影响。研究表明,投料硅铝比越低,铝原子越难进入到分子筛骨架中;当氨水为矿化剂、正硅酸四乙酯为硅源时可以合成骨架硅铝比较低的氢型ZSM-5分子筛,添加NH₄⁺离子可以增强骨架铝的嵌入,进一步降低分子筛的骨架硅铝比(24.2)。正庚烷裂化反应结果表明,降低分子筛的骨架硅铝比可以提高正庚烷裂化反应的活性,但会降低低碳烯烃的选择性。     

HZSM-5分子筛用于合成聚甲醛二甲基醚

以磷酸二氢铵为前驱体,使用浸渍法制备了一系列不同磷含量改性的HZSM-5分子筛,并结合X射线衍射、N2吸附和氨程序升温脱附等表征结果探讨了催化剂硅/铝比、粒径尺寸、晶体结构、孔结构及表面酸性对其催化甲醇和三聚甲缩反应生成聚甲醛二甲基醚(PODEn)反应性能的影响,同时与商业催化剂进行了比较.结果表明,硅铝比为50,粒径尺寸为5μm,P2O5含量较低(0～6%)的HZSM-5分子筛表现出较高的催化活性和PODEn选择性.在130℃,原料甲醇和三聚甲醛的质量比为2:1的优化条件下反应时,三聚甲醛转化率可达到95.2%,PODEn(n=2～5)的选择性为62.9%,略好于商业催化剂.     

Investigation of catalytic property in the t-butylation of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene using FT-IR and XPS study

Catalytic properties of HZSM-5s with three different Na⁺ ion-exchange levels and SiO₂ /Al₂O₃ ratios used in tert-butylation of DHB (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) are interpreted through pyridine adsorbed FT-IR and XPS study. The DHB conversion decreases as increment of degree of Na⁺ ion-exchange level and of Si content in HZSM-5. Catalytic properties with respect to Na amount in ZSM-5 are more sensitive than those of HZSM-5s with different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios. But selectivity for 4-TBC (4-t-butylcatechol) is not changed significantly. Acidic properties, i.e. acid strength and acid density are characterized by pyridine adsorbed FT-IR and XPS study. Based on FTIR and XPS analyses, DHB conversion and selectivities for DTBC (3,5-di-t-butylcatechol) and 3-TBC (3-t-butylcatechol) depend on type and strength of acid sites, with the result that strong Brønsted acid rather than weak Brønsted or Lewis acid sites are more closely related to the conversion. Furthermore, t-butyl alcohol is selectively adsorbed on the Brønsted acid site of FT-IR band at 3612 cm^-1, which signifies that the Brønsted acid site is the active site. The mechanism for t-butylation of DHB is suggested based on the FT-IR results of adsorption/desorption of reactants.     

二维HZSM-5纳米片的合成及催化苯与稀乙烯烷基化制乙苯

采用晶种导向的方法, 以四丙基溴化铵为模板剂, 乙胺为矿化剂, 硅溶胶为硅源, 氯化铝为铝源, 60 nm Silicate-1为晶种, 于水热条件下合成了具有不同b轴厚度及硅铝比的二维 HZSM-5纳米片. 采用不同碱源对分子筛进行碱处理, 其中经NaOH处理以及NaOH与四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)联合处理得到了二维多级孔HZSM-5纳米片. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 Ar吸附-脱附、 氨-程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、 X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂的结构和酸性进行了表征, 考察了硅铝比和b轴厚度对催化苯与稀乙烯烷基化反应的影响. 研究结果表明, 在360 ℃, 1.4 MPa, 苯烯比为6, 乙烯体积分数为15%, 乙烯质量空速(WHSV)为1.5 h^-1的反应条件下, 随着硅铝原子比从80提高至200, 苯的转化率略有下降, 乙基选择性保持在99.2%以上, 但甲苯及二甲苯选择性分别从0.11%和0.09%均下降至0.05%. 将不同b轴厚度的HZSM-5纳米片催化剂在苯烯比为1的条件下进行实验发现, 硅铝比为160的大晶粒HZSM-5催化剂失活严重, 反应50 h时苯的转化率从34.6%下降至8%, 二甲苯选择性达到0.37%; 而b轴厚度为100 nm的二维 HZSM-5纳米片作为催化剂时苯的转化率稳定在44.0%, 乙基选择性为94.8%, 二甲苯选择性下降至0.22%, 并在100 h内保持反应性能不变.     

在Ni/HZSM-5催化剂上低温水蒸汽重整生物油制氢

We investigated high catalytic activity of Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts synthesized by the impregna-tion method, which was successfully applied for low-temperature steam reforming of bio-oil. The influences of the catalyst composition, reforming temperature and the molar ratio of steam to carbon fed on the stream reforming process of bio-oil over the Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts were investigated in the reforming reactor. The promoting effects of current passing through the catalyst on the bio-oil reforming were also studied using the electrochemical catalytic re-forming approach. By comparing Ni/HZSM-5 with commonly used Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts, the Ni₂₀/ZSM catalyst with Ni-loading content of about 20% on the HZSM-5 support showed the highest catalytic activity. Even at 450 oC, the hydrogen yield of about 90% with a near complete conversion of bio-oil was obtained using the Ni₂₀/ZSM catalyst. It was found that the performance of the bio-oil reforming was remarkably enhanced by the HZSM-5 supporter and the current through the catalyst. The features of the Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts were also investigated via X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma and atomic emission spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller methods.     

Effect of dispersion and distribution of tungsten on W/HZSM-5 for selective catalytic reduction of NO by acetylene

Catalytic performance of W/HZSM-5 in selective catalytic reduction of NO by acetylene was investigated in a reaction system with 1600 ppm of NO, 800 ppm of C2H2, and 9.95% of O2 in He. It was found that promotional effect of tungsten on the reaction is strongly affected by catalyst preparation conditions and Si/Al ratio of the parent zeolite. A better dispersion of tungsten on HZSM-5 and relatively more monomeric tungsten species were found on 8%W/HZSM-5 prepared by impregnation of the zeolite with lower SiO2/A1203 ratio （25） in ammonic ammonium tungstate solution and calcination of the resulting material at higher temperature （550 ℃）. The highest NO conversion to N2 of 86.3% in the reaction system was obtained at 350 ℃ over the catalyst thus prepared. The mechanism of monomeric tungsten species improving the C2H2-SCR can be attributed to accelerating the formation of active nitrate species.     

Comparison of catalytic performance of synthesized EU-1 zeolite with dealuminated EU-1 zeolite for <Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis>-xylene isomerization reaction

EU-1 zeolite was synthesized with high purity by a hydrothermal method and under optimum conditions: synthesis time 72 h, temperature 200°C, and aging time 12 h. Then, the synthesized EU-1 zeolite was modified by dealumination with nitric acid and the changes of the properties such as surface area, pore volume, and Si/Al ratio were investigated. The catalytic performance of these two catalysts was studied and compared with a commercial mordenite catalyst for meta-xylene isomerization reaction in a fixed bed reactor. The results showed that the modification of catalyst with acid increases Si/Al ratio from 25 to 50 due to the removal of a number of aluminium atoms from the framework of zeolite. Also the catalyst surface area increased from 300.237 m² g^?1 for EU-1 to 333.639 m² g^?1 for modified EU-1. According to results, the modified Eu-1 had higher para/ortho ratio, meta-xylene conversion, and para-xylene yield than EU-1 and commercial mordenite in the meta-xylene isomerization reaction.