Is Analytical Chemistry an autonomous field of science?

Summary Analytical Chemistry is an autonomous branch of science. It provides empirical meaning for chemical concepts, and it has a significant component of a science of the artificial within chemistry. Processes of sample analysis and model construction that are characteristic to Analytical Chemistry, inherently involve discovering of new objects and of deeply hidden regularities. This places the discipline at the frontier of research. Moreover, it is particularly beneficial for the methodology of science to study sample analysis and model construction using the examples from Analytical Chemistry. For the same reason the methodological self-reflection of a chemist-analyst can make an original contribution to our understanding of science as a whole.

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Analytische Chemie — autonomer Zweig der Wissenschaft?

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Presented at the First International Symposium on History and Philosophy in Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, November 22–23, 1985

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On leave of absence from the University of Warsaw, Poland     

Fascination and essentials in Analytical Chemistry

Summary The final identification of single atoms is not the last aim of Analytical Chemistry. This science gets new motivation by the functional interdependence of various components within resonant states and quasi-stationary systems in the micro- and the macrocosmos.

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Analytische Chemie — faszinierend und unentbehrlich

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Presented at the First International Symposium on History and Philosophy in Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, November 22–23, 1985     

Synthetic and analytical thinking

Summary It is shown that scientific research is not a linear process of information gaining, of accumulating data and facts, but is rather to be characterized by a model showing the cyclic structure of data gathering and construction of theories, of inductive and deductive methods. Analytical and synthetic methods are linked together and are building inseparable components of the texture of science.

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Synthetisches und analytisches Denken

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Presented at the First International Symposium on History and Philosophy in Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, November 22–23, 1985     

Analytical chemical methods as systems producing chemical information by inference

Summary Analytical chemical methods as systems produce chemical information about the material to be analyzed. Analytical chemical systems as semiosis consist of analytical signal production and analytical chemical signal interpretation and produce chemical information by inference in an indirect way through analytical information. From the logical point of view the chemical information produced by analytical chemical systems is only credible. Generalizing the results the idea of diagnostic systems can be introduced and the analytical chemical methods as systems are a special type of diagnostic systems.

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Chemisch-analytische Systeme zur Erlangung chemischer Informationen

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Presented at the First International Symposium on History and Philosophy in Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, November 22–23, 1985     

A reductometric determination of Os(VIII) with a standard solution of a ferrous salt in alkaline mannitol or triethanolamine media

Summary It is possible to titrate Os(VIII) potentiometrically [Os(VIII) Os(VI)] with iron(II) in potassium hydroxide medium in the presence of mannitol or triethanolamine as complexing agents. The method is suitable for the determination of 0.5–20 mg of Os; the titration error does not exceed ±1.8%.

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Zusammenfassung Osmium(VIII) läßt sich in Gegenwart von Mannit oder Triäthanolamin als Komplexbildnern in kaliumhydroxidhältigem Milieu mit Eisen(II) titrieren. Das Verfahren eignet sich zur Bestimmung von 0,5–20 mg Os; der Fehler beträgt höchstens ±1,8%.

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On leave from: Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentation Division, PCSIR Laboratories, Lahore, Pakistan.

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On leave from: Dept. of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.     

Chemical analysis on the microgram scale. IX

Summary A microspectrophotometric method has been used for the determination of the complex cyanides (ferrocyanide, ferricyanide, and cobalticyanide), either separately or in mixtures.

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Zusammenfassung Eine mikrospektrophotometrische Methode wurde zur Bestimmung von Cyanoferrat(II), Cyanoferrat(III) und Cyanokobaltat allein oder in Mischungen herangezogen.

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Résumé On a utilisé une méthode microspectro-photométrique pour le dosage de cyanures complexes (ferrocyanures, ferrioyanures et cobalticyanures), séparément ou en mélange.

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Part VIII:Faraj R. Haba andCecil L. Wilson, Proceedings of the Feigl Anniversary Symposium, Birmingham. 1962. Amsterdam: Elsevier. In the press.

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Presented at a joint meeting of the Scottish and North of England Sections of the Society for Analytical Chemistry, held at the Queens University, Belfast; on 28–29 June, 1962.     

Calculation of small-angle neutron scattering by macromolecules in the semicrystalline state

Summary The conformation of macromolecules in the semicrystalline state has been studied by various authors with respect to the validity of the adjacent re-entry — or switchboard model by application of small-angle neutron scattering. Analytical as well as Monte-Carlo calculations show that the experimental results for melt crystallized polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene can be interpreted on the basis of the solidification model. In this model it is assumed that crystallization occurs by straightening of coil sequences without a long range diffusion process.

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Zusammenfassung Die Konformation von Makromolekülen im teilkristallinen Zustand wurde von verschiedenen Autoren im Hinblick auf die Gültigkeit des adjacent re-entry- oder switchboard-Modells mit Hilfe der Neutronenkleinwinkelstreuung untersucht. Sowohl analytische Rechnungen als auch Monte-Carlo Rechnungen zeigen, dag die an schmelzkristallisiertem Polyäthylen und isotaktischem Polypropylen gefundenen experimentellen Ergebnisse auf der Basis des Erstarrungsmodells interpretiert werden können. In diesem Modell wird angenommen, daß sich Knäuelsequenzen wahrend der Kristallisation ausrichten, ohne dag weitreichende Diffusionsprozesse erfolgen.

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With 8 figures and 3 tables     

Über Ringöffnungen einiger Azolo-und Azinoazine

Zusammenfassung Es wird über Ringöffnungen von Tetrazolo[1,5—a]pyridinen, Imidazo[1,2—b]pyridazinen, s-Triazolo[4,3—b]pyridazinen und Pyrimido[1,2—b]pyridazinen berichtet. Die Reaktion verläuft stets am Sechserring der Azoloazine und bei den entstandenen monocyclischen Verbindungen kann nachfolgend einecis—trans-Isomerisierung stattfinden, oder es kommt zu einem neuen Ringschluß.

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Heterocycles, Pt. 93. ring opening reactions of some azolo-and azinoazines

Ring opening reactions of tetrazolo[1.5—a]pyridines, imidazo[1.2—b]pyridazines, s-triazolo[4.3—b]pyridazines and pyrimido[1.2—b]pyridazines are reported. The reaction takes place at the six-membered ring of azoloazines and the formed monocyclic compounds may subsequently isomerize at the double bonds or new cycles may be formed.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.E. Ziegler zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.

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Synthesen in der Pyridazin-Reihe, 49. Mitt.     

Analytical Chemistry,Past, Present and Future*This paper is dedicated to the Editorial Board of Analytical Letters.

ABSTRACT

Analytical Chemistry as a science has its own history as well as an important present and a sure future.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the role of Analytical Chemistry as a science and of Chemical Analysis as an art in the development of human society.

The correlation between method and instrument hyphenated by the sample is discussed along a long period of active Analytical Chemistry.

The connection between theory of Analytical Chemistry and the practice of chemical analysis enables us to be sure of the future of Analytical Chemistry.

We must consider that to do science it is necessary to know the history of science as well as to make research to be used not only in the present, but also in the near future.

Surely, Analytical Chemistry as a real scientific area will be on the top of sciences in the next century.