Formation of Pt/C catalysts on various carbon supports

Platinum catalysts with the active component content of 5–40 wt % on various carbon supports have been synthesized by the reductive hydrolysis of platinum chloro complexes. The degree of dispersion of the supported platinum decreases with an increasing weight percentage of the metal in the catalyst. The following mechanism of Pt/C catalyst formation is deduced from experimental data: H₂PtCl₆ adsorption on the support surface generates platinum nuclei, which then grow owing to the deposition of platinum ions under the action of an alkali and a reductant.     

Physicochemical properties and activity of Mo-containing zeolite catalysts of nonoxidative conversion of methane

High-silica zeolites of ZSM-5 structural type were synthesized using various structure-forming additives and without them. Mo-containing catalytic systems were prepared on the basis of these zeolites. Their physicochemical properties and activity in the course of the nonoxidative conversion of methane were studied. The Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst obtained on the basis of zeolite synthesized with hexamethylenediamine showed high aromatizing activity and stability.     

Heterogeneous phase transfer catalysts 1. Synthesis and catalytic properties of polymeric crown-ethers on inorganic supports

A number of new heterogeneous phase transfer catalysts based on polymeric dibenzo-crown-ethers supported on the carbonaceous material Sibunite, ultrafine diamonds, or silica gel are synthesized. The activity of several of the catalysts for the reaction of 1-bromooctane with KI is higher than that of previously known analogs. The catalytic effect depends on the support, linker, and solvent.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1257–1262. June. 1990.     

The influence of the active component and support nature, gas mixture composition on physicochemical and catalytic properties of catalysts for soot oxidation

Physicochemical and catalytic properties of compositions Fe(Ce)–Mn–O/support (gamma-, theta-, alpha-Al₂O₃, SiO₂ as the support) and Pt/CeO₂/theta-Al₂O₃ for oxidation of soot were characterized. It was established that the phase composition of the initial catalysts depended mainly on the nature of the active component and preparation conditions. Non-isothermal treatment of the soot–catalyst compositions at the temperature up to 1000 °C resulted in a change in the phase composition depending mainly on the final treatment temperature. The catalyst surface area was determined by the support nature. It was established that catalyst activities for oxidation of soot are determined by both catalyst nature and composition of gas mixture. The process of the soot oxidation is thought to involve oxygen from the catalyst surface. The higher proportion of weakly bound surface oxygen, the higher was the catalyst activity. An increase in the oxygen concentration from 5% O₂/N₂ to 15% O₂/N₂ is shown to lead to a decrease of the temperature of the soot oxidation. The influence of the oxygen concentration on the process of soot oxidation becomes weaker in the presence of water vapor. Results showed that the presence of NO in the gas mixture favors a decrease in the oxidation temperature of the soot, the higher being the nitrogen oxide concentration, the more pronounced effect. Introduction of SO₂ in amount of 50 ppm in the gas mixture has no noticeable effect on the process of the soot oxidation. Among the catalysts under study, Fe–Mn–K–O/gamma-Al₂O₃ is most effective to oxidation of the soot at otherwise identical conditions.     

Preparation and formation of nickel-copper catalytic systems on various supports and commercial catalysts based on these systems

Based on the Ni-Cu system, catalysts were developed for low-and high-temperature industrial gas and waste gas purification. It was found that, regardless of the preparation procedure, the formation of a catalytically active structure occurred via the formation of a Ni-Cu solid solution at the stage of activation. The catalytic, physicochemical, and physicomechanical properties of NKO Ni-Cu catalysts can be purposefully regulated by changing the nature and concentration of a liquid reagent. A promoting effect of copper on the activation process and on the catalytic activity of a nickel catalytic system was found. The catalysts developed were commercialized. The catalysts were introduced into various processes of industrial gas and waste gas purification.     

Supported Ru catalysts: a study of the influence of supports, promoters and preparative variables on the catalytic activity and selectivity

The influence of some preparative variables, of the metal loading and of the support on the activity of Ru catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene has been studied. The reaction has been carried out in a tetraphase reactor (in the presence of an aqueous solution of ZnSO₄) at 423 K and 5 MPa pressure. The effect of hydrogen diffusion on the reaction kinetics and on cyclohexene selectivity was studied. The hydrophilicity of the support was related to the observed selectivity. Hydrogen chemisorption indicates that the catalyst activity is not influenced by the Ru dispersion, but mainly by the weakly chemisorbed species on the catalyst surface. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Palladium catalysts on carbon supports. 3. Correlation of substructural and adsorptive properties of the carbon supports

Adsorption of H₂PdCl₄, on various carbon supports is studied. Correlations between the adsorptive properties (concentration of adsorptive centers, adsorptive equilibrium constants) and substructural characteristics of the supports are found.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1478–1483, July, 1990.     

载体物化性质对锰铈催化剂NH3-SCR脱硝性能的影响

选取TiO₂、SAPO-34、Al₂O₃三种常用载体,通过浸渍法以Mn-Ce-O为活性组分制备了负载型MnCeO_x脱硝催化剂。采用XRD、BET、H₂-TPR、XPS、Py-FTIR等手段对催化剂的固相结构、比表面积、还原性能、表面元素及酸量进行表征分析。结果表明,MnCeO_x/SAPO-34催化剂具有最大的比表面积（439.87 m²/g）,酸量适中,还原性能最差;MnCeO_x/Al₂O₃催化剂中Mn⁴⁺、Ce³⁺所占比例较高,但酸性最弱;MnCeO_x/TiO₂催化剂还原性能最优,表面Mn、Ce元素浓度最高,并具有大量Lewis酸性位。通过气固相催化反应装置对催化剂性能进行了NH₃-SCR脱硝评价,结果表明,MnCeO_x/TiO₂催化剂具有较好的脱硝性能,反应温度为280 ℃时,NO转化率达100%（空速为42000 h^-1）;与催化剂物化性质对比分析,催化剂的氧化还原能力和Lewis酸性位对其脱硝性能至关重要。     

Structure‐activity relationship of supported Au catalysts with high catalytic activity by modifying the inactive supports

Three supported Au catalysts have been prepared by the deposition‐precipitation method by using the active carbon (AC), SiO₂‐AC, and SiO₂‐AC‐hollowed. The 3 supports were characterized by Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller and scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, the supported Au nanoparticles were also characterized in detail by X‐ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, H₂‐TRP, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and their catalytic activity and stability in CO oxidation was evaluated. The results demonstrated that Au supported on SiO₂‐AC‐hollowed exhibited much higher catalytic activity with acceptable stability for 72 hours than the other 2. We attributed to finer supported Au nanoparticles with abundant low‐coordinated Au atoms on the surfaces of hollowed supports with large special surface area and abundant pore structure. In summary, we successfully found an efficient and cheap method to prepare catalysts with high catalytic activity and acceptable stability by modifying the inactive supports.     

酸、盐处理对Pt/SAPO-11物化及其催化性能的影响

采用不同酸和盐浸渍处理SAPO-11分子筛,然后负载Pt制成改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂,用XRF、XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、SEM、NH_3-TPD和Py-IR对催化剂进行表征,分析其物理化学性能。结果表明,酸和盐处理没有破坏SAPO-11的骨架结构,还提高了催化剂的孔容、孔径、比表面积等性质,催化剂的酸性、酸量也明显发生了改变。在固定床反应器中,评价了改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化小桐子油一步加氢制异构烷烃性能;结合催化剂表征数据表明,颗粒粒径、比表面积、孔径、酸性和酸量影响催化剂的活性及产物分布。对比发现,经0.5 mol/L柠檬酸处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂孔径大小、酸性、B酸和L酸量分布合适,因此,一步加氢催化处理小桐子油性能优异;其中,生物航油组分(C_(8-16))的收率为32.47%,异构烷烃(C8-16)选择性为53.13%。     

Influence of initial reactants in propene ammoxidation on the isomerization activity of complex Mo-containing oxide catalysts

Surface reduction of complex Mo-containing oxide catalysts by the initial reactant in propene ammoxidation increases its activity in isomerization of butene-1 to butene-2. Isomerization and conversion of ammonia, propene and their mixtures are suggested to take place on the same active centers of the catalyst.

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Mo- -1 -2. , , .

     

钨、钼、镍含量的改变对体相催化剂物化性质、加氢活性影响

制备不同活性金属原子比的体相催化剂,通过BET、XRD、SEM、TEM、强度测定、堆积密度测定及小型活性评价手段,考察了活性金属钨、钼、镍含量的变化对体相催化剂物化性质和活性的影响。结果表明,保持W/Mo原子比不变,随着(W+Mo)/Ni的原子比减小,孔体积、比表面积、孔径增大,超深度加氢脱硫活性增强,在精制油硫含量小于10μg/g,反应温度降低8℃。在(W+Mo)/Ni的原子比不变的条件下,W/Mo的原子比在0.28-1.85,随着原子比增大,孔体积、比表面积、超深度加氢脱硫活性没有明显变化。     

The synthesis and physicochemical and catalytic properties of SHS zeolites

Superhigh-silica ZSM-type zeolites with silica moduli of 100–220 were synthesized using hexamethylenediamine as a structure-forming additive. Physicochemical methods were used to identify them as ZSM-5-type zeolites, determine their degree of crystallinity, specific surface areas, and morphology of crystals, and study the phase and elemental composition. The strength and concentration of acid centers were found to decrease as the silica modulus grew. The zeolites obtained can be used as the main component of catalysts for refining low-octane gasoline fractions and methanol conversion into hydrocarbons.     

制备方法对MnOx-CeO2催化剂理化性质及低温NH3-SCR脱硝性能的影响

随着人们环保意识的增强,氮氧化物(NOx)的危害引起广泛关注.NOx作为首要的大气污染物之一,主要来源于以燃煤电厂为代表的固定源和以机动车为代表的移动源.它不仅能够导致酸雨和光化学烟雾,而且还是PM2.5的重要前驱体,严重危害人类健康和植物生长.因此,NOx的治理迫在眉睫.研究表明,氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)技术是控制固定源NOx排放最经济有效的方法.商业化V2O5-WO3/TiO2和V2O5-MoO3/TiO2脱硝催化剂的最佳工作温度窗口为300?400℃.因此,NH3-SCR脱硝设施通常安装在除尘器和脱硫装置之前以满足最佳工作温度需要.然而,在这种情况下,脱硝催化剂容易因烟气中的飞灰和含硫化合物堵塞、中毒而失活.此外,对于老电厂增加脱硝设施的改造工程,在除尘器和脱硫装置之前没有足够的空间用于安装脱硝设施.因此,开发环境友好型低温NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂显得尤为重要,因为它可以直接安装在除尘器和脱硫装置之后,从而有效减缓脱硝催化剂失活,有利于改造工程的施工.研究表明,锰基催化剂由于其优异的氧化还原性能和氧迁移能力有利于氧化NO为NO2,促进反应沿着"快速NH3-SCR"途径进行,从而表现出优异的低温脱硝性能.然而,其N2选择性、抗水性能和工作温度窗口还有待改善.因此,开发既具有高催化活性又具有宽工作温度窗口、优异抗水性能以及理想N2选择性的低温脱硝催化剂仍是一个富有挑战性的课题.二氧化铈(CeO2)由于具有优异的氧化还原性能、良好的储/释氧能力、丰富的氧空位以及Ce4+/Ce3+的轻易切换而被广泛用于NH3-SCR反应.因此,将锰氧化物(MnOx)与CeO2相结合而制备的MnOx-CeO2催化剂可能会表现出优异的低温脱硝性能.而催化剂的理化性质和催化性能还强烈地依赖于其制备方法.因此,本文采用不同方法(机械混合法、浸渍法、水热法、共沉淀法以及溶胶-凝胶法)制备了一系列MnOx-CeO2催化剂用于低温NH3-SCR反应,并运用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、氮气物理吸附、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)以及原位漫反射红外光谱(in situ DRIFTS)等表征技术对催化剂进行了系统分析.重点考察了制备方法对MnOx-CeO2催化剂理化性质和催化性能的影响.结果表明,低温脱硝性能有如下顺序:水热法>溶胶-凝胶法>共沉淀法>浸渍法>机械混合法.这与催化剂表面Ce3+和Mn4+含量、氧空位和表面吸附氧物种浓度以及酸量和酸强度顺序一致.这些性质都与MnOx和CeO2之间的电子相互作用(即Mn3++Ce4+?Mn4++Ce3+)密切相关.特别是水热法制备的MnOx-CeO2催化剂(MnCe-HTM)由于Mnn+掺入到CeO2晶格形成铈基固溶体(含Mn-O-Ce结构)以及水热过程中的高温高压环境加强了MnOx和CeO2之间的电子相互作用,从而表现出优异的理化性质、最佳的低温脱硝性能以及理想的抗水性能.     

Polyamide-bound metal complex catalysts: Synthesis,characterization and catalytic properties

A series of polyamides having different numbers of methylene groups in their repeating units have been synthesized by interfacial polycondensation of terephthaloyl chloride with piperazine and aliphatic diamines H₂N(CH₂)_nNH₂ (n = 2, 6, 10). These materials, which have high thermal stability, were used for immobilization of rhodium and platinum complexes. Chloroplatinic acid and the compounds PtCl₂(CH₃CN)₂ and [RhCl(CO)₂]₂ were used as precursors of the supported catalysts. Low molecular weight analogues of the polyamides were prepared for a study of the coordination mode between the metal ion and the polymer by IR spectroscopy. The results suggest that the carbonyl oxygen of the polyamide is the site of coordination to both rhodium and platinum. The bound catalysts exhibited high activity in hydrosilylation of hexene-1. The activities of the rhodium complexes were found to be dependent on the structure of the polyamide support, decreasing with increasing distance between the amide groups, and closely paralled the changes in the degree of crystallinity of the polymers. Repeated use of the polymers bearing rhodium complexes showed that the bond between the metal and polyamide is fairly stable.     

Regulating the physicochemical and catalytic properties of layered aluminosilicates

Basic methods of the introduction of metal ions into the interlayer space of natural layered aluminosilicate (LAS) are considered. The physicochemical and structural properties of pillared LAS’s depend on the nature of the cation, as well as on the cation intercalation method and conditions. The catalytic properties and stability of an LAS in acid-catalyzed and oxidation reactions may depend on its textural and physicochemical properties.     

Influence of CeO2 addition on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of Pd/TiO2 catalysts in CO oxidation

The influence of CeO₂ addition on the formation of the microstructure, electronic state, and catalytic properties of Pd/TiO₂ supported catalysts in CO oxidation were investigated. It was shown that, when Pd is supported on titanium dioxide modified with cerium dioxide, annealing at 500°C results in the formation of Pd/(CeO₂-TiO₂) catalysts with a nanocrystalline structure composed of incoherently intergrown fine anatase crystals and interblock boundaries in which palladium and cerium are stabilized. The higher catalytic activity of Pd/(CeO₂-TiO₂) catalysts compared to Pd/TiO₂ catalysts is explained by the smaller size of Pd particles and the higher proportion of palladium in the Pd^δ+ state.