复合型脆断的周向应力应变乘积判据

本文提出一个新的复合型脆断判据,即周向应力应变乘积判据,该判据与实验数据非常一致.     

复合型脆断的应变能判据

本文提出一个十分简单的复合型脆断判据,即应变能判据。该判据可以表示成:(K_Ⅰ/K_Ⅰc)2+(K_Ⅱ/K_ⅡC)2+(K_Ⅲ/K_ⅢC)2=1,它与文献中的实验数据非常一致,是一个实用的判据。本文还提出一个经验判据:(K_Ⅰ/K_Ⅰc)m+(K_Ⅱ/K_ⅡC)n=1,1≤≤2。     

探讨一种新的复合型断裂判据——塑性区最短距离r_(min)判据

裂纹尖端塑性区的存在是抗裂的重要因素,在同一个塑性区上,哪个方向上塑性区距离最短(指裂纹尖端到塑性区边缘的距离),裂纹就最容易从哪个方向上扩展.将复合型裂纹尖端应力分量代入R.von Mises屈服条件,得到裂纹尖端塑性区的边界方程:r表示从裂纹尖端到塑性区边缘的距离,裂纹沿rmin方向扩展,即由条件确定裂纹扩展方向.材料破坏的形式之一是在剪应力作用下产生滑动,在复杂受力下,八面体剪应力就是促使这种破坏的作用力.裂纹尖端附近某一点的八面体剪应力为:可令上式中B是一个和裂纹大小、形状以及外加应力有关的量.它的大小反映了裂纹尖端附近应力场的强弱.显然它可作为裂纹临界扩展的判据.当B达到临界值BC时,裂纹开始扩展,即B=BC,用本判据理论研究Ⅰ型裂纹问题,得到本判据理论是根据弹性力学八面体剪应力和R.von Mises屈服条件建立起来的,它把断裂力学和传统的力学理论联系了起来,概念清楚、计算简便.从电算结果来看,它比S判据、(σθ)_max判据,G判据更合理、更准确些.     

非局部弹性体中的裂纹问题

本文由裂纹的位错塞积模型求解了非局部弹性体中的直线裂纹问题。得到的裂纹尖端应力为有限值。提出在非局部应力边界条件中必须考虑裂纹上、下表面间的长程内聚力。给出了物理意义更加明确的脆断表面能定义。导出了表面能、理论强度、临界断裂判据、裂纹尖端曲率半径等一系列结果。对非局部混合边值问题提出了以经典位移场为基础的求解方案。     

用STM研究金属间化合物脆断表面的纳米尺度特征与分形维数

用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)在纳米尺度研究了Ti₃Al,Ti-24Al-11Nb合金脆断表面特征,确定了STM在纳米尺度测量材料断裂表面分形维数的方法及原理,并用来测量了上面两种合金脆断表面的分形维数D_F。结果表明:在纳米尺度的断口特征与用SEM在微米尺度观察到的断口形貌非常相似,具有典型的解理脆断特征,观察到了纳米数量级解理台阶,断裂表面在纳米尺度上存在分形结构,但不同断裂方向的分形维数D_F不相同,Ti-24Al-11Nb合金的分形维数高于Ti₃Al合金的分形维数。研究表明使用STM并采用连续拓扑结构分形方法研究固体断裂中的原子过程以及用分形维数来描述材料的微观结构是很有可能的.     

韧脆转变的一种细观随机模糊统计分析

对不同温度和应力状态下40Cr材料进行大子样宏观试验和细观观测,提出了一种新的材料断裂韧脆转变统计随机模糊模型。该模型认为,在统计意义上,材料的韧性断裂为空穴机制,临界空穴扩张比参数可以作为韧性断裂的判据;材料的脆性断裂可以用内嵌币状裂纹的脆性断裂模型来模拟,为此测量断裂特征长度,提出并具体计算了控制币状裂纹失稳扩张的细观临界应力强度因子;在韧脆转变区域内,这两种机理并存并相互竞争,为此提出了模糊准则。对模型参数进行了测量和统计分析,给出分布规律,给出了计算断裂特征的概率模型。计算了韧脆转变区域内的细观机制变化和宏观响应。结果表明,该模型及分析方法可以很好地模拟应力状态及温度对韧脆转变的影响。     

裂纹长度对钢轨裂纹扩展的影响

采用有限元分析软件ANSYS,在纯滚动运行状态下,对实际钢轨裂纹的扩展情况进行了模拟。结果表明:轮轨接触的疲劳裂纹为张开型和滑开型同时存在的复合型裂纹;随裂纹长度的逐渐增加,裂尖有效应力强度因子先减小后增大,裂纹扩展速率会出现先变慢后变快的现象。     

沿两条内部平行裂纹受压时材料的断裂问题

顺着平面内的平行裂纹受压材料的断裂问题并不能在线性断裂力学的框架内进行描述，Grif-fith－Irvin型或COC型的断裂判据，虽然可以用来处理经典的线性断裂力学，但对本题则完全不适用，这是因为这些压力对应力强度系数没有影响，与裂缝孔隙值也没有关系[1，2]，这一类问题只能采用新的方法，本文的第一作者曾建议过一种新方法，在这一方法中仍然使用了线性关系，但这种线性关系是从变形固体力学中的非线性方程导出的[3，4，5]．这里必须指出，这种方法曾在变形体稳定性问题中广泛地采用过。作为断裂开始的判据，我们采用了裂缝缺陷附近的局部失稳的判据，在这类情况下，我们认为是从失稳过程引发断裂过程的。     

基于应变的Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ复合型断裂准则

将已有的适用于平面断裂的最大周向应变（MTSN）准则,推广到适用于空间三维断裂的断裂准则.并具体讨论了Poisson(泊松)比对复合型断裂的面内断裂角与面外断裂角及断裂包络图的影响.Ⅰ/Ⅲ复合型断裂时,面外断裂角与Poisson比无关.Ⅱ/Ⅲ及Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ复合型断裂条件下,面内断裂角随着Poisson比的增大而减小,面外断裂角随着Poisson比的增大而增大.在复合型断裂条件下,包络图均随着Poisson比增大而减小.且Poisson比对断裂包络图的影响大于面内断裂角,对面外断裂角影响最小.将本准则理论预测值与多组实验数据进行对比,预测值与实验值吻合较好,可知推广的MTSN准则能够较好地预测三维断裂.     

带复合型摩擦裂纹的圆盘动态断裂实验有限元分析

为验证考虑裂纹面接触和动态荷载时,中心裂纹巴西圆盘（CCBD）试件用于分离式Hopkinson压杆（SHPB）系统中测量脆性材料复合型动态断裂韧度的可行性,以及研究裂纹面接触对动态断裂韧度实验结果的影响.通过有限元法建立SHPB CCBD三维有限元模型,计算了不同加载条件下CCBD试件的动态应力强度因子（DSIF）.结果表明:在实验中,将考虑裂纹面接触的应力强度因子(SIF)准静态公式推广为动态公式,需要判定断裂时间是否达到应力平衡的时间条件;压剪复合型加载时,裂纹面接触导致裂纹面应力变化,会对Ⅱ型裂纹的DSIF产生显著影响,不考虑裂纹面接触的影响将会导致Ⅱ型DSIF的测试值偏大.     

论复合型脆断的周向应变因子准则

本文讨论了线弹性断裂力学的复合型断裂准则.推荐了周向应变因子准则.     

Comparison of criteria on the direction of crack extension

There are three famous criteria for the prediction on the direction of crack extension: maximum energy release rate criterion, local symmetric criterion and maximum stress criterion. It has already been proved that these criteria are different. In this paper, we show how to measure the difference between maximum energy release rate criterion and maximum stress criterion. The results in this paper and special solutions in Amestoy and Leblond (Internat. J. Solids Struct. 29 (1992) 465) indicate that it is enough to use the maximum stress criterion for the numerical prediction of crack path, if the stress intensity factor of the shearing mode is not too big.     

Revisiting Energy Release Rates in Brittle Fracture

We revisit in a 2d setting the notion of energy release rate, which plays a pivotal role in brittle fracture. Through a blow-up method, we extend that notion to crack patterns which are merely closed sets connected to the crack tip. As an application, we demonstrate that, modulo a simple meta-stability principle, a moving crack cannot generically kink while growing continuously in time. This last result potentially renders obsolete in our opinion a longstanding debate in fracture mechanics on the correct criterion for kinking.     

非线性断裂动力学中的路径无关积分和断裂准则

本文考虑非线性断裂动力学中的路径无关积分和断裂准则.在讨论中计入了动力效应和裂纹的传播现象,考虑了裂纹在非线性弹性介质中的传播以及在弹塑性介质中的传播二种情况,作出了一些相应的路径无关积分.作为例子.讨论了裂纹的定常传播情况.最后,给出了这种路径无关积分的力学意义.说明它可用来作为非线性断裂动力学的一种断裂准则.     

Long-time strength of polyethylene in biaxial tension

The long-time strength of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in biaxial tension has been experimentally investigated at ratios of the principal stress components =₁/₂=0, 0.5, 1, 4. The maximum duration of the experiments was 2500 h. The limit surface for HDPE has been constructed. It is shown that the limit surface for this material varies with time as the mode of fracture changes from quasibrittle at medium stresses to brittle at low stresses. In the case of quasibrittle fracture the condition of equivalence of simple and plane states of stress is satisfactorily described by the Malmeister and Gol'denblat-Kopnov criteria, and in the case of brittle fracture by the maximum normal stress criterion.All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Hydromechanization, Sanitary Engineering, and Special Construction, Leningrad. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 3, pp. 401–408, May–June, 1976.     

Phase Field Modeling of Brittle and Ductile Fracture

The phase field modeling of brittle fracture was a topic of intense research in the last few years and is now well-established. We refer to the work [1-3], where a thermodynamically consistent framework was developed. The main advantage is that the phase-field-type diffusive crack approach is a smooth continuum formulation which avoids the modeling of discontinuities and can be implemented in a straightforward manner by multi-field finite element methods. Therefore complex crack patterns including branching can be resolved easily. In this paper, we extend the recently outlined phase field model of brittle crack propagation [1-3] towards the analysis of ductile fracture in elastic-plastic solids. In particular, we propose a formulation that is able to predict the brittle-to-ductile failure mode transition under dynamic loading that was first observed in experiments by Kalthoff and Winkler [4]. To this end, we outline a new thermodynamically consistent framework for phase field models of crack propagation in ductile elastic-plastic solids under dynamic loading, develop an incremental variational principle and consider its robust numerical implementation by a multi-field finite element method. The performance of the proposed phase field formulation of fracture is demonstrated by means of the numerical simulation of the classical Kalthoff-Winkler experiment that shows the dynamic failure mode transition. (© 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)