胞嘧啶核苷键联卟啉的合成及其与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

基于卟啉化合物的光敏性和对肿瘤细胞有特殊的亲和力以及核苷类化合物的抗肿瘤及抗癌活性, 设计合成了胞嘧啶核苷卟啉化合物6和8, 其结构由¹H NMR, IR, UV-Vis, MS 和元素分析表征. 同时, 利用荧光光谱考察了上述核苷卟啉与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用, 结果表明它们对BSA荧光有较强的静态猝灭作用.     

一种新型二硒卟啉的合成及其与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

以5-(4-羟基苯基)-10,15,20-三苯基卟啉和硒粉为原料,合成了新型二硒双卟啉,用紫外可见光谱（UV-Vis）,红外光谱（IR）,核磁共振氢谱（1H NMR）,高分辩质谱（HR-MS）对目标产物的结构进行了确认。同时,考察了新化合物与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)相互作用的荧光光谱,由实验数据求得该二硒双卟啉与BSA的结合常数Ksv＝3.35×104 L/mol。分析荧光结果表明二硒双卟啉与BSA之间发生了较强的静态猝灭。     

具有π共轭骨架的Salen-卟啉型同、异双核配合物的合成及谱学性质

设计合成了两类具有π共轭骨架的Salen-卟啉型配体及金属配合物. 以Salen-卟啉半体及相应的醛为原料, 运用金属模板法合成了单核镍和双核镍Salen-卟啉型金属配合物. 在单核镍的基础上可得到异双核镍、锌Salen-卟啉型金属配合物. 通过核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)和荧光光谱等多种谱学手段对其结构进行了表征. 研究表明, 单核镍及异双核镍、锌配合物中, 镍离子落入Salen 部分的配位空腔, 而锌离子则是与卟啉部分形成锌卟啉大环结构。由于卟啉环流效应及分子π共轭结构的影响, 导致配体上的氢原子的化学位移向高场或低场移动. 当金属离子与配体配位之后,卟啉部分的紫外-可见光谱的Soret带和Q带均发生显著变化, 而荧光则出现猝灭现象.     

水溶性星型卟啉高分子的合成表征及其与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

利用琥珀酸酐修饰四(p-氨基苯基)卟啉,再与聚乙二醇单甲醚酯化,制备了亲水性卟啉高分子,用IR、UV-Vis、1H NMR、元素分析等方法对其结构进行了表征.利用紫外可见光谱研究了卟啉高分子与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)之间的相互作用.实验结果显示,卟啉高分子与BSA之间不仅存在卟啉与BSA之间的相互作用,而且存在高分子侧臂与BSA之间体积排斥作用,二者综合结果导致卟啉的可见吸收峰表现出不同于小分子卟啉的特征,最大吸收峰位置没有改变,但是吸收强度表现为增色作用.锌离子与卟啉环络合后,增色作用明显,说明络离子可通过配位键增强对BSA的结合.     

meso-四(烷氧基苯基)卟啉及其金属络合物的波谱研究

采用^1H NMR、MS、IR、UV、元素分析等分析测试表征手段确证了所合成的10个系列卟啉及其金属络合物的结构,研究了不同位置、不同链长烷氧基四苯基卟啉和不同金属离子卟啉络合物的结构与^1HNMR、IR和UV等波谱之间的关系,总结了卟啉配体及其金属络合物的^1H NMR、IR和UV判据,报道和解释了meso-四(烷氧基苯基)卟啉铜、锰络合物和meso-四(邻烷氧基苯基)卟啉钴络合物的^1H NMR研究结果,通过MS、^1H NMR、IR、UV、元素分析确证了我们所合成的铁卟啉为μ-氧桥联夹心二聚体结构,且存在两种典型构象,导致同系列络合物有四种类型^1H NMR谱图。     

meso-5,10,15,20-四[4-(N-吡咯烷基)苯基]卟啉的合成及对牛血清白蛋白的作用

基于卟啉对癌细胞的特殊亲和作用和吡咯烷化合物的抗肿瘤及抗癌活性,设计并合成了具有吡咯烷结构的新型卟啉化合物--meso-5,10,15,20-四[4-(N-吡咯烷基)苯基]卟啉(TBPPH₂),利用荧光光度法和紫外-可见分光光度法研究了TBPPH₂与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.实验发现,TBPPH₂利用疏水作用力进入BSA的疏水性腔,与BSA形成配合物并引起BSA的静态荧光猝灭.在TBPPH₂与BSA的相互作用过程中,TBPPH₂与BSA以摩尔比1∶1牢固结合,TBPPH₂与BSA分子中色氨酸间的最近距离r=2.4nm.反应平衡常数K_A=2.51×10⁴L/mol,反应熵变ΔS=84.18J/(mol·K),TBPPH₂与BSA的结合常数K_B=5.13×10⁵L/mol.研究结果表明,吡咯烷基卟啉可能成为一类新型的抗肿瘤及抗病毒药物.     

阳离子卟啉与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的光谱研究

采用紫外-可见吸收光谱、圆二色谱和荧光光谱等方法对一系列阳离子卟啉与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用情况进行了研究.研究表明,阳离子卟啉通过静电引力与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)作用,作用位点位于BSA表面.较高的正电荷有利于增强卟啉与BSA的作用力.     

o/o 型单核铁(Ⅲ)卟啉二聚体模拟细胞色素P450酶催化环己烷羟化的反应性能研究

合成和表征了一系列以柔韧烷氧链相连的o/o型单核铁卟啉二聚体. 利用X-光电子能谱(XPS)研究了卟啉二聚体中由自由卟啉环向铁卟啉环发生的分子内电子转移. 考察了在以分子氧为氧源还原剂存在的温和条件下, 该类配合物模拟细胞色素P450酶对环己烷羟化反应的催化性能. 结果表明, 该系列o/o型单核铁卟啉二聚体的催化性能明显优于相应的铁卟啉单体FeTPPCl. 随着烷氧链的增长, 催化活性次序为: C2>C4>C6>C8>C10. 该次序与单核铁卟啉二聚体的特定构象引起的立体位阻和分子内电子转移密切相关.     

二硫桥键钴卟啉二聚体的合成与电催化氧还原性能

成功合成了二硫桥键相连的钴卟啉二聚体2Co。通过循环伏安电化学方法测试,在无水二氯甲烷溶剂中,钴卟啉二聚体展示了3个氧化和2个还原峰,表明此钴卟啉二聚体可以稳定多重负/正电荷。详细研究了在酸性条件下的钴卟啉二聚体的电催化氧还原性能。钴卟啉二聚体的电催化氧还原显示了高稳定性和高活性,测得转移电子数为3.5~3.6之间。钴卟啉二聚体的电催化氧还原性能说明通过二硫键对钴卟啉单体二聚化可以提高钴卟啉的电催化氧还原性能。     

利用卟啉中位羧基基团直接缩合卟啉二聚体

卟啉单体的直接偶合法. 这种方法包括有β-β, meso-β直接连接的二聚体[8,9]和直接连接的N混杂的卟啉二聚体[10]. 我们利用二环己烷基羰化二亚胺(DCC)作催化剂, 在冰盐浴条件下, 通过两个5-(p-羧基苯基)-10,15,20-三苯基卟啉(H2CPTPP)周边上的羧酸基团一步直接缩合获得以羧酸酐连接的新型卟啉二聚体. 利用多种光谱手段证实所合成的物质为目标产物. 该方法具有反应物单一、 反应步骤简单、 副反应少、 产物纯化方便、 时间短和产率高等优点.     

A Chemical Proteomic Analysis of Illudin-Interacting Proteins

The illudin natural product family are fungal secondary metabolites with a characteristic spirocyclopropyl-substituted fused 6,5-bicyclic ring system. They have been extensively studied for their cytotoxicity in various tumor cell types, and semisynthetic derivatives with improved therapeutic characteristics have progressed to clinical trials. Although it is believed that this potent alkylating compound class acts mainly through DNA modification, little is known about its binding to protein sites in a cellular context. To reveal putative protein targets of the illudin family in live cancer cells, we employed a semisynthetic strategy to access a series of illudin-based probes for activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). While the probes largely retained potent cytotoxicity, proteomic profiling studies unraveled multiple protein hits, suggesting that illudins exert their mode of action not from addressing a specific protein target but rather from DNA modification and unselective protein binding.     

Photodynamic Therapy with Tumor Cell Discrimination through RNA-Targeting Ability of Photosensitizer

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents an effective treatment to cure cancer. The targeting ability of the photosensitizer is of utmost importance. Photosensitizers that discriminate cancer cells can avoid the killing of normal cells and improve PDT efficacy. However, the design and synthesis of photosensitizers conjugated with a recognition unit of cancer cell markers is complex and may not effectively target cancer. Considering that the total RNA content in cancer cells is commonly higher than in normal cells, this study has developed the photosensitizer QICY with RNA-targeting abilities for the discrimination of cancer cells. QICY was specifically located in cancer cells rather than normal cells due to their stronger electrostatic interactions with RNA, thereby further improving the PDT effects on the cancer cells. After intravenous injection into mice bearing a xenograft tumor, QICY accumulated into the tumor location through the enhanced permeability and retention effect, automatically targeted cancer cells under the control of RNA, and inhibited tumor growth under 630 nm laser irradiation without obvious side effects. This intelligent photosensitizer with RNA-targeting ability not only simplifies the design and synthesis of cancer-cell-targeting photosensitizers but also paves the way for the further development of highly efficient PDTs.     

Progress and Future Directions with Peptide-Drug Conjugates for Targeted Cancer Therapy

We review drug conjugates combining a tumor-selective moiety with a cytotoxic agent as cancer treatments. Currently, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are the most common drug conjugates used clinically as cancer treatments. While providing both efficacy and favorable tolerability, ADCs have limitations due to their size and complexity. Peptides as tumor-targeting carriers in peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) offer a number of benefits. Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen) is a highly lipophilic PDC that takes a novel approach by utilizing increased aminopeptidase activity to selectively increase the release and concentration of cytotoxic alkylating agents inside tumor cells. The only other PDC approved currently for clinical use is ¹⁷⁷Lu-dotatate, a targeted form of radiotherapy combining a somatostatin analog with a radionuclide. It is approved as a treatment for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Results with other PDCs combining synthetic analogs of natural peptide ligands with cytotoxic agents have been mixed. The field of drug conjugates as drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer continues to advance with the application of new technologies. Melflufen provides a paradigm for rational PDC design, with a targeted mechanism of action and the potential for deepening responses to treatment, maintaining remissions, and eradicating therapy-resistant stem cells.     

Unique Use of Alkylation for Chemo‐Redox Activity by a PtIV Prodrug

Resistance towards chemotherapeutics displayed by cancer cells is a significant stumbling block against fruitful cisplatin‐based therapy. A unique dual‐acting chemotherapeutic modality, Platin‐B, a prodrug of cisplatin and pipobroman‐mimicking alkylating agent, was constructed to circumvent tumor resistance. Platin‐B exhibited a superior cytotoxicity profile in cisplatin‐resistant cancer cells. Enhanced activity and the ability to overcome cancer‐induced resistance of Platin‐B was related to adduct formation with intracellular glutathione, followed by the activity of Platin‐B on the mitochondria of cells, along with its conventional nuclear activity. Alkylating moieties present on Platin‐B enhanced its cellular and subcellular concentration and protected it from early drug sequestration by biological thiols.     

Temozolomide Efficacy and Metabolism: The Implicit Relevance of Nanoscale Delivery Systems

The most common primary malignant brain tumors in adults are gliomas. Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and aggressive tumor subtype of glioma. Current standards for the treatment of glioblastoma include a combination of surgical, radiation, and drug therapy methods. The drug therapy currently includes temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent, and bevacizumab, a recombinant monoclonal IgG1 antibody that selectively binds to and inhibits the biological activity of vascular endothelial growth factor. Supplementation of glioblastoma radiation therapy with TMZ increased patient survival from 12.1 to 14.6 months. The specificity of TMZ effect on brain tumors is largely determined by special aspects of its pharmacokinetics. TMZ is an orally bioavailable prodrug, which is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is converted to its active alkylating metabolite 5-(3-methyl triazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carbozamide (MTIC) spontaneously in physiological condition that does not require hepatic involvement. MTIC produced in the plasma is not able to cross the BBB and is formed locally in the brain. A promising way to increase the effectiveness of TMZ chemotherapy for glioblastoma is to prevent its hydrolysis in peripheral tissues and thereby increase the drug concentration in the brain that nanoscale delivery systems can provide. The review discusses possible ways to increase the efficacy of TMZ using nanocarriers.     

POTENTIATION OF MEROCYANINE 540-MEDIATED PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY BY SALICYLATE and RELATED DRUGS

Abstract— Simultaneous exposure to merocyanine 540 (MC540) and light of a suitable wavelength kills leukemia, lymphoma and neuroblastoma cells but is relatively well tolerated by normal pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. This differential phototoxic effect has been exploited in preclinical models and a phase I clinical trial for the extracorporeal purging of autologous bone marrow grafts. Salicylate is known to potentiate the MC540-mediated photokilling of tumor cells. Assuming that salicylate induces a change in the plasma membrane of tumor cells (but not normal hematopoietic stem cells) that enhances the binding of dye molecules it has been suggested that salicylate may provide a simple and effective means of improving the therapeutic index of MC540-mediated photodynamic therapy. We report here on a direct test of this hypothesis in a murine model of bone marrow transplantation as well as in clonal cultures of normal murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. In both systems, salicylate enhanced the MC540-sensitized photoinactivation of leukemia cells and normal bone marrow cells to a similar extent and thus failed to improve the therapeutic index of MC540 significantly. On the basis of a series of dye-binding studies, we offer an alternative explanation for the potentiating effect of salicylate. Rather than invoking a salicylate-induced change in the plasma membrane of tumor cells, we propose that salicylate displaces dye molecules from serum albumin, thereby enhancing the concentration of free (active) dye available for binding to tumor as well as normal hematopoietic stem cells.     

AGR2, a mucinous ovarian cancer marker, promotes cell proliferation and migration

Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of death in women. Early detection of ovarian cancer is essential to decrease mortality. However, the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer is difficult due to a lack of clinical symptoms and suitable molecular diagnostic markers. Thus, identification of meaningful tumor biomarkers with potential clinical application is clearly needed. To search for a biomarker for the early detection of ovarian cancer, we identified human anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) from our systematic analysis of paired normal and ovarian tumor tissue cDNA microarray. We noted a marked overexpression of AGR2 mRNA and protein in early stage mucinous ovarian tumors compared to normal ovarian tissues and serous type ovarian tumors by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. To further elucidate the role of AGR2 in ovarian tumorigenesis, stable 2774 human ovarian cancer cell lines overexpressing AGR2 were established. Forced expression of AGR2 in 2774 cells enhanced the growth and migration of ovarian cancer cells. AGR2 protein was detected in the serum of mucinous ovarian cancer patients by Western blot and ELISA analysis. Thus, AGR2 is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of mucinous ovarian cancer and an ELISA assay may facilitate the early detection of mucinous ovarian cancer using patient serum.     

多功能纳米材料在肿瘤放疗增敏中的应用

放射治疗是利用放射线治疗肿瘤的一种局部治疗方法,目前已成为临床上最常用、最有效的恶性肿瘤治疗手段之一。但放射治疗仍存在辐射剂量高、对健康组织副作用大,特别是肿瘤细胞放射抵抗性强等缺点。随着纳米医学的发展,多功能纳米放疗增敏剂为增强肿瘤细胞放射敏感性、提高放疗效果提供了新机遇。本文结合纳米材料在放疗增敏中的优势和潜能,概括了纳米放疗增敏剂的主要类型和目前已进入临床实验的一些实例,简述了多功能纳米放疗增敏剂在肿瘤放射治疗中的应用,并归纳了纳米材料增敏放疗的主要途径和影响因素。最后总结和展望了多功能纳米放疗增敏剂面临的挑战和发展前景。     

TUMOR CELL SPECIFIC DARK CYTOTOXICITY OF LIGHT-EXPOSED MEROCYANINE 540: IMPLICATIONS FOR SYSTEMIC THERAPY WITHOUT LIGHT

Merocyanine 540 (MC540) was activated by exposure to 514 nm laser light. The light-exposed MC540 was then mixed (in the dark) with tumor cells and normal cells to determine the antiproliferative activity. Treatment with light-exposed MC540 resulted in 70-90% tumor cell kill from different cell lines, while 85% of the normal human mononuclear cells and 41% of the granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells (CFU-GM) survived the treatment. The observed cytotoxicity of light-exposed MC540 to the tumor cells was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than the native MC540. Results show that tumor cell specificity and cytotoxicity in the light activated dye are retained for at least 30 days. Addition of catalase and mannitol decreased the cell kill by light-exposed compound, indicating that the observed effects may be due to reactive oxygen species. The electron micrographs of treated cells show a progression towards apoptosis in a majority of the cells. The life span of L1210 leukemia-bearing mice treated with light-exposed MC540 was prolonged compared to the untreated and native MC540 treated mice. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of light-exposed material shows a completely different elution profile compared to the native compound. Results presented here show that light-exposed photoactive compounds can be used without further illumination and may have significant clinical applications. Photoactive mechanisms dependent on events other than short-lived transient elevations in energy or singlet oxygen must be invoked to explain the reported cytotoxicity.