铝合金中铬元素的时间分辨激光诱导击穿光谱高灵敏检测

为了消除在激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)信号检测时等离子体中强的轫致电子辐射对光电倍增管和前置信号放大器造成的不良影响,提高信号检测灵敏度,设计了一种基于CR110的门控端窗光电倍增管并用于LIBS中的微弱信号检测。该门控光电倍增管与前置信号放大器组合运用既可以成功抑制激光等离子体中强的轫致电子辐射的背景干扰,又可以进一步放大微弱的原子辐射信号,提高光谱分析的灵敏度。用LIBS分析铝合金标样中的微量铬元素,采用该门控光电倍增管时其检出限可以达到5.55 ppm,与采用普通光电倍增管的相比改善了近6倍,显示出该门控光电倍增管在时间分辨信号检测领域良好的应用效果。     

用光电倍增管测量微光像增强器噪声

在微光像增强器成像中，迭加在图像上的时空域噪声，不仅限制系统的可工作最低照度，而且使显示图像有随机蠕动颗粒闪烁的外观。随着低噪声、高增益的光电倍增管的出现，比较精确地测量微弱光信号成为可能。在此基础上提出了采用光电倍增管来测试像增强器信噪比的方法。实验中发现，这种方法能比较准确并直观地反映像增强器噪声的大小。     

硅光电倍增管自动增益校正系统设计

温度会使硅光电倍增管的增益产生较大的漂移,进而影响硅光电倍增管的增益精度。为了使硅光电倍增管增益不随温度发生较大变化,设计了硅光电倍增管的自动增益校正系统,包括基于单片机的高压电源设计与采集系统设计。高电压模块精确工作的温度范围为?10～60 ℃,电源噪声约为30 mV,满足硅光电倍增管性能测试的需求。采集系统经过扫频测试与激光照射测试,可以较好地通过60 MHz的交流信号,并将光信号转变为较明显的电信号。该系统可以向京邦公司的硅光电倍增管阵列JARY-TP3050-8X8C提供工作电压与采集电路。     

分立式电子倍增器

光电倍增管是检测微弱光信号的电真空器件.它的短波截止波长取决于光窗材料.目前,透紫性能最佳的光窗材料是氟化镁,其截止波长也仅为110nm。对更短的波长的信号,光电倍增管也就无能为力了.人们考虑到既然光窗不能有效地透过紫外辐射,就取消光窗让倍增系统直接接收,这种无光窗的     

应用光学——光学系统设计指南 第十六章 光电探测器和热探测器

16.2.3 电子倍增和光电倍增管(MPT) 为了测量和探测的需要,光电管的输出常需要加以放大。毫无疑问,这种放大会增加信号的噪声,不过噪声究竟增加多少则取决于放大方法(见第16.2.4节)。电子倍增是噪声比较低的放大方法,因此往往常用     

光电倍增管的选择和使用(Ⅰ)

引 言随着科学技术的迅速发展,新的科技领域不断出现,光电倍增管的应用范围在日益扩大.各应用场合对光电倍增管提出了各种各样的要求,促进了光电倍增管研究与生产的发展.目前国际上制造光电倍增管的厂家,生产的品种有的多达一百余种.由于制造时使用的窗材料、阴极材料、倍增极材料和倍增极结构多种多样,加上一系列不同的外形尺寸和倍增极级数的变化,形成了品种繁多的光电倍增管,为各方面的使用者提供了广泛选择管子的可能性. 对一特定光信号的测量,为要获得比较满意的结果,需要正确地选择光电倍增管,恰当地选择它的供电状态;注意光电倍增管…     

OH自由基共振荧光的门控光子计数测量

针对气体扩张激光诱导荧光测量低浓度OH自由基系统中短寿命低强度荧光的检测需求,提出了一种共振荧光的门控光子计数测量方法,通过光电倍增管的快速门控电路设计,实现纳秒级时序内荧光的选择性测量.使用一个13级高增益端窗光电倍增管进行荧光探测,通过改变光电倍增管打拿极上的加载电压来实现光电倍增管的快速门控.电路可获得稳定的调制电压,开关延迟时间为168ns,上升沿时间约20ns.对门控电路进行器件优化及匹配参量后,采用调制打拿极d1d3d5的方式,开关引起的光电倍增管噪声降至210ns以内,调制开关比优于10~5.将门控系统应用于气体扩张激光诱导荧光系统OH自由基的荧光探测,有效获得自由基荧光信号.对307.8~308.2nm波段内的OH自由基激发谱线进行了测量,实验结果表明,门控电路能有效抑制激光杂散光的影响,实现低浓度OH自由基共振荧光信号测量.     

光电探测器原理及应用

介绍了光电与系统的组成，阐述了光电二极管和雪崩光电二极管的工作原理及噪声问题，对雪崩光电二极管ＡＰＤ和光电倍增管ＰＭＴ进行了比较，并以四象限探测器为例说明了光电探测器的应用问题。     

单光子计数─—弱光信号检测的有力手段

通常,在一些基本的科学研究领域,特别是在某些前沿学科,诸如分子生物学、高分辨率光谱学、表面物理学、非线性光学、束箔光谱学的研究等方面,都会遇到极微弱的光信息的检测问题.这里,光流强度通常比光电倍增管本身的热噪声水平(10-14瓦特)还要弱,以致于一般的直流检测方法已很难从这种噪声水平下检测出信号.因而常将弱光进行交流调制,利用锁相放大器来提取信息.这种方法是靠压缩系统信息带宽的方法来滤去噪声的.但是当噪声与信号有同样的频谱,或者信号是宽频谱时,锁相放大器便无能为力了.另外,由于模拟积分电路漂移的存在,积分时间往往只能…     

光电倍增管固有脉冲幅度分辨率的测量

一、测量的目的及意义 光电倍增管在高能物理和石油勘探等领域中被广泛地应用,脉冲幅度分辨率这一参数的优劣对测量至关重要.为了鉴别光电倍增管的分辨能力,我们开展了光电倍增管固有脉冲幅度分辨率的测量. 光电倍增管在入射脉冲光的光谱成分不变的情况下,将产生一个与入射于光     

Photon-noise effect on detection in coherent active images

We analyze photon-noise effects on target detection performance in low-flux coherent active imagery systems. We show that when photon noise is expected, the performance of classical detection techniques designed for pure and fully developed speckle images can be improved with no increase in algorithm complexity. Furthermore, the mean photon number under which photon noise becomes sensitive is higher when the target and background mean values are unknown than in the idealized case, where they are assumed to be known, and when the reflectivity ratio between the target and the background is low.     

Multi-photon behaviors of shot noise in a quantum dot system under the perturbation of two microwave fields

We have investigated the shot noise affected by the perturbation of two microwave fields (MWFs) with frequencies ω₁ and ω₂, which can be classified as the commensurate and incommensurate external ac fields. The time-dependent current correlation function and the spectral density of shot noise have been obtained. They are very different compared with the single-field applied system in the nonlinear regime of the ac potentials. The different photon absorption and emission processes induce different kinds of noise spectral density. We have performed the numerical calculations for both commensurate balanced and unbalanced photon absorptions and emissions. The multi-photon procedure can be seen clearly from the resonance of shot noise. Different commensurate number q = ω₂/ω₁ contributes to different photon absorption and emission behaviors. It is found that the asymmetric configuration of shot noise is intimately associated with the commensurate number q. The differential conductance appears symmetric and asymmetric behaviors, and the channel blockade exhibits. The shot noise is large enough to surpass its saturated value for the unbalanced photon absorption case. The sensitive behaviors of Fano factor associated with different commensurate numbers and amplitudes of ac fields signify that the shot noise can be controlled by external MWFs significantly.     

显微光子计数成像系统的噪声抑制及定量测量标准的确立

显微光子计数成像系统是极其灵敏的弱光探测成像系统,为使其应用进一步深入微观领域,噪声问题是首先要解决的难题。通过噪声来源分析,光路、机械结构的合理设计,使噪声降低到光子计数成像系统的探测灵敏域之下;并在噪声极低的条件下,进行了一种同位素微弱光源的稳定性、均匀性的研究,发现这种微弱光源性能稳定、发光均匀,可以作为定量测量的标准,为以后的微弱发光实验进行定量分析;光子计数成像系统的合理噪声抑制以及定量测量标准的确立,将在微光探测方面产生重要的影响。     

A method for visualization of ventricular fibrillation: Design of a cooled fiberoptically coupled image intensified CCD data acquisition system incorporating wavelet shrinkage based adaptive filtering

The measurement of cardiac transmembrane potential changes with voltage sensitive dyes is in increasing use. Detection of these very small fluorescent alterations using large multiplexed arrays, such as charge coupled device (CCD) cameras at high sampling rates, has proven challenging and usually requires significant averaging to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. To minimize the damage of living tissue stained with voltage sensitive dyes, excitation photon exposure must be limited, with the inevitable consequence of diminishing the fluorescence that is generated. State-of-the-art high frame rate CCD cameras have read noise levels in the 5-10 e(-) rms range, which is at least two orders of magnitude above that required to detect voltage sensitive dye alterations at individual pixels corresponding to 1 mm(2) heart regions illuminated with levels of 100 mW/cm(2) at frame rates approaching 1000 frames/sec. Image intensification is thus required prior to photon quantification. We report here the development of such a data acquisition system using commercially available hardware. Additionally, in the past ten years, a mathematical theory of multiresolution has been developed, and new building blocks called wavelets, allow a signal to be observed at different resolutions. Wavelet analysis also makes possible a new method of extricating signals from noise. We have incorporated spatially adaptive filters based on wavelet denoising of individual pixels to significantly reduce the multiple noise sources present in the acquired data. (c) 1998 American Institute of Physics.     

Shot-noise detection in a carbon nanotube quantum dot

An on-chip detection scheme for high frequency signals is used to detect noise generated by a quantum dot formed in a single wall carbon nanotube. The noise detection is based on photon assisted tunneling in a superconductor-insulator-superconductor junction. Measurements of shot noise over a full Coulomb diamond are reported with excited states and inelastic cotunneling clearly resolved. Super-Poissonian noise is detected in the case of inelastic cotunneling.     

一维游标位敏阳极光子计数探测器

报道了一维游标位敏阳极光子计数探测器,详细介绍了一维游标位敏阳极的解码原理和设计结果.搭建了基于一维游标位敏阳极探测器的紫外光子计数探测系统.该系统工作于光子计数模式,可同时测量单光子事件的一维坐标.获得了对应入射光空间强度一维分布的脉冲计数分布图.通过测试,系统的分辨率优于100μm.该探测器可以实现极微弱的高能光子、电子和离子等粒子流强度分布的一维探测,因此可以用于深空探测、光谱测量、高能物理以及生物发光探测.     

光子图像统计处理

讨论了一种对有限光子图像累加的统计处理方法。在超微弱发光的研究中（例如细胞的超微弱光），由于发光强度较弱，需要用像增强器对超微弱发光图像进行增强得到可视光子图像，超微弱发光的光子图像不可避免地受到像增强系统暗噪声及背景噪声的影响，使光子图像湮没在噪声中。为从原始图像中检验出信号，常将采集到的有限光子图像进行累加以增加样本数，根据信号光子和噪声光子的不同统计分布，运用似然比检验方法得到有效判断累加图像中某像素是否含有信号光子，由此剔除图像中的噪声光子，得到信噪比改善的光子图像。     

小样本光子图像的统计处理

讨论了一种对小样本光子图像的统计处理方法。在超微弱发光的研究中（例如细胞的超微弱荧光）,由于发光强度极弱,需要用像增强器对超微弱发光图像进行增强得到可视图像,超微弱发光图像不可避免地受到像增强系统暗噪声及背景噪声的影响,使光子图像湮没在噪声中。为从原始图像中检验出信号,根据信号光子和噪声光子的不同统计分布,运用信号检测与的方法判断光子是否属于信号光子,并得到一简明的判据,由此判据剔除图像中的噪声光子,得到信噪比改善的光子图像。并用此方法处理了人掌的超微弱发光光子图像。     

Photon-assisted shot noise due to the charging effect in a quantum dot device

We have investigated the spectral density of shot noise for an ultra-small quantum dot(QD) system in the Coulomb blockade regime when irradiated with microwave fields (MWFs) by employing a nonequilibrium Green’s function technique. The shot noise is sensitive to Coulomb interaction, and the photon-assisted Coulomb blockade behaviour strongly modifies the mesoscopic transport. We have calculated the first and second derivatives of shot noise in the strong and weak coupling regimes to compare the theoretical results with existing experimental results. In the strong coupling regime, the first and second derivatives of shot noise display Fano type peak-valley structures around the charging channel 2E _c due to Coulomb interaction. When the magnitudes of the MWFs are sufficiently large, the system displays channel blockade due to photon irradiation. The photon-assisted and Coulomb blockade steps in the noise — as well as the resonant behaviour in the differential noise — are smeared by increasing temperature. The Coulomb interaction suppresses the shot noise, but the ac fields can either suppress the shot noise(balanced case) or enhance the shot noise(unbalanced case). The suppression of shot noise caused by ac fields in the balanced case is greater than that caused by Coulomb interaction in our system. Super-Poissonian shot noise may be induced due to the compound effects of strong Coulomb interaction and photon absorption-emission processes.     

Single photon frequency up-conversion and its applications

Optical frequency up-conversion is a technique, based on sum frequency generation in a non-linear optical medium, in which signal light from one frequency (wavelength) is converted to another frequency. By using this technique, near infrared light can be converted to light in the visible or near visible range and therefore detected by commercially available visible detectors with high efficiency and low noise. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has adapted the frequency up-conversion technique to develop highly efficient and sensitive single photon detectors and a spectrometer for use at telecommunication wavelengths. The NIST team used these single photon up-conversion detectors and spectrometer in a variety of pioneering research projects including the implementation of a quantum key distribution system; the demonstration of a detector with a temporal resolution beyond the jitter limitation of commercial single photon detectors; the characterization of an entangled photon pair source, including a direct spectrum measurement for photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion; the characterization of single photons from quantum dots including the measurement of carrier lifetime with escalated high accuracy and the demonstration of the converted quantum dot photons preserving their non-classical features; the observation of 2nd, 3rd and 4th order temporal correlations of near infrared single photons from coherent and pseudo-thermal sources following frequency up-conversion; a study on the time-resolving measurement capability of the detectors using a short pulse pump and; evaluating the modulation of a single photon wave packet for better interfacing of independent sources. In this article, we will present an overview of the frequency up-conversion technique, introduce its applications in quantum information systems and discuss its unique features and prospects for the future.