顺酐加氢制备丁二酸酐催化剂的研究进展

顺酐催化加氢是目前制备丁二酸酐最有效的途径。本文概述了铜系、镍系和贵金属催化剂在顺酐加氢制备丁二酸酐反应中的应用,并重点介绍了近几年来合成丁二酸酐催化剂的研究进展,提出了现在存在的问题,以为今后工业化生产提供有益的参考。     

Ni-Cu/Al_2O_3催化剂上顺酐液相选择加氢制丁二酸酐反应性能

以Al2O3为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列Ni-Cu/Al2O3催化剂,用于顺酐液相加氢反应,并结合低温N2物理吸-脱附、H2程序升温还原、H2程序升温脱附、X射线衍射、CO程序升温表面反应等表征结果,详细考察了催化剂中Cu含量对其催化性能的影响.结果表明,Cu的引入提高了活性组分Ni的分散度,促进了催化剂上C=C的加氢活性;同时,由于Ni-Cu双金属间的相互作用,明显抑制了催化剂表面C=O的加氢.当Cu含量为7%时,催化剂上顺酐加氢定向合成丁二酸酐的活性最高.在210oC,H2压力5.0MPa的条件下反应40min时,顺酐转化率与丁二酸酐选择性均达100%.     

尖晶石型衍生的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂低温催化顺酐加氢合成丁二酸酐（英文）

开发高活性的顺酐加氢制丁二酸酐和γ-丁内酯催化剂具有重要的工业意义.顺酐加氢多采用Cu基和Ni基催化剂,但一般Cu基和Ni基催化剂存在反应温度高(170–260°C)和稳定性差等缺点,很有必要开发高活性的顺酐加氢催化剂.我们以拟薄水铝石作为Al_2O_3载体的前驱体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列镍铝尖晶石型衍生的不同Ni含量的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂,并研究了它们在顺酐加氢反应中的催化性能.还原前Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的X射线衍射结果表明,催化剂含有NiAl_2O_4物种.氮吸附结果显示,不同Ni含量的催化剂均具有介孔结构.氢-程序升温还原研究发现,Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂经750°C还原2 h后,其表面上NiAl_2O_4物种能被高效还原.X射线粉末衍射结果表明,750°C还原的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂中金属Ni颗粒尺寸随着Ni负载量升高而增大.利用一氧化碳-程序升温脱附对750°C还原的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂进行研究,发现750°C还原的催化剂上金属Ni物种含量从高到低依次为:Ni(7.5%)/Al_2O_3Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3Ni(2.5%)/Al_2O_3.采用CO化学吸附获得的Ni(2.5%)/Al_2O_3,Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3和Ni(7.5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂上金属Ni颗粒尺度分别为8.0,12.8和15.7 nm.活性研究结果表明,750°C还原的Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂具有最高的催化活性,这可能是由于Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂具有较多的Ni活性位点和较合适的Ni颗粒粒度所致.进一步研究发现,在650–750°C还原温度下,Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂的还原度随着还原温度的升高而升高,Ni分散度随着还原温度的升高而降低.活性结果研究表明,700°C还原的Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂具有较多的Ni活性位点和较合适的Ni颗粒粒度,具有最高的加氢催化活性,其在120°C,H_2压力为0.5 MPa和质量空速为2 h~(-1)的反应条件下,能获得近100%的顺酐转化率和90%的丁二酸酐选择性,同时该催化剂具有优良的稳定性.以上结果表明,尖晶石型衍生的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂是一个十分有应用前景的顺酐加氢催化剂.     

碳改性对Ni/Al2O3催化剂顺酐加氢合成γ-丁内酯反应性能的影响

通过热解蔗糖/Al2O3前驱体的方法制备了炭包覆改性Al2O3(CCA)载体,并采用等体积浸渍制备了负载量17 %的镍基催化剂.对载体及相应催化剂进行了TPO-MS、N2物理吸附、TPR、XRD等测试表征,并考察了催化剂顺酐(MA)加氢合成γ-丁内酯(GBL)的反应性能.结果表明,适量炭的引入改变了载体Al2O3的表面性质,使金属-载体相互作用减弱,活性组分镍的分散度提高,催化剂在MA加氢反应中表现出高的GBL选择性.当Al2O3中引入8.9 %的炭时,催化剂表现出最高的催化活性,在210 ℃,5 MPa氢气压力下反应3 h时,MA转化率达98%以上,GBL选择性达91.71 %.     

超细负载NiO/SiO2催化剂用于顺酐选择加氢反应研究

以正硅酸乙酯、氯化镍为原料，分别采用Sol-Gel法和浸渍法制备了NiO/SiO2和NiO/SiO2超细负载型催化剂，用TEM、TPR、XRD、XPS等手段，表征了催化剂的结构，并进行了顺酐液相选择加氢活性评价和工艺条件优化选择。结果表明，NiO/SiO2和NiO/SiO2催化剂都具有较高比表面积及大孔体积；其活性组分粒径小、分布均匀，两者都是优良的顺酐液相选择国氢催化剂，其特点是催化剂用量少，在Ni／顺酐（摩尔比）＝0．0044、3．0MPa、150℃的条件下，反应3h顺酐转化率和丁二酐的选择性都在99％以上。     

Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂对轻质C5馏分加氢的催化性

 利用X射线衍射、热重-差热分析和孔结构分析对新鲜和失活的Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂进行了表征,讨论了催化剂的失活机理,并考察了催化剂在轻质C5馏分加氢反应中的稳定性和加氢工艺条件. 结果表明,催化剂失活的主要原因是加氢原料中的硫化物与催化剂活性组分镍发生反应生成了Ni3S2、镍晶粒长大和催化剂结焦. 使用氧化锌脱硫剂将加氢原料脱硫后,在单个反应器内,用饱和烷烃稀释C5馏分至其中二烯烃的质量分数为6%～9%,在加氢压力为1.3～2.5 MPa,体积空速为5.0～6.0 h-1,H2/油体积比为80～120的条件下,原料中二烯烃和炔烃转化率为100%,单烯烃转化率在97%以上. 催化剂连续运行375 h后,其催化活性与新鲜催化剂基本相同.     

钼改性页硅酸镍催化剂催化顺酐加氢性能

通过蒸氨法合成了一系列钼改性的页硅酸镍催化剂, 考察了钼含量对催化剂结构及其催化顺酐液相加氢性能的影响. 采用氮气物理吸附-脱附、 X射线衍射(XRD)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、 氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、 吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)和原位X射线光子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂的结构和形貌等进行了表征. 结果表明, 助剂Mo的引入对催化剂结构形貌及其催化性能影响显著. Mo的引入提高了活性金属Ni的还原度, 增加了催化剂表面金属Ni⁰的数量, 金属Ni在还原过程产生氢溢流, 溢流氢将部分MoO₃还原为具有酸性的MoO_x物种, 由于金属Ni⁰与具有Lewis酸(L酸)特性的MoO_x及Ni^σ+的协同效应, 显著提高了催化剂对顺酐C≡C和C≡O的加氢活性. 当Mo含量(质量分数)为3%时, 其催化活性最高, 在160 ℃和5 MPa H₂气条件下, 反应3 h顺酐的转化率为100%, 产物γ-丁内酯的选择性为27%.     

Raney-Ni-Mo/Al2O3催化剂的制备及其催化茚饱和加氢性能

以含钼为1.5%的镍-铝合金粉与拟薄水铝石按质量比为1∶1的比例,经成型、焙烧、浸取活化制备了负载型Raney-Ni-Mo/Al2O3加氢催化剂,通过XRD、BET、TG-DTA及SEM等手段对催化剂进行分析表征,并以茚加氢生成茚满的反应为探针,采用连续固定床加氢反应装置对所制备的催化剂加氢性能进行了评价.结果表明:成型合金A lloy-Ni-Mo/Al2O3的焙烧温度对于浸取活化后的Raney-Ni-Mo/Al2O3催化剂的抗压强度至关重要,比较适宜的焙烧温度为860℃,在该温度下合金中富铝相NiAl3向贫铝相Ni2Al3转变不仅有利于提高催化剂的加氢活性,而且金属铝被氧化生成α-Al2O3,使得制备的Raney-Ni-Mo/Al2O3加氢催化剂的强度能满足固定床装填要求.在反应压力2.0 MPa、温度180℃、WHSV=2 h-1、氢油比(V/V)为300∶1条件下,Raney-Ni-Mo/Al2O3催化剂催化茚加氢生成茚满的转化率在所考察的1 000 h周期内均高于90%,表明该催化剂具有较好的加氢活性及其活性稳定性.     

Low-temperature hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to succinic anhydride and γ-butyrolactone over pseudo-boehmite derived alumina supported metal(metal = Cu,Co and Ni) catalysts

The pseudo-boehmite derived alumina supported metal(Cu,Co and Ni) catalysts prepared by the impregnation method were investigated in hydrogenation of maleic anhydride(MA) to succinic anhydride(SA) and γ-butyrolactone.The catalysts were characterized by ICP-AES,N_2 adsorptiondesorption,XRD,H_2-TPR,CO-TPD,dissociative N_2O adsorption and TEM and the results showed that the alumina possessed mesoporous feature and the metal species were well dispersed on the support.Compared to Cu/Al_2O_3 and Co/Al_2O_3,Ni/Al_2O_3 exhibited higher catalytic activity in the MA hydrogenation with 92%selectivity to SA and nearly 100%conversion of MA at 140 °C under 0.5 MPa of H_2 with a weighted hourly space velocity of 2 h ~1(MA).The stability of Ni/Al_2O_3 catalyst was also investigated.     

Pd/C modified with Sn catalyst for liquid-phase selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to gamma-butyrolactone

Pd catalysts suffered from poor selectivity and stability for liquid-phase hydrogenation of maleic anhydride (MA) to gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Thus, Pd/C catalysts modified with different Sn loadings were synthesized, and characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM and elemental mapping. The types of alloy phase and the amounts of the surface Pd-SnOx sites altered along with Sn/Pd mass ratios from 0-1.0 synthesized in the process of preparation. The maximum reaction rate was 0.57 mol-GBL/(mol-Pd min) and selectivity was 95.94% when the Sn/Pd mass ratio was 0.6. It might be attributed to the formation of Pd₂Sn alloy and less amounts of Pd-SnOx sites.     

Effects of mechanochemical treatment to the vanadium phosphate catalysts derived from VOPO4·2H2O

Modification by using mechanochemical treatment of vanadium phosphate catalysts on the microstructure, morphology, oxygen nature and catalytic performance for n-butane oxidation is described and discussed. In this work, the precursor, VOHPO₄·0.5H₂O prepared by reduction of VOPO₄·2H₂O by isobutyl alcohol was subjected to a high energy planetary ball mill for 30, 60 and 120 min in ethanol. The ball milling process reduced the crystallite size of the catalysts and consequently increased their surface area. The morphologies of the milled catalysts are dependent on milling time. The highest reactivity and mobility of the lattice oxygen species has been achieved by the catalyst milled for 60 min with lower reduction peak temperature and higher amount of oxygen atoms removed. The oxygen species removed from the active V⁴⁺ phase was shown to be correlated with the rate of reaction. A good relationship was also found between the oxygen species associated with V⁵⁺ and maleic anhydride selectivity. However, a larger amount of this oxygen species will give a deleterious effect on the conversion rate. The present study demonstrate that the mechanochemical method (with an appropriate duration) effectively enhanced the catalytic activity by increasing the surface area and controlling the reactivity, and that the amount of oxygen species contributed to the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride.     

纯相和镍取代的Co_3O_4尖晶石催化剂用于N_2O直接分解(英文)

A series of NixCo1-xCo2O4(0 ≤ x ≤ 1) spinel catalysts were prepared by the co-precipitation method and used for direct N2O decomposition. The decomposition pathway of the parent precipitates was characterized by thermal analysis. The catalysts were calcined at 500 °C for 3 h and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and N2 adsorption-desorption. Nickel cobaltite spinel was formed in the solid state reaction between NiO and Co3O4. The N2O decomposition measurement revealed significant increase in the activity of Co3O4 spinel oxide catalyst with the partial replacement of Co2+ by Ni2+. The activity of this series of catalysts was controlled by the degree of Co2+ substitution by Ni2+, spinel crystallite size, catalyst surface area, presence of residual K+, and calcination temperature.     

Selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to gamma-butyrolactone over Pd/Al2O3 catalyst using supercritical CO2 as solvent

A selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to either gamma-butyrolactone or succinic anhydride over simple Pd/Al2O3 catalyst under supercritical CO2 medium is described for the first time which has considerable promise for both lab-scale as well as industrial selective hydrogenations of low vapor pressure compounds without employing environmentally harmful organic solvents.     

水对Ni/MgAlO催化丙酮加氢的影响

研究了H2O对Ni/MgAlO催化剂上丙酮加氢为异丙醇的催化反应的影响。结果发现,在丙酮中添加少量H2O可提高丙酮转化率,但超过5%的H2O量则会显著降低催化剂活性。吸附量热结果表明,催化剂表面吸附少量H2O会明显降低异丙醇的吸附热,但对丙酮吸附热的影响较小,这也许是反应体系中少量的H2O能促进丙酮加氢活性的原因之一。当催化剂表面吸附较多H2O后,丙酮、异丙醇和H2的吸附热都降低了,因此反而抑制了丙酮的加氢反应。此外,红外光谱结果表明,预吸附水抑制了催化剂表面异丙醇脱氢生成丙酮,并抑制吸附的丙酮在表面生成烯醇盐或异丙叉丙酮等物种,这也许是少量水能促进丙酮加氢生成异丙醇的另一个重要原因。     

水对Ni/MgAlO催化丙酮加氢的影响

研究了H2O对Ni/MgAlO催化剂上丙酮加氢为异丙醇的催化反应的影响。结果发现,在丙酮中添加少量H2O可提高丙酮转化率,但超过5%的H2O量则会显著降低催化剂活性。吸附量热结果表明,催化剂表面吸附少量H2O会明显降低异丙醇的吸附热,但对丙酮吸附热的影响较小,这也许是反应体系中少量的H2O能促进丙酮加氢活性的原因之一。当催化剂表面吸附较多H2O后,丙酮、异丙醇和H2的吸附热都降低了,因此反而抑制了丙酮的加氢反应。此外,红外光谱结果表明,预吸附水抑制了催化剂表面异丙醇脱氢生成丙酮,并抑制吸附的丙酮在表面生成烯醇盐或异丙叉丙酮等物种,这也许是少量水能促进丙酮加氢生成异丙醇的另一个重要原因。