非贵金属Co-N-C/MgO高效催化糠醛氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯（英文）

设计开发绿色、可持续的生物质资源高效转化制化学品催化过程具有重要的科学与应用研究价值.生物质基平台分子糠醛在分子氧存在下与甲醇发生氧化酯化,提供了一条糠酸甲酯的"非石油基"合成新路线.该反应采用贵金属/非贵金属催化体系,目前通常需要引入K_2CO_3或CH_3ONa等碱性添加剂,以提高催化氧化酯化反应活性和选择性;但是存在活性组分流失、生成副产物及污染环境等问题,阻碍了其进一步应用.探索高性能非贵金属催化剂,实现无碱条件下糠醛高效氧化酯化,对于提高该生物质路线竞争力与推动工业化进程具有重要意义.本文利用浸渍法将1,10-邻菲罗啉合钴(Ⅱ)负载到碱性载体氧化镁上,在氮气气氛下800 ℃热解,制备了非贵金属Co-N-C/MgO催化剂.在糠醛氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯反应中,Co-N-C/MgO催化剂表现出优异的性能,在0.5 MPa O_2,100 ℃条件下反应12 h,糠醛转化率达到93.0%,糠酸甲酯选择性达到98.5%,远超过相同方法制备的其他载体(活性炭、NaX、NaY和CaO)负载的钴基催化剂,实现了无碱性添加剂条件下糠醛高效氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯.X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射、透射电镜、元素分析以及对比实验结果表明,Co-N-C/MgO催化剂上可能存在含钴的氮掺杂碳物种;该催化剂在糠醛氧化酯化中的高性能与其脱氢能力密切相关.并且在0.3–1.0 MPa氧气压力范围内,Co-N-C/MgO催化糠醛氧化酯化过程基本不受压力变化影响.糠醛与甲醇的氧化酯化反应和缩合反应为两个竞争路径,反应路径决定了反应的主要产物.我们使用盐酸处理Co-N-C/MgO催化剂,脱除MgO载体,制备了Co-N-C(HCl)催化剂.当使用该催化剂时,糠醛与甲醇主要发生缩合反应,得到缩醛产物2-(二甲氧基甲基)呋喃.如果在Co-N-C(HCl)催化反应体系中引入MgO添加剂,则主要发生糠醛氧化酯化反应,主产物为糠酸甲酯.为了验证-Cl是否对反应产生影响,使用NaCl溶液对Co-N-C/MgO进行浸渍、清洗处理,或直接使用NaCl为添加剂-;在这两种情况下,糠醛转化率与糠酸甲酯选择性均下降,表明Cl对糠醛氧化酯化反应具有负面作用.根据实验结果,阴离子-(Cl)可能与℃(Ⅱ)中心发生配位,从而影响了金属活性中心的催化性能.Co-N-C(HCl)加入氧化镁,使得糠醛主要遵循氧化酯化路径进行转化,降低-Cl对Co-N-C(HCl)催化活性中心的影响.以上研究可为生物质基醛类化合物氧化酯化转化过程以及高性能非贵金属催化剂的设计开发提供有益参考.     

糠醛氧化合成糠酸

糠酸作为糠醛的重要下游产品,在食品制造、材料制备、光学技术、药物合成中具有重要的应用,可用于合成防腐剂、增塑剂、热固性树脂、香料以及多种药物。目前,关于糠醛的制备以及催化氢化制备下游产物的综述报道相对较多,但是还没有系统地整理评述糠醛氧化合成糠酸的相关工作。本文综述了近年来以糠醛为主要原料制备糠酸的研究进展情况,讨论了不同催化体系及在不同氧源存在下对糠酸选择性的影响,重点突出了非均相催化剂在糠酸的工业化制备中的应用前景,对糠酸制备的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

模拟酶微型反应器中糠醛催化氧化为糠酸

在水与有机试剂组成的非均相体系中，用β－环糊精（β-cyclodextrin,缩写：β－CD）衍生物模拟生物酶，以强力搅拌下分散在有机溶剂中的小水珠作为微型反应器进行糠醛催化氧化为糠酸的反应，停止搅拌后体系立即分层，产物在有机相，残留的原料和模拟酶在水相。本合成方法简单，溶剂和模拟酶能回收，不产生污染，催化效率较均相高，为绿色合成化学制备医药、化工产品提供了一种新合成体系。     

糠酸一步催化法制备四氢糠酸甲酯

以糠酸、甲醇、氢气为原料,采用连续流动固定床微反应器,Pd-Ni/γ-Al2O3为催化剂,使糠酸一步加氢甲酯化生成α-四氢糠酸甲酯.研究了反应的温度,压力,气、液体流速,进料流量等因素对催化反应的影响.结果表明:在1.5MPa,250℃,氢气空速3300 h-1,液体空速3.0 h-1(氢油比为50)时,糠酸转化率为96.6%,四氢糠酸甲酯的选择性97.2.0%,产率94.0%.催化剂稳定性较好,连续运转280小时后未见活性下降.该反应体系活性高,选择性好,反应压力低,催化剂性能稳定,操作简单,产物易分离.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定糠酸、糠醇和糠醛

提出了反相高效液相色谱法（HPLC）同时测定糠酸、糠醇和糠醛的新方法,采用C18色谱柱,流动相为V（乙腈）：V（水）=50：50,流速为1.0 mL/min;检测波长为220 nm;柱温为25℃.在4 min内可以将3种组分完全分离.糠酸、糠醇、糠醛检出限（S/N=3）分别为：0.101、0.042、0.406 mg/L.平均回收率分别为101.4%、98.5%、95.3%.相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为0.87%、0.66%、0.43%.     

钯催化 1,3-丁二烯羧酯化合成 3-戊烯酸甲酯

 以 1,3-丁二烯、CO 和甲醇为原料, 进行羧酯化反应合成 3-戊烯酸甲酯是 Altam 路线生产己内酰胺绿色工艺的关键步骤. 将 Pd 与三齿 N-杂环配体或双膦配体组成的催化体系用于 1,3-丁二烯的羧酯化反应中, 其中乙酸钯/2,6-二 (3,5-二甲基吡唑基) 吡啶催化剂表现出中等的催化活性, 在 150 ºC, p(CO) = 6.0 MPa 的优化条件下反应 6 h, 1,3-丁二烯转化率为 78.8%, 3-戊烯酸甲酯选择性达 92.2% (TON = 226); 而乙酸钯/2,2?-二 (二苯基膦基) 苯醚催化体系的活性更高, 在优化反应条件下, 1,3-丁二烯转化率达 90.4%, 3-戊烯酸甲酯选择性为 91.6% (TON = 181). 在 200 ºC 及类似的羧酯化反应条件下, 1,3-丁二烯发生二聚反应, 其转化率为 99% 以上, 二聚产物 4-乙烯基-1-环己烯选择性高于 96%.     

CoMn@NC催化5-羟甲基糠醛常压氧化为2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯

2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯(DMFDCA)这一生物质衍生的增值化学品是石油基聚合物单体对苯二甲酸(TPA)的理想替代品。本研究采用一步共热解法合成了两种廉价金属修饰的氮掺杂多孔碳催化剂CoMn@NC,并将其用于5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)在温和条件下的需氧氧化。由Co₃Mn₂@NC-800催化HMF在50 ℃和常压氧气的条件下反应12 h后,得到产率为85%的DMFDCA。多孔催化剂的高比表面积提高了传质效率。Co纳米粒子(NPs)和呈原子级分散的Mn与掺杂在碳中的氮配位形成M―N_x。富含吡啶氮的碳基体中的缺电子金属位点有利于HMF和氧的活化。氧形成的超氧自由基阴离子的存在确保了半缩醛中间体和5-(羟基甲基)-2-糠酸甲酯(HMMF)的羟甲基的脱氢氧化,从而高选择性得到DMFDCA。该催化剂性能稳定,可适用于各种取代芳醇。该催化体系具有用于生产聚合物单体羧基酯的应用潜力。     

CoMn@NC催化5-羟甲基糠醛常压氧化为2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯

Dimethyl furan-2, 5-dicarboxylate (DMFDCA) is a valuable biomass-derived chemical that is an ideal alternative to fossil-derived terephthalic acid as a monomer for polymers. The one-step oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to DMFDCA is of practical significance. It not only shortens the reaction pathway but also avoids the separation process of intermediates; thus, reducing cost. In this work, non-noble bimetallic catalysts supported on N-doped porous carbon (CoMn@NC) were synthesized via a one-step co-pyrolysis procedure using different pyrolysis temperatures and proportions of metal precursors and additives. We employed the prepared CoMn@NC catalysts in the aerobic oxidation of HMF under mild reaction conditions to obtain DMFDCA. High-yield DMFDCA was obtained by screening the prepared catalysts and optimizing the reaction conditions, including the strength and amount of the base, as well as the reaction temperature. The optimized yield of DMFDCA was 85% over the Co₃Mn₂@NC-800 catalyst after 12 h at 50 ℃ using ambient-pressure oxygen. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined using a variety of characterization techniques, the factors affecting the performance of each catalyst were investigated, and the relationship between the physicochemical properties and performance of the prepared catalysts was elucidated. A porous structure with a high surface area had a positive effect on mass transfer efficiency. Cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and atomically dispersed Mn were coordinated to N-doped carbon to form M―N_x (where M = Co or Mn). Based on the Mott-Schottky effect, there was significant electron transfer between each metal and the N-doped carbon, additionally, the metal NPs supplied electrons to the carbon atoms. The electron-deficient metal site in the pyridinic N-rich carbon was beneficial for the activation of HMF and oxygen. The activation of oxygen produced reactive oxygen species (such as superoxide radical anions) to ensure high selectivity to DMFDCA through dehydrogenative oxidation of the hemiacetal intermediate and hydroxymethyl group of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-furoate. The existence of disordered and defective carbons increased the number of active sites. Subsequently, we performed a series of control experiments. Based on our current experimental results and previous studies, we propose a simple mechanism for the aerobic oxidation of HMF to DMFDCA. The catalyst was stable, its performance decreased slightly after two cycles, and it was tolerant to SCN⁻ ions and resistant against N or S poisoning. Furthermore, the use of this catalytic system can be expanded to various substituted aromatic alcohols, such as benzyl alcohols with different substituents, furfuryl alcohol, and heterocyclic alcohols. Simultaneously, the product type was further extended from methyl esters to ethyl esters with a high yield when the substrate reacted with ethanol. In conclusion, this catalytic system can be applied in the production of carboxylic esters for polymers.     

羟基聚醚官能化杂多酸聚离子液体催化的连续酯化氧化合成环氧油酸甲酯

以乙二醇、环氧氯丙烷、三甲胺、三乙胺、三乙醇胺、H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀、H₃PW₁₂O₄₀为起始原料,经开环聚合、季铵化、分子自组装,构建了系列羟基官能化聚醚杂多酸聚离子液体HPIL-1～HPIL-6。聚离子液体兼具两亲活性、酸催化活性和氧化催化活性,以其为非均相催化剂,实现了油酸连续酯化、环氧化合成环氧油酸甲酯。当原料比n(甲醇)∶n(H₂O₂)∶n(油酸)∶n(聚离子液体)=500∶120∶40∶1,室温下酯化反应2.5h, 65℃下环氧化反应4h,环氧油酸甲酯产率92%。聚离子液体经离心分离、溶剂洗涤、真空干燥即可再生循环使用,循环使用5次,催化活性基本保持不变。     

Nanocrystalline aerogel VOx/MgO as a catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

Nanocrystalline aerogel VO_x/MgO catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with high surface area and uniform vanadium distribution were synthesized by co-gelation followed by supercritical drying. The catalysts were shown to have superior performance compared to nanocrystalline VO_x/MgO catalysts prepared by impregnation.     

Transition metal free oxidative esterification of alcohols with toluene

Using Bu₄NI as the catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant, direct esterification of alcohols with toluene derivatives was achieved. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the alcohols are sequentially oxidized to aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and then to benzyl esters. Bu₄N⁺ functions as a phasetransfer reagent and iodide catalyzes the reaction.     

Copper-catalyzed oxidative esterification of alcohols with aldehydes activated by Lewis acids

An efficient oxidative esterification of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with simple alcohols was accomplished using catalytic amounts of Cu(ClO₄)₂·6H₂O and InBr₃ with tert-hydroperoxide as an oxidant.     

Cobalt-catalyzed oxidative esterification of allylic/benzylic C(sp3)–H bonds

A protocol for the cobalt-catalyzed oxidative esterification of allylic/benzylic C(sp³)–H bonds with carboxylic acids was developed in this work. Mechanistic studies revealed that C(sp³)–H bond activation in the hydrocarbon was the turnover-limiting step and the in-situ formed [Co(III)]Ot-Bu did not engage in hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) of a C–H bond. This protocol was successfully incorporated into a synthetic pathway to β-damascenone that avoided the use of NBS.     

高活性Pd/MgO催化剂的制备及其CO氧化偶联制草酸二甲酯催化反应

利用溶液法结合高温煅烧处理合成MgO载体,通过浸渍法制备Pd/MgO催化剂并对其进行CO氧化偶联制草酸二甲酯催化性能研究。通过X射线粉末衍射、CO2程序升温脱附、比表面仪、热重分析、扫描电镜、透射电镜和微型催化评价装置对合成的样品进行结构和性能表征。结果表明,合成的MgO载体是一种Lewis碱性很强的纳米片结构,Pd纳米颗粒高度分散在MgO载体上,粒径小且分布均一。此MgO纳米片作为载体制备的Pd/MgO催化剂在较低的Pd负载量(0.5%)下表现出优异的CO氧化偶联催化性能,在反应温度130℃时CO单程转化率高达65%,草酸二甲酯选择性96%,稳定性超过100 h,明显越于工业催化剂(Pd/α-Al2O3),具有潜在的工业应用前景。     

Calcium and magnesium chlorides-catalyzed oxidative esterification of aromatic aldehydes

An interesting procedure for the oxidative esterification of aromatic aldehydes has been developed. By using catalytic amount of CaCl₂ or MgCl₂, various methyl benzoates were isolated in good yields with hydrogen peroxide as the terminal oxidant.     

[IrCl(cod)]2-catalyzed direct oxidative esterification of aldehydes with alcohols

[IrCl(cod)]₂ catalyzed the oxidative esterification of a variety of aldehydes with methanol as a solvent in combination with K₂CO₃ under mild conditions (rt, 12 h). The oxidative esterification reaction of aliphatic aldehydes also took place with olefinic alcohols as reagents in toluene under similar conditions.     

The synergistic catalysis on Co nanoparticles and CoN_x sites of aniline-modified ZIF derived Co@NCs for oxidative esterification of HMF

An efficient sustainable and scalable strategy for the synthesis of porous cobalt/nitrogen co-doped carbons(Co@NCs) via pyrolysis of aniline-modified ZIFs,has been demonstrated.Aniline can coordinate and absorb on the surface of ZIF(ZIF-CoZn3-PhA),accelerate the precipitation of ZIFs,thus resulting in smaller ZIF particle size.Meanwhile,the aniline on the surface of ZIF-CoZn3-PhA promotes the formation of the protective carbon shell and smaller Co nanoparticles,and increases nitrogen content of the catalyst.Because of these prope rties of Co@NC-PhA-3,the oxidative esterification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural can be carried out under ambient conditions.According to our experimental and computational results,a synergistic catalytic effect between CoN_x sites and Co nanoparticles has been established,in which both Co nanoparticles and CoN_x can activate O_2 while Co nanoparticles bind and oxidize HMF.Moreover,the formation and release of active oxygen species in CoN_x sites are reinfo rced by the electronic interaction between Co nanoparticles and CoN_x.     

Selective fast pyrolysis of biomass impregnated with ZnCl2 to produce furfural: Analytical Py-GC/MS study

For 20 years ending in the 1990s the city of Barcelona discharged the products from a large primary sewage treatment plant directly into the Mediterranean Sea via underwater conduits. About ca. 3 million m³ of relict sewage sludge, rich in organic matter and heavy metals, has spread over an elongated area offshore, due to successive ruptures of the conduits. The use of the discharge pipes ceased, but the sludge deposit remains in place for the time being.To understand the history and present state of the sludge deposit in advance of future remediation, a program of geophysical mapping, sampling, and analytical work was undertaken. Rock Eval pyrolysis, although created for use in petroleum prospecting, can also be applied to environmental contamination studies. It offers a simple means to effectively delineate the sludge deposit, with the S₂ parameter and the hydrogen and oxygen indices particularly useful. On the molecular level, the sludge flash pyrolysis products notably include relatively abundant C₂₇ and C₂₉ sterenes and steranes, likely produced from the pyrolysis of fecal and other steroids, including coprostanol, in the sewage sludge. Linear alkylbenzenes and trialkylamines, derived from surfactant residues in the sludge, are also detected. The indoles detected are likely the pyrolysis products of proteins, while the alkylnitriles and alkylamides in the pyrolyzate likely derive from bacterial biomass. Principal components analysis aided the interpretation of the large geochemical dataset and a geographic information system enabled the three-dimensional visualization of the results in their geospatial context. The distinctive pyrolysis products and the trace elements would be geochemical markers useful in planning and assessing a future remediation program. The recognition of a distinctive sewage pyrolysis–GC/MS signature in this deposit would facilitate the use of this method in the detection of sewage-contaminated sediments in urban waterways worldwide.     

用Lewis酸或Brnsted酸催化剂和N2汽提法使木糖脱水为糠醛（英文）

The activity of Lewis (Nb2O5) and Br nsted (Amberlyst 70) acid catalysts for the cyclodehydration of xylose to furfural was studied. The nature of the acidity resulted in significant changes in the reaction mechanism. Lewis acid sites promote the formation of xylulose, while Br nsted acid sites are required to further dehydrate the sugar to furfural. Amberlyst 70 in water/toluene at 175 ℃ showed lower activity but gave a higher furfural yield. Using N2 as the stripping agent considerably improved the furfural yield and product purity in the stripped stream. Catalyst stability was also studied.