先进蛋黄-蛋壳结构能源转化纳米反应器（英文）

蛋黄-蛋壳结构独特的纳米结构及特性,使其在很多领域中具有潜在的应用价值,因此近年来受到了广泛关注.本综述总结了使用蛋黄-蛋壳纳米结构作为纳米反应器的研究进展.从合成策略出发,主要强调最近五年合成蛋黄-蛋壳纳米结构的最新研究进展.通过光催化,甲烷重整和电催化等反应作为典型的反应过程,重点讨论蛋黄-蛋壳结构纳米反应器在催化领域的应用,并对该领域未来的发展进行了展望.     

“蛋黄-蛋壳”结构纳米反应器的设计、调控及在锂硫电池正极中的应用研究

锂硫电池具有理论能量密度高等优势,被认为是最有前景的一类新型二次电池.硫正极存在硫和硫化锂的导电性差、可溶性多硫化物的扩散/穿梭、循环过程中硫的体积膨胀以及氧化还原过程慢等问题,严重制约着电池的活性和循环稳定性.设计“蛋黄-蛋壳”结构纳米反应器应用于锂硫电池正极,可通过调控其“蛋黄”、“蛋壳”和“空腔”结构缓解充放电过程中电极的体积变化,为离子/电子输运提供快速通道,强化对多硫化物的吸附和催化转换作用等,进而提高电极的活性和循环性能,有利于推进锂硫电池的商业化进程.本文总结了“蛋黄-蛋壳”结构纳米反应器的设计和调控策略,包括单核-单壳、单核-多壳、多核-单壳以及多核-多壳等,并结合锂硫电池的工作特点和目前应用存在的问题,对未来发展前景进行了展望.     

“蛋黄蛋壳”结构纳米电极材料设计及在锂/钠离子/锂硫电池中的应用

“蛋黄蛋壳”结构纳米材料,具有易于调控的“蛋黄”、“蛋壳”和“空腔”结构,可视作“纳米反应器”,在催化、储能等领域表现出显著的应用潜力。尤其在电化学能源存储和转换方面,该结构纳米电极具有大的比表面积和独特的核壳结构,在充放电过程中可缓解电极的体积变化,提供快速的离子/电子输运通道,强化中间产物的吸附和提升转换反应效率等,能显著提高电极稳定性、倍率性能和循环性能,是一类较为理想的电极材料。本文针对“蛋黄蛋壳”结构纳米电极在锂/钠离子电池、锂硫电池等新兴二次电池领域的实际应用,总结了具有该结构纳米电极的设计与合成策略,包括:模板法、奥斯特瓦尔德熟化、电化学置换、克肯达尔效应等,评述了各种策略的优缺点以及电极材料的应用进展,最后对该类材料在锂/钠体系及锂硫电池二次电池方面的研究与应用前景进行了展望。     

核壳/蛋黄蛋壳结构催化剂的设计策略及制备方法

由于尺寸效应，纳米催化剂具有高的催化活性。然而，在制备过程和反应过程等高温条件下，纳米催化剂的活性组分易烧结，造成催化稳定性逐渐下降等一系列问题。核壳/蛋黄蛋壳结构催化剂是提高纳米催化剂抗烧结性能最有效的措施之一。首先介绍纳米催化剂的烧结机理，然后讨论核壳/蛋黄蛋壳结构催化剂的设计策略，最后概括了核壳/蛋黄蛋壳结构催化剂的制备方法，为他们在高温反应中的应用提供参考。     

胶束作为纳米反应器的研究进展

纳米反应器作为一种新型的制备纳米粒子及重要功能分子的手段,其技术在许多领域受到广泛重视.与常规意义上的化学反应器有所不同,纳米反应器是指反应所处的受纳米尺度调制的介观环境,如反应的介质、载体、界面等等.纳米反应器一般分成两类,一种是在分散相中能自组装的分子,形成有序聚集体,如胶束、囊泡,在聚集体的内部制备纳米粒子或材料;另一种是天然存在或合成的分子,如纳米管、树枝聚合物,利用分子特有的结构或孔隙作为纳米反应器.本文主要介绍了胶束、胶束作为纳米反应器的分类;重点讨论了分子及聚合物胶束作为纳米反应器的特点,并对其研究进展及前景进行总结和展望.     

b-轴取向MFI型分子筛膜制备工艺

6-轴取向MFI型分子筛膜是一种具有特殊纳米孔道结构的硅铝分子筛膜,在膜分离、膜反应器、化学传感器等领域有着广泛的应用前景,受到国内外学者的普遍关注.本文综述了b-轴取向MFI型分子筛膜制备工艺方面的研究进展,详细介绍了原位水热合成法和二次生长法制备工艺;重点总结和评价了近年来在载体表面修饰、b-轴取向分子筛晶种层制各...     

多功能核壳结构纳米反应器的构筑及其催化性能

随着纳米科学技术的不断发展,通过调节纳米材料的组成、结构、形貌以及尺寸等,已经能够实现对纳米材料性能调控的目的。为了进一步赋予纳米材料以新的功能,拓展其在材料、化学、生物和医学等领域的应用,开发能够同时实现多种功能的新型纳米材料是非常有意义的。多功能纳米材料的获得方法之一是通过对简单纳米粒子表面包覆具有功能性的材料来实现,形成的复合结构称为核壳结构。核壳结构的核和壳可以由相同或不同的材料组成。通过改变内核和外壳材料的组成、结构以及表面性质等,从而可以赋予核壳结构纳米材料以特殊的光、电、磁、催化、吸附以及生物活性等。在核壳结构的基础上对核与壳进行可控化与功能化的改造,可形成空心结构以及蛋黄壳结构(或称拨浪鼓结构),其中的空腔可作为高效纳米反应器应用于催化的各个分支领域。本综述首先讨论了不同核壳结构纳米反应器的设计,然后重点介绍了这些纳米反应器在催化降解染料污染物、催化加氢反应、催化氧化反应以及催化级联反应这几类反应中的应用。最后,对多功能核壳纳米反应器未来的研究和发展提出了一些展望。     

用于纳米粒子合成的微乳液

微乳液作为纳米反应器的最大优点是可以实现纳米粒子尺寸控制。体系中水的含量、表面活性剂、助表面活性剂等都是控制粒子尺寸的可调因素,研究这些因素对所合成的纳米粒子尺寸以及产量的影响对于实际应用有重要的意义。本文评述了近年来相关的研究进展,对微乳液法在合成纳米粒子中的应用前景作了展望。     

金属纳米材料中的晶格应变及其在催化中的应用

纳米结构中的晶格应变作为基础研究课题的势头日益增强。可以设计纳米颗粒的表面晶格以产生应变或者其他结构变化,使其原子位置偏离正常的晶格点,进而影响纳米颗粒的电子结构和催化性能。本文首先介绍了金属纳米粒子的不同应变源,重点介绍了不同应变基本结构的合成。讨论了晶格应变的表征手段及其在催化领域应用的研究进展。最后介绍了应变金属纳米颗粒合成和催化应用所面临的挑战,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

纳米通道内酶组装及其催化反应研究进展

研究酶的组装和催化反应不仅有利于探索生命活动的本质,同时对开发酶在工业合成、分析检测、疾病治疗等领域的实际应用价值具有重要的指导意义. 研究发现,酶的有效固定和有序组装是保持酶活性、酶促反应的稳定性和对酶催化过程进行控制的重要途径,而在纳米通道内进行单酶或多酶的有序组装,利用纳米通道的限域效应可有效保持酶的构型进而提高酶催化反应的选择性和催化效率,增强酶级联反应的动力学进程. 本文概述了近年来基于纳米通道的酶反应器在生物传感领域的研究进展,着重描述纳米通道限域空腔内酶的组装方法、酶催化反应及其动力学机制,并展望了基于纳米通道的酶反应器的应用前景.     

A yolk-shell nanoreactor with a basic core and an acidic shell for cascade reactions

Smart yolk-shell nanoparticles (hollow nanoparticles with a movable core) with an acidic shell and a basic core were fabricated through an organosilane-assisted selective etching method and acted as efficient nanoreactors for catalyzing a deacetalization-Henry cascade reaction with high activity and high selectivity. This strategy is very promising for the design of multifunctional nanoreactors for cascade reactions.     

Multifunctional yolk-shell nanoparticles: a potential MRI contrast and anticancer agent

We report a new type of multifunctional nanomaterials, FePt@Fe2O3 yolk-shell nanoparticles, that exhibit high cytotoxicity originated from the FePt yolks and strong MR contrast enhancement resulting from the Fe2O3 shells. Encouraged by the recently observed high cytotoxicity of FePt@CoS2 yolk-shell nanoparticles, we used Fe2O3 to replace CoS2 as the shells to further explore the applications of the yolk-shell nanostructures. The ultralow IC50 value (238 +/- 9 ng of Pt/mL) of FePt@Fe2O3 yolk-shell nanoparticles likely originates from the fact that the slow oxidation and release of FePt yolks increases the cytotoxicity. Moreover, compared with two commercial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, MION and Sinerem, the FePt@Fe2O3 yolk-shell nanoparticle showed stronger contrast enhancement according to their apparent transverse relaxivity values (r2* = 3.462 (microg/mL)(-1) s(-1)). The bifunctional FePt@Fe2O3 yolk-shell nanoparticles may serve both as an MRI contrast agent and as a potent anticancer drug. This work indicates that these unique yolk-shell nanoparticles may ultimately lead to new designs of multifunctional nanostructures for nanomedicine.     

Nanoreactors for Chemical Synthesis and Biomedical Applications

With the rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, various types of functional nanoreactors have been designed for diverse applications. Here, the recent evolution of the rational design of nanoreactors for chemical synthesis and biomedical applications are briefly summarized and discussed. The presence of nanoreactors provides constrained space isolated from the surrounding environment. Scientists are committed to studying changes in chemical reactions when the reaction system is confined to the nanosized space. Nanoreactors accelerate the reaction rate and even change mechanism of some chemical reactions. Cells and organelles as natural nanoreactors are also discussed. The development of intracellular synthesis makes it possible to realize various applications in biomedicine. The challenges on the rational design of nanoreactors and perspectives are also discussed.     

Yolk-shell Si/C composites with multiple Si nanoparticles encapsulated into double carbon shells as lithium-ion battery anodes

The conceptual design of yolk-shell structured Si/C composites is considered to be an effective way to improve the recyclability and conductivity of Si-based anode materials. Herein, a new type of yolk-shell structured Si/C composite(denoted as TSC-PDA-B) has been intelligently designed by rational engineering and precise control. In the novel structure, the multiple Si nanoparticles with small size are successfully encapsulated into the porous carbon shells with double layers benefiting from the strong etching effect of HF. The TSC-PDA-B product prepared is evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).The TSC-PDA-B product exhibits an excellent lithium storage performance with a high initial capacity of 2108 mAh g~(-1) at a current density of 100 mA g~(-1) and superior cycling performance of 1113 mAh g~(-1) over 200 cycles. The enhancement of lithium storage performance may be attributed to the construction of hybrid structure including small Si nanoparticles, high surface area, and double carbon shells, which can not only increase electrical conductivity and intimate electrical contact with Si nanoparticles, but also provide built-in buffer voids for Si nanoparticles to expand freely without damaging the carbon layer.The present findings can provide some scientific insights into the design and the application of advanced Si-based anode materials in energy storage fields.     

Polydopamine-based nanoreactors: synthesis and applications in bioscience and energy materials

Polydopamine (PDA)-based nanoreactors have shown exceptional promise as multifunctional materials due to their nanoscale dimensions and sub-microliter volumes for reactions of different systems. Biocompatibility, abundance of active sites, and excellent photothermal conversion have facilitated their extensive use in bioscience and energy storage/conversion. This minireview summarizes recent advances in PDA-based nanoreactors, as applied to the abovementioned fields. We first highlight the design and synthesis of functional PDA-based nanoreactors with structural and compositional diversity. Special emphasis in bioscience has been given to drug/protein delivery, photothermal therapy, and antibacterial properties, while for energy-related applications, the focus is on electrochemical energy storage, catalysis, and solar energy harvesting. In addition, perspectives on pressing challenges and future research opportunities regarding PDA-based nanoreactors are discussed.

The structural and compositional diversity of PDA-based nanoreactors has triggered fast development of their applications in bioscience and energy fields.     

Yolk/shell nanoparticles: new platforms for nanoreactors, drug delivery and lithium-ion batteries

Yolk/shell or 'rattle-typed' nanomaterials with nanoparticle cores inside hollow shells are interesting among the complex hollow nanostructures. Yolk/shell nanoparticles (YSNs) are promising functional nanomaterials for a variety of applications such as catalysis, delivery, lithium-ion batteries and biosensors due to their tailorability and functionality in both the cores and hollow shells. This feature article provides an overview of advances in this exciting area of YSNs, covering systematic synthesis approaches and key promising applications based on the literature and our own recent work. We present some strategies for the synthesis of YSNs with controllable sizes, compositions, geometries, structures and functionalities. Applications of these new materials in a wide range of potential areas are discussed including nanoreactors, biomedicine and lithium-ion batteries. Promising future directions of this active research field are also highlighted.     

Reactive and Highly Submicron Magnetic Latexes for Bionanotechnology Applications

Summary: Colloidal particles are largely used in biomedical applications as a solid support, as a carrier, as nanoreactors and as labels for target molecule detection. With the recent development of bionanotechnology, more appropriate colloidal particles should be elaborated. In this direction, new specification are listed in order to develop reactive nanoparticles to be use in microsystems, microfluids and all combined systems in which we can conduct sample preparation, specific capture, purification, concentration and detection in small volume (generally less than 100 µl). Then the aim of this short review is to give to the readers some recent orientations of reactive magnetic latex particles for in vitro bionanotechnology applications.     

Porous metal-organic frameworks as platforms for functional applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), also known as coordination polymers, have emerged as a new class of crystalline porous materials, which are constructed from metal ions or metal ion clusters and bridging organic linkers. MOFs have tunable pores and functionalities, and usually exhibit very high surface areas. The potential applications of porous MOFs cover a broad range of fields and most of their applications are related to pore sizes, shapes and structures/environments. In this feature article, we provide an overview of the recent developments of porous MOFs as platforms in the functional applications of sorption and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, as supports/host matrices for metal nanoparticles, and as templates/nanoreactors for new material preparation.     

Size‐Controlled Synthesis of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles in Confined Nanoreactors

Soluble conjugated polymeric nanoparticles are synthesized by Suzuki‐type polycondensation of two monomers (A_x + B_y, x>2, y≥2) in the channel of ordered mesoporous silica‐supported carbon nanomembranes (nanoreactors). These synthesized soluble conjugated microporous polymers (SCMPs) exhibit uniform particle‐size distributions and well‐controlled particle sizes. The control of particle size stems from the fact that the polycondensations exclusively take place inside the mesochannels of the nanoreactors. Photoluminescence studies show that polymeric nanoparticles with tetraphenylethene and pyrene substructures are highly fluorescent. The combination of both physical stability and processability offered by the soluble polymeric nanoparticles makes them particularly attractive in light emitting and other optoelectronic applications.     

Thermosensitive Au-PNIPA yolk-shell particles as “nanoreactors” with tunable optical properties

We demonstrate that Au-silica-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) trilayer composite particles with controllable thickness of PNIPA out-layer can be developed via free radical polymerization using Au-silica core-shell particles as seed. The presence of Au-silica particles does not influence of thermosensitivity of PNIPA shell, which exhibits a similar swelling behavior as pure PNIPA microgels. The etching of silica midlayer by NaOH treatment leads to Au-PNIPA particles with yolk-shell structure. The obtained yolk-shell particles can work as “nanoreactors” for the further growth of Au core within the PNIPA shell via seeded growth approach, which is followed with interesting optical properties. In addition, the optical properties of the Au cores can be modulated by the volume transition of the PNIPA shell.