阳极TiO_2/g-C_3N_4与阴极WO_3/W纳米催化剂之间扩大的异质结自偏压系统去除污染物（英文）

电化学或光电化学半导体催化剂广泛应用于降解污水中的有机与无机污染物,有望实现低能耗且高效的污染物降解.目前,已有多种异质结半导体光催化剂的研究报道,并且大多数的研究结果显示催化剂活性有明显提高,但仍存在着光激发后电子与空穴的复合问题.光电化学系统的构建可减少电子与空穴的复合,因光催化阳极与光催化阴极之间费米能级的不同,在两极之间形成异质结,产生内电场,自生偏压驱动电子流动.已有诸多研究报道将TiO_2催化剂与g-C_3N_4复合形成异质结,提高光催化活性.由于g-C_3N_4(~-1.12 eV vs.NHE)导带位置相比于TiO_2(~-0.2 eV vs.NHE)更负,因此在两者之间可形成内部偏压,驱动电子由g-C_3N_4转移至TiO_2.WO_3/W导带位置(~+0.2eV vs.NHE)比TiO_2与g-C_3N_4更正,因此自生内偏压促进电子由阳极流动至阴极.我们研究组发展了一种在无光条件下的自偏压电化学燃料电池系统,异质结间的电子流动可活化氧气产生自由基,自由基可用于阳极污染物的降解,但阴极未降解污染物.本文在上述研究基础上,应用TiO_2/g-C_3N_4异质结与WO_3/W分别作为阳极与阴极催化剂,构建自偏压催化燃料电池系统,在无光条件下催化阳极与阴极之间自发电子转移,活化氧气产生自由基,同时实现低能耗阳极室内污染物如罗丹明B和三氯生的氧化,且电子用于阴极室内硝态氮的还原.通过在空气中原位加热与氧化钨丝制得WO_3/W阴极,由扫描电镜图可知在钨丝表面形成三氧化钨纳米粒子,此结构增大了催化剂的表面积以及催化剂与电解液的接触面积,有利于电荷转移.用循环伏安曲线(CV)与电流时间曲线(I-t)表征了电极的电化学性质.CV测试结果表明,相比于硫酸钠电解液,WO_3/W阴极在含有硝态氮的电解液中存在还原峰,且紫外照射比无光条件下的电流略大,说明此电极在无光条件下可用于还原硝态氮,有光更利于激发催化剂产生电子与空穴降解和去除污染物.在硫酸钠电解液中,无光照条件下(同室),I-t曲线表明TiO_2/g-C_3N_4相比于WO_3/W电极可产生更大电流,因此选择TiO_2/g-C_3N_4作为阳极,WO_3/W作为阴极.在含污染物电解液中,无光照条件下,Pt片作为对电极时(同室),I-t曲线中的电流在曝气时比未曝气时小,说明电极上产生的部分电子用于活化氧气产生自由基,因此转移到外电路的电子减少,电流变小;相反,当TiO_2/g-C_3N_4阳极置于阳极室,WO_3/W阴极置于阴极室时(两室),阳极鼓入空气,阴极曝氮气时,电流比两室均未曝气时大,说明此系统有利于电子产生与转移,用于氧化还原去除污染物.相比于传统方法,此系统通过阳极室内曝空气与活化分子氧形成自由基,无需外加偏压,在有光与无光条件下,均可实现对阳极室与阴极室内不同污染物的同时去除或降解,同时提出了此系统中的降解机理.     

2D/2D BiOBr/g-C3N4 S型异质结光催化性能

近年来,能源短缺和环境污染严重威胁人类的可持续发展.光催化技术具有绿色环保、成本低等优势,被认为是解决上述问题的最佳途径之一,其实用化的核心是开发高效可见光催化材料.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)因其物理化学性质稳定、无毒、廉价及能带适宜等特点,广泛应用于光催化领域.然而,光生载流子易复合、比表面积小等问题不利于其实际应...     

光降解刚果红的S型硫掺杂g-C3N4/TiO2异质结光催化剂

含有机物工业废水的处理仍然是人类实现可持续发展的重大挑战.而光催化作为一种先进的氧化环保技术,以其反应条件温和、能耗相对较低的优点在有机废水处理中受到越来越多的关注.近年来,人们设计和合成了许多不同结构和形状的光催化剂.特别是金属氧化物半导体以其适宜的能带结构、稳定的物化性质、无毒性等特点已成为光催化降解有机废水的研究热点.此外,一维纳米结构(1D)已被证实有利于光催化降解过程,其优势在于比表面积大,离子的迁移路径短,以及独特的一维电子转移轨道.尤其是TiO2纳米纤维由于其亲水性、特殊的形貌和合适的能带位置,在污染物水溶液的处理中表现出优异的光催化性能.然而,TiO2(～3.2 eV)的宽禁带、光生载流子的易复合等缺陷导致其光利用率较低,限制了其实际应用.因此,人们提出了许多提高光催化活性的策略,如掺杂金属或非金属元素、负载贵金属、构建异质结等.构建梯形(S型)异质结已被证实是提高复合材料光催化活性的一种有前途的策略.S型异质结不仅能有效地分离光生电子和空穴,而且还原能力低的半导体CB上的电子和氧化能力低的半导体VB上的空穴复合,而氧化还原能力较强的空穴和电子分别被保留.因此,这一电子转移过程赋予了复合物最大的氧化还原能力.同时,在g-C3N4中引入硫元素可以拓宽其光吸收范围,从而产生更多的光生载流子.此外,额外的表面杂质将有助于e?-h+对的分离,其光催化活性明显高于单纯的g-C3N4.综合一维纳米结构、硫掺杂和S型异质结的优势,本文采用静电纺丝和煅烧法制备了一系列硫掺杂的g-C3N4(SCN)/TiO2 S型光催化剂.制备的SCN/TiO2复合材料在光催化降解刚果红(CR)水溶液中表现出比纯TiO2和SCN更优越的光催化性能.光催化活性的显著增强是由于一维分布的纳米结构和S型异质结.此外,XPS分析和DFT计算表明,电子从SCN通过SCN/TiO2复合材料的界面转移到TiO2.在模拟太阳光照射下,界面内建电场、带边缘弯曲和库仑相互作用协同促进了复合物相对无用的电子和空穴的复合.因此,剩余的电子和空穴具有较高的还原性和氧化性,使复合材料具有最高的氧化还原能力.这些结果通过自由基捕获实验、ESR实验和XPS原位分析得到了充分的验证,说明光催化剂中的电子迁移遵循S型异质结机理.本文不仅可以丰富了新型S型异质结光催化剂的设计和制备方面的知识,并为未来解决环境污染问题提供一个有前景的策略.     

电纺法构筑高光催化活性的Z型TiO2/g-C3N4/RGO三元异质结

太阳能光催化技术广泛应用于处理环境污水中.Z型光催化剂体系具有较强的氧化还原能力,降低半导体的带隙,且使导带更负,价带更正,有效拓宽光生电子-空穴空间距离,抑制其复合,大大提高了光催化剂的催化性能,因此,构筑直接的Z型光催化体系已成为光催化领域的研究热点之一.TiO_2具有较好的光催化性能和良好的化学稳定性,但其禁带较宽,只能被太阳光中约占4%的紫外光激发,对太阳光中约占50%的可见光不响应,且光生电子-空穴易复合.g-C_3N_4是非金属光催化剂,具有较好的光催化活性,可见光吸收非常强,但比表面积较小,光生电子-空穴易复合.还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)具有大的比表面积和优异的传输载流子能力,可显著提高光催化剂的比表面积,同时降低电子空穴复合效率,从而在一定程度上改善光催化剂性能.大量研究证实, TiO_2/g-C_3N_4/RGO三元异质结的光催化性能明显优于单组份TiO_2, g-C_3N_4和二元TiO_2/g-C_3N_4光催化剂,但现有制备工艺复杂且耗时,因此,简易地构筑具有高光催化性能的Z型TiO_2/g-C_3N_4/RGO三元异质结仍具有挑战性.本文采用简易的直接电纺法构筑了高光催化活性的Z型TiO_2/g-C_3N_4/RGO三元异质结光催化剂,通过调节尿素的用量成功制备了一系列不同形貌的TiO_2/g-C_3N_4/RGO三元异质结.并采用X-射线衍射、红外光谱、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱、氮气吸附-脱附测试、光电化学测试和荧光光谱等技术对所制备样品的晶型、组成、形貌、光捕获能力、载流子分离能力、比表面积、光电流、阻抗、光降解性能以及羟基自由基的生成进行系统性测试.以罗丹明B为目标探针分子,考察了模拟太阳光下所制备的光催化剂的光催化活性,结果表明,尿素添加量为0.6g时,电纺构筑的TiO_2/g-C_3N_4/RGO三元异质结在60min具有99.1%的光催化降解效率,显著优于纯TiO_2, g-C_3N_4,二元TiO_2/g-C_3N_4以及制备的其它TiO_2/g-C_3N_4/RGO三元异质结光催化剂.基于光电化学测试、活性物种淬灭实验和荧光光谱分析测试羟基自由基等分析结果,提出了一个合理的Z型增强光催化活性机理.     

YFeO3/TiO2异质结材料的制备及其光催化性能研究

通过研磨-焙烧法制备了YFeO3/TiO2异质结材料,考察了焙烧温度和组分质量含量变化对合成异质结材料的影响;进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外(FRIR)、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-vis/DRS)、光电子能谱(XPS)等表征并测试了不同样品光催化降解橙黄Ⅱ的活性.结果表明,YFeO3/TiO2复合氧化物不仅具有明显的可见光光响应,而且表现出比单组分相对较高的光催化降解活性.最佳的复合样品为600℃焙烧下,w(TiO2)=0.9的复合样品.复合材料光催化活性的提高可归因于p-YFeO3与n-TiO2间存在的p-n结.     

氮掺杂石墨烯与g-C3N4二维异质体对纳米Fe2O3光催化剂的复合改性

使用相分离的水解-溶剂热法制备了α-Fe₂O₃纳米粒子, 通过简单的湿化学法实现了质量分数为3%的石墨烯、 氮掺杂石墨烯和g-C₃N₄ 3种二维异质体对纳米α-Fe₂O₃的复合改性, 并比较了3种二维异质体对α-Fe₂O₃光催化活性的影响. 结果表明, 在光催化还原二氧化碳和降解液相苯酚过程中, 二维异质体的复合均提高了纳米α-Fe₂O₃的光催化活性, 氮掺杂石墨烯对α-Fe₂O₃的改性效果优于石墨烯, 其中g-C₃N₄对α-Fe₂O₃的改性效果最优. 通过表面光电压谱、 光电化学及羟基自由基等测试, 确认二维异质体的复合改性主要通过促进纳米α-Fe₂O₃的光生电荷分离和提高活性中间组分(羟基自由基)的含量提高纳米α-Fe₂O₃的光催化活性.     

原位制备SrSb2O6/g-C3N4新型二维异质结用于可见光催化降解四环素的研究

本文采用高温固相原位制备新型二维SrSb2O6/g-C3N4异质结光催化复合材料,并将其用于可见光催化降解四环素.通过XRD和FT-IR谱对其结构进行表征.光催化降解实验表明,异质结复合材料较母体g-C3N4和SrSb2O6而言,光催化效率均得到了提升.其中,异质结样品SSO-CN-2对四环素溶液具有最优的光催化降解效...     

缺陷辅助表面修饰提高g-C3N4@C-TiO2直接Z型异质结的可见光光催化性能

光催化技术被认为是解决能源和环境问题的最有前途方法之一.较高光催化活性的石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)及碳掺杂TiO_2(C-TiO_2)的制备及性能一直是环境光催化研究的热点,然而,单一光催化剂存在光生电子空穴易复合及量子效率低等问题.本课题组曾通过简单的水辅助煅烧法成功制备了纳米多孔g-C_3N_4,结果发现,多孔g-C_3N_4光催化活性较体相的明显提高,但光催化效率仍不够理想,原因是光生电子空穴复合较严重.传统的制备C-TiO_2的方法亦存在一些不足,如需要添加碳源或碳组分聚集体.我们采用原位掺杂的方法合成了含有一定氧空位和活性位的纳米碳改性的C-TiO_2,后辅以简单的化学气相沉积法构建了g-C_3N_4表面修饰的g-C_3N_4@C-TiO_2.结果表明,相比纯g-C_3N_4, TiO_2及C-TiO_2,g-C_3N_4@C-TiO_2具有更高的光催化活性;但其原因及碳掺杂态的影响尚不清楚.基于此,本文采用X射线光电子能谱技术(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、光致发光谱(PL)、电子顺磁共振技术(EPR)及理论计算等手段研究了g-C_3N_4@C-TiO_2光催化活性提高的原因和机理.XPS结果表明,随着碳含量的增加,间隙掺杂产生的O-C键的峰值强度先增大后趋于稳定,而晶格取代掺杂产生的Ti-C键的峰值强度逐渐增大.Ti-O峰的减少进一步证明了更多的碳取代了氧晶格的位置.随着碳掺杂量的增加,C-TiO_2的带隙逐渐减小,因而吸收边红移;同时, g-C_3N_4@C-TiO_2的光催化降解效率先升高后降低. g-C_3N_4@C-TiO_2对RhB(苯酚)光降解的最大表观速率常数为0.036(0.039)min-1,分别是纯TiO_2, 10C-TiO_2, g-C_3N_4和g-C_3N_4@TiO_2的150(139), 6.4(6.8), 2.3(3)和1.7(2.1)倍.g-C_3N_4通过π-共轭和氢键与C-TiO_2表面紧密结合,在催化剂中引入了新的非局域杂质能级和表面态,可以更有效地分离和转移光生电子,因而光催化活性增加.由此可见,碳掺杂状态和g-C_3N_4原位沉积表面改性对g-C_3N_4@C-TiO_2复合光催化剂性能的影响很大.     

g-C_3N_4/BiOBr异质结光催化剂的制备与可见光催化活性

以三聚氰胺作为合成g-C_3N_4纳米片的前躯体,以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和KBr作为合成BiOBr的原料,采用水热法构建g-C_3N_4/Bi OBr二维异质结可见光催化剂,有效的晶面复合和合适的能带组合有助于增强g-C_3N_4和BiOBr的可见光催化活性。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、光致发光光谱(PL)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UVvis DRS)等方法表征其结构、光学性质以及组成结构。在可见光(λ420 nm)下以光催化降解RhB来评价合成催化剂的光催化活性,结果表明,g-C_3N_4/BiOBr光催化降解罗丹明B(Rh B)的效率高于单体g-C_3N_4和BiOBr,并对g-C_3N_4/BiOBr增强可见光催化RhB机理进行解释。     

熔盐辅助微波法制备g-C3N4包覆MgO-Al2O3-Fe2O3异质结催化剂及其光催化制过氧化氢性能

H₂O₂ is industrially produced by the anthraquinone method, in which energy consumption is high because it involves multistep hydrogenation and oxidation reactions. Photocatalytic production of H₂O₂ has received increasing attention as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional anthraquinone-based and electrochemical production processes. Herein, we report a novel molten salt-assisted microwave process for the synthesis of a g-C₃N₄-coated MgO-Al₂O₃-Fe₂O₃ (MAFO) heterojunction photocatalyst with outstanding H₂O₂ production ability. The addition of a molten salt during synthesis changes the morphology of the as-prepared catalysts and influences the degree of polycondensation of melamine, leading to a change in the band gap energy. The cladding structure forms the maximum area of the heterojunction, leading to strong electronic coupling between the two components. This strong electronic coupling results in a more effective separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs and a faster interfacial charge transfer, leading to higher H₂O₂ formation rate. The equilibrium concentration and formation rate of H₂O₂ over the as-prepared heterojunction catalyst were 6.3 mmol·L^-1 and 1.42 mmol·L^-1·h^-1, which are much higher than that reported for g-C₃N₄ and MAFO individually. In addition, the H₂O₂ decomposition rate also decreases over the as-prepared heterojunction catalysts. A possible mechanism and the electron transfer routes have been proposed based on a free radical trapping experiment.     

Heterostructured Nitrogen and Sulfur co-Doped Black TiO2/g-C3N4 Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

Conventional titanium dioxide(TiO₂) photocatalyst could absorb only ultraviolet light due to its wide bandgap. In this paper, black TiO₂ with narrow bandgap was prepared by introducing oxygen vacancies. Meanwhile, nitrogen(N) and sulfur(S) elements were doped to further broaden the visible light response range of TiO₂(NS-BT), and then heterostructured N,S-doped black TiO₂/g-C₃N₄(CN/NS-BT) was successfully constructed by easily accessible route. The formation of CN/NS-BT heterojunction structure increased the generation and separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, as well as accelerated the transfer rate of the carriers. The as-prepared CN/NS-BT exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance towards the degradation of Rhodamine B(RhB) under visible light irradiation with satisfactory stability. The apparent reaction rate constant of CN/NS-BT(0.0079) was 15.8-fold higher than that of commercial P25(0.0005). The structure, morphology, chemical composition and optical properties of the as-prepared CN/NS-BT were characterized by various analytical methods, and possible photocatalytic enhancement mechanism was proposed. Overall, CN/NS-BT composites look promising as photocatalytic material for future environmental treatment.     

Photocatalytic removal of tetracycline by a Z-scheme heterojunction of bismuth oxyiodide/exfoliated g-C3N4: performance,mechanism, and degradation pathway

Antibiotics, once being released into the environment, become recalcitrant organic pollutants, which pose a potential risk to ecological balance and human health. In this study, a Z-scheme heterojunction of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI)/exfoliated g-C₃N₄ (BiOI/ECN hereafter) was synthesized by the combination of thermal exfoliation of g-C₃N₄ and chemical precipitation of BiOI for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in aqueous solutions under visible light irradiation. The optimized BiOI/ECN delivered an outstanding degradation rate at circa 0.0705 min^?1, which was 10 times higher than that of the bulk g-C₃N₄. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of tetracycline remained almost unchanged in a pH range of 3–11, and the BiOI/ECN displayed an excellent photostability upon recycled usage. The photocatalytic mechanism of tetracycline was ascribed to the main reactive oxidation species of photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals. In addition, the possible degradation pathways of tetracycline were investigated by HPLC-MS to identify intermediates. The toxicity of photocatalytic-generated intermediates of tetracycline was found significantly alleviated according to the calculation of quantitative structure–activity relationship prediction. This work not only provides an attractive photocatalyst for the removal of tetracycline but also opens a new avenue for rational design of Z-scheme heterojunction composites for tetracycline degradation.     

Fabrication of an efficient ternary TiO2/Bi2WO6 nanocomposite supported on g-C3N4 with enhanced visible-light- photocatalytic activity: Modeling and systematic optimization procedure

In this study, a ternary TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂WO₆ nanocomposite was prepared via a facial approach. The final structure was applied as a new photocatalyst for the removal of brilliant green (BG) dye, as a model of organic pollutants, from the aqueous solution. The results of FESEM, EDS with mapping, XRD, FTIR, UV–vis DRS, PL, and EIS analyses further demonstrate the successful establishment of heterojunction between TiO_2, g-C₃N₄, and Bi₂WO₆. Integration of g-C₃N₄ and Bi₂WO₆ with TiO2 was remarkably decreased the band gap energy of TiO₂ to 2.68 eV (from 3.15 eV). The effects of various experimental factors such as TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂WO₆ dosage, initial BG concentration, visible irradiation time, and pH on the photocatalyst behavior of TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂WO₆ were investigated by 2 ^k-1 factorial design. The results of the analysis of variance demonstrate these experimental factors are effective on the BG degradation efficiency. The response surface methodology was applied to achieve the optimization procedure of BG degradation. According to these results, the complete BG removal efficiency was obtained for the optimal conditions of 15.76 mg of TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂WO₆ nanocomposite, an initial BG concentration of 10 ppm, pH of 9, and time duration of 70 min. The improved photocatalytic performance of ternary TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂WO₆ nanocomposite was related to the formation of heterojunction between TiO_2, g-C₃N₄, and Bi₂WO₆, significant light adsorption ability, and low recombination of photogenerated carriers.     

Heterojunction architecture of Nb2O5/g-C3N4 for enhancing photocatalytic activity to degrade organic pollutants and deactivate bacteria in water

Water pollution has become a serious problem owing to the development of society. Photocatalysis is a promising approach to remove various pollutants in water, such as organic pollutants and antibiotic resistance bacteria. Meanwhile, the design of heterojunction between two semiconductors is an effective path to improve photocatalytic properties due to its potential in improving separation and transfer of photoinduced carriers. In this study, Nb₂O₅/g-C₃N₄ (NO/CN) composite materials were prepared through a one-step heating method. Characterizations confirmed successful preparation of NO/CN heterojunction structure and better optical properties than pure g-C₃N₄ and Nb₂O₅. NO/CN composite materials showed excellent photocatalytic efficiency for Escherichia coli (E. coli) inactivation (95%) compared with the pure Nb₂O₅ (10%) and g-C₃N₄ (77%). Meanwhile, NO/CN exhibited better organic pollutants removal (RhB for 94%, methyl orange (MO) for 15% and methylene blue (MB) for 87%) under visible light, which is likely owing to the heterojunction structure between g-C₃N₄ and Nb₂O₅ that leads to the good separation of photogenerated electron-hole pair. Free radical scavenging and electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments demonstrated that superoxide radicals (^?O₂^?) and holes (h⁺) were the dominant radicals. Therefore, the NO/CN was proposed to be a promising material for effective disinfection and removal of organic contaminants in water treatment.     

Construction of SiO2-TiO2/g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst for hydrogen production and pollutant degradation: Insight into the effect of SiO2

Using low-cost precipitated silica (SiO₂) as the carrier, a ternary SiO₂-TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst was prepared via the sol-gel method associated with a wet-grinding process. The as-prepared composite exhibits photocatalytic hydrogen production and pollutant degradation performance under solar-like irradiation. The effect of SiO₂ carrier on the properties of the heterostructure between TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄ (CN) was systematically studied. It is found that SiO₂ has important effects on promoting the interaction between TiO₂ and CN. The particle size of TiO₂ and CN was obviously reduced during the calcination process due to the effects of SiO₂. Especially, the TiO₂ particles exhibit monodispersed state with particle size below 10 nm (quantum dots), resulting in the improvement of the contact area and the interaction between TiO₂ and CN, and leading to the formation of efficient TiO₂/CN Z-scheme heterostructure in SiO₂-TiO₂/CN. Besides, the introduction of SiO₂ can increase the specific surface area and light absorption of SiO₂-TiO₂/CN, further promoting the photocatalytic reaction. As expected, the optimum SiO₂-TiO₂/CN composite exhibits 12.3, 3.1 and 2.9 times higher photocatalytic hydrogen production rate than that of SiO₂-TiO₂, CN and TiO₂/CN under solar-like irradiation, while the photocatalytic active component in SiO₂-TiO₂/CN is only about 60 wt%. Moreover, the rhodamine B degradation rate of SiO₂-TiO₂/CN is also higher than that of SiO₂-TiO₂, CN and TiO₂/CN.     

Honeycomb-like g-C3N4/CeO2-x nanosheets obtained via one step hydrothermal-roasting for efficient and stable Cr(VI) photo-reduction

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)-based materials are regarded as one of the most potential photocatalysts for utilizing solar energy. In this work, we reported a facile one step in-situ hydrothermal-roasting method for preparing honeycomb-like g-C₃N₄/CeO₂ nanosheets with abundant oxygen vacancies (g-C₃N₄/CeO_2-x). The hydrothermal-roasting and incomplete-sealed state can (i) generate an in-situ reducing atmosphere (CO, N₂, NH₃) to tune the concentration of oxygen vacancies in CeO₂; (ii) beneficial to prevent continuous growth of g-C₃N₄ and results in honeycomb-like g-C₃N₄/CeO_2-x hybrid nanosheets. What is more, the g-C₃N₄/CeO_2-x photocatalyst exhibited extended photoresponse range, increased specific surface area and obviously enhanced separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. As a proof-of-concept application, the optimized g-C₃N₄/CeO_2-x nanosheets could achieve 98% removal efficiency for Cr(VI) under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm) within 2.5 h, which is significantly better than those of pure g-C₃N₄ and CeO₂. This work provides a new idea for more rationally designing and constructing g-C₃N₄-based catalysts for efficient extended photochemical application.     

双功能复合材料g-C3N4/CdS/Ni催化光解水产氢和5-羟甲基糠醛氧化性能

采用高温煅烧法、 原位生长法和光还原法分三步制备出双功能复合光催化剂g-C₃N₄/CdS/Ni. 材料中CdS的引入可以增强光生电子和空穴的分离效率, Ni可以进一步提高光致产氢速率. 在以三乙醇胺(TEOA)为电子给体的水溶液中对所制备的材料进行了催化产氢性能测试, 并对材料中CdS的含量进行了优化. 结果表明, 25% (质量分数)CdS负载量的复合材料催化产氢性能最佳, 其催化产氢速率为4134.5 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 是 g-C₃N₄/Ni催化产氢速率的115倍. 且Ni是一种良好的质子催化剂. 在此基础上, 以5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)替代TEOA作为体系的电子给体, 其可以被选择性地催化氧化为增值化学品2, 5-二甲酰基呋喃(DFF). 当体系中HMF的转化率为82.3%, DFF的选择性为69.4%时, DFF的产率(57.2%)达到最高, 体系中H₂的产量为 51.8 μmol/g. g-C₃N₄/CdS/Ni复合材料可以在同一体系中进行催化光致产氢和HMF的选择性氧化.     

Enhanced Visible-light Photocatalytic Activity of g-C3N4/Nitrogen-doped Graphene Quantum Dots/TiO2 Ternary Heterojunctions for Ciprofloxacin Degradation with Narrow Band Gap and High Charge Carrier Mobility

Limited visible-light absorption and high recombination rate of photogenerated charges are two main drawbacks in g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts. To solve these problems, g-C₃N₄/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs)/TiO₂ ternary heterojunctions were facilely prepared via a one-step calcining method. The morphology, structure, optical and electrochemical properties of g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ were characterized and explored. The optimal g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ composite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance of ciprofloxacin (CIP) compared with the as-prepared g-C₃N₄, TiO₂(P25) and g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ heterojunction under visible light irradiation. The apparent rate constant of the composite is around 6.43, 4.03 and 2.30 times higher than those of g-C₃N₄, TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄/TiO₂, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency should be mainly attributed to the improvement of light absorption and charge separation and transfer efficiency, originating from the narrow band gap and high charge carrier mobility. The active species trapping experiments results showed that the h⁺ and ^·O₂^- were the main active species in the degradation process. A possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of the g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ composite for the enhanced degradation of CIP under visible light irradiation was also proposed.     

A green and efficient method for synthesis of benzimidazoles using nano‐Fe3O4 in PEG‐400/H2O aqueous system under ambient conditions at room temperature

In this paper, a green and facile protocol was described which was efficient for synthesis of benzimidazoles using nano‐Fe₃O₄ catalyst with continuous bubbling of air as the oxidant in PEG‐400/H₂O aqueous system at room temperature. This protocol afforded the target products in good to excellent yields and the catalytic system could be recycled and reused without significant loss of catalytic activity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Unexpected and Green Synthetic Protocol for Ethyl 1‐Aroyl/Aroylmethyl‐5‐methyl‐3‐methylthiopyrazole‐4‐carboxylates: High Regioselectivity in Alkylation and Acylation Reactions between N‐1 and N‐2 of a Pyrazole Ring

Two series, totaling twelve, of new compounds, ethyl 1‐aroyl/(aroylmethyl)‐5‐methyl‐3‐methylthiopyrazole‐4‐carboxylates ( 5 / 6 ), have been synthesized via highly regioselectively acylation and alkylation reactions of ethyl 3‐methyl‐5‐methylthio‐1 H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylate ( 2a ) with aroyl chloride ( 3 ) and eco‐friendly reagents alpha‐tosyloxysubstituted acetophenones ( 4 ), respectively, and a green protocol has been developed. The acylation reactions were carried out under ultrasound irradiation, and the alkylation reactions were under microwave irradiation and ultrasound irradiation, respectively. Conventional reaction conditions, as well as the use of alpha‐bromosubstituted acetophenone ( 4 ′) have also been applied in the synthesis of some randomly selected compounds in both series and have generated identical compounds correspondingly. Unexpected structures of compounds were unambiguously determined by X‐ray crystallographic analysis.