石墨烯基单原子催化剂的合成、表征及分析

单原子催化剂具有配位数低、配位环境特殊、原子利用率极高和催化位点高度均一等优点,是沟通均相和异相催化剂之间的桥梁,有助于更好地认识催化反应的本质。本文综述了近年来国内外石墨烯基单原子催化剂的多种合成方法,包括原子层沉积法、浸渍-煅烧法、缺陷捕获法、配位锚定法和其他新颖方法的制备过程、合成原理和表征。在此基础上,本文对石墨烯基金属单原子催化剂在催化方面的性能进行阐述和分析,以期为单原子催化剂制备提供指导和参考。     

基底表面构建单原子催化剂与催化性能研究进展

近年来,单原子催化剂因其较高的催化活性和选择性等优点而受到了人们的广泛关注.我们综述了以C,Si,Ti,Al为基底的单原子催化剂的制备方法,并对以不同材料基底制备单原子催化剂的制备方法、形成机理及优势特点进行了比较.通过对单原子制备、表征方法及催化活性的概述,以期对制备单原子催化剂提供一定的借鉴和指导.研究表明,单原子...     

异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂结构与性能相关性的研究进展

单原子催化剂是一类以相互孤立的单个金属原子作为催化活性中心的、 具有高原子经济性及高活性的负载型催化剂, 被广泛应用于能源电催化领域. 近年来, 通过使用两种或两种以上原子与活性中心金属原子配位, 构建具有异原子配位结构的单原子材料, 展现了优异的电催化性能. 研究发现, 这种不对称的配位结构有效调控了中心金属原子的电子结构, 优化了催化反应的吸附和脱附能量, 提高了电催化的性能. 本文综合评述了具有异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂的合成策略、 表征技术与方法, 以及在前沿能源电催化应用中的催化剂性能与结构之间的构效关系, 并展望了异原子配位结构碳基单原子电催化剂的研究前景.     

单原子铂催化剂的制备及其低温催化氧化一氧化碳

以氧化石墨烯为载体,单原子铂（Pt）为活性组分,利用化学还原法制备了单原子Pt/rGO催化剂,用在催化氧化一氧化碳（CO）反应中。通过透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、球差电镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪对单原子Pt催化剂进行表征。考察了金属负载量、反应温度对催化剂性能的影响,利用气相色谱对CO氧化反应性能进行评价。此次实验包含催化剂的制备、表征和性能测试,实验难度适中,贴近科研前沿,可以让学生体验一个综合的科研过程,激发学生的科研兴趣,培养学生的科研能力。     

原子层沉积技术制备单原子催化剂

贵金属单原子催化剂因具有独特的催化性能和高的利用率而迅速引人关注.原子层沉积(ALD)逐渐成为大批量合成稳定单原子的有力工具.本文总结了采用ALD合成单原子的最新进展,以及未来的研究方向和趋势.     

高分子载钯催化剂对有机锡烷偶联反应的催化性能及结构表征

制备了几种负载型钯催化剂，用于有机锡烷与有机卤化物的偶联反应中，考察了催化剂的使用寿命及载体对催化剂催化活性的影响，通过XPS、XRD、电镜等技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明，催化活性中心的质点钯是金属态钯，即催化剂中的钯可以看成是两配位不饱和的，经过氧化加成、金属转换、还原消除过程完成催化反应。     

单原子催化中的活性位构建方法研究进展

近年来,单原子催化剂因具有多相催化剂的结构稳定、易分离和均相催化剂的“孤立位点”等潜在优点而受到了人们的广泛关注.因此我们着重对比说明了单原子催化剂多种制备方法的形成机制以及制备过程的优缺点,并结合相应反应对其催化活性、催化机理进行介绍.通过对单原子催化剂的制备研究现状的概述,以期对加快其工业化进程起到积极的促进作用.     

贵金属单原子催化剂的制备及其在CO、VOCs完全氧化反应中的应用北大核心CSCD

为有效提高负载型催化剂中贵金属的原子利用效率,贵金属单原子催化剂逐渐成为一个研究热点和前沿课题.我们针对单原子催化剂在催化氧化领域中的应用,综述了几种贵金属单原子催化剂的典型制备方法,包括原子层沉积法、湿法化学法、光化学辅助法、热解法等,并讨论了上述方法的优缺点.此外,对比传统贵金属负载型催化剂,我们重点讨论了贵金属基单原子催化剂在CO催化氧化、挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)催化氧化、催化机理等催化氧化过程中的最新研究进展,尤其是贵金属基单原子催化剂在低温低浓度催化氧化过程中表现出的优异催化活性、抗水性和抗毒性,表明该类催化剂具备极大的工业应用潜力.最后,进一步从大规模工业应用角度探讨了单原子催化剂目前面临的挑战和可能的解决办法,期望可以为应用于催化氧化过程的高效、稳定的单原子催化剂的设计提供思路.     

高分散的炭载Au纳米催化剂的制备、表征和催化活性

采用柠檬酸钠还原-胶体负载法, 制备了高分散的炭载Au纳米催化剂, 并以液相催化氧化葡萄糖为葡萄糖酸钠的反应评价了Au/C催化剂的活性. 研究结果表明, 金溶胶制备过程中柠檬酸钠的用量对粒子尺寸以及所获催化剂的催化活性有重要影响; 催化剂在多次使用之后活性的降低可能是由于在活性炭表面金粒子活性位点上形成的Au^δ＋-O^δ－化合态减少的缘故. 同时比较了制备的Au/C和商业Pd/C催化剂对葡萄糖的液相催化氧化反应, 证明Au/C催化剂明显优于Pd/C催化剂.     

利用探针分子红外光谱识别和表征铂族金属基单原子催化剂

单原子催化是提高贵金属利用率的有效手段,而表征单原子催化剂是理解单原子催化的基础.探针分子红外光谱可用于识别和定量催化剂样品中孤立的Pt族金属物种的浓度,从而得到负载的孤立的Pt族金属物种的局部几何形状、稳定性、活性及其分散性.本文讨论了该技术用于识别和表征含负载型孤立的Pt族金属原子催化剂的效能、应用、以及未来的发展方向.     

Evaluating the electro-sensing behaviors of single-atom catalysts based on mechanistic insights

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have been widely applied as electrocatalysts due to their excellent catalytic ability, selectivity, and stability, which are also key aspects considered for electro-sensing interfaces. Typical SACs are catalytic single atoms dispersed over oxide-, sulfide-, or carbon-based material supports. In this review, the electrocatalytic mechanisms of SACs are briefly summarized. SACs can increase the reactivity and modulate the reaction pathway via redox mediating, adsorbing to the preferred reactant/intermediate, and cooperating with other active sites either from the substrate or from a nearby heteroatom. Based on the mechanistic insights of SACs, this review aims to provide some inspirations for future applications of SACs in the design of efficient electro-sensing interfaces.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备铁酸盐超微粒子催化剂

采用溶胶－凝胶法制备了含Zn,Ni,Co的铁酸盐超微粒子催化剂，运用DTA－TG、IR、XRD以及BET比表面测试等手段对所制备的样品进行了表征。同时，考察了铁酸盐对二氧化碳选择性氧化乙苯制苯乙烯的催化性能。结果表明：制备的铁酸盐均为尖晶石型晶体，粒子的比表面积为31．9－36．3m^2/g，晶粒大小约为30－35nm，在由二氧化碳选择性氧化乙苯制苯乙烯的反应中表现出较好的催化活性。     

Preparation,characterization and antioxidant activity of a novel polysaccharide-iron (III) from Flammulina velutipes scraps

In the present study, a novel polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes scraps (FVSP) was extracted and purified from Flammulina velutipes scraps. FVSP was chemically chelated to synthesize FVSP-iron (III) complex. Based on single factor experiments, preparation process of FVSP- iron (III) was optimized by response surface methodology. The characterization and antioxidant activity of FVSP-iron (III) were investigated. The results showed that the optimal preparation process of FVSP-iron (III) was reaction temperature of 50 °C, reaction time of 4.7 h and the mass ratio of FVSP/sodium citrate - of 2:1. The relative molecular weight of FVSP-iron (III) was 36.25 kDa. FVSP-Iron (III) was composed of glucose, galactose, mannose and xylose in a molar ratio of 65.1:20.5:5.2:9.2.The results of UV–vis absorption spectrum, FI-IR spectrum and X-ray diffraction showed that both hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in FVSP participated in the coordination reaction and the iron core of FVSP-Iron(III) was a polymerized β-FeOOH structure. FVSP-iron (III) had better thermal stability and stronger antioxidant activities than FVSP. The results indicated that FVSP-iron (III) could be potentially used in food industry as a new food additive and iron supplement.     

甲醛催化氧化催化剂的研究进展

甲醛是致癌致畸物并具有较强的光化学活性.它既来源于纺织、农药、板材或其他精细化学品的生产过程,又来源于机动车尾气和室内各种装潢材料.为了人体健康和大气环境去除甲醛非常必要.用催化氧化法去除甲醛是一种很有前景的技术,但是该技术的关键是研究和发展催化剂.近年来,用于甲醛氧化的催化剂主要分为贵金属催化剂和过渡金属氧化物催化剂.贵金属催化剂是将Pt,Pd,Au,Ag等贵金属负载在不同类型的载体上而制得.载体可分为常见载体、传统金属氧化物载体和特殊形貌金属氧化物载体.常见载体是具有较大比表面积的SiO2,Al2O3,TiO2和分子筛等.这类载体有利于活性位的暴露以及反应物和产物的吸附和扩散,而且还能增强载体和活性组分的协同作用.负载在常见载体上的不同贵金属催化剂,其甲醛氧化活性从强到弱排列是:Pt＞ Pd＞ Rh ＞Au＞ Ag.用这种载体制备的催化剂具有很出色的应用前景.比如Na-Pt/TiO2是甲醛氧化活性最好的催化剂,目前己被应用在空气净化器中,其次是Pt/TiO2和Pd/TiO2.传统金属氧化物载体主要是采用沉淀法、共沉淀法制备的CeO2,Fe2O3,Co3O4,MnO2及其复合氧化物,这类载体负载Pt的催化剂仍然具有出色的室温催化性能,如Pt/MnOx-CeO2和Pt/Fe2O3等.虽然Pt负载型催化剂应用前景很好,但是其成本较高,工业生产和普及受到限制.用传统金属氧化物载体制备的催化剂如Au/CeO2,Ag/MnOx-CeO2和Ag/CeO2等同样具有良好的发展前景.对于提高甲醛氧化活性来说,载体的选择至关重要.未来研究趋势可能是甲醛氧化负载型催化剂更多的会选择Ag或Au作为活性组分,而一些有潜力的传统金属氧化物载体将被使用不同的制备方法进一步改良.目前,拥有棒状、球状、孔状等特殊形貌的金属氧化物载体因为它们本身的催化活性要优于用沉淀法制备的传统金属氧化物催化剂,因此,将Ag或Au负载在这类载体上制备的催化剂具有更好的应用前景,如三维(3D)有序大孔Au/CeO2-Co3O4,二维有序介孔Au/Co3O4-CeO2和Au/Co3O4以及三维有序介孔K-Ag/Co3O4等.过渡金属氧化物催化剂,因成本低,资源丰富而受到关注.单一过渡金属氧化物催化剂如锰钾矿型的MnO2纳米棒或纳米球,介孔MnO2,Co3O4和Cr2O3等,具有较好的甲醛氧化催化活性(T50和T100分别小于等于1 10和140℃).另外,Ce,Sn,Cu和Zr等元素常常被掺杂到MnOx和Co3O4中,制备成复合金属氧化物催化剂,MnOx-CeO2具有较好的甲醛催化活性(T50＜100℃),因为MnOx和CeO2较强的相互作用改变了表面活性氧和活性相的数量.目前,复合金属氧化物催化剂氧化甲醛的报道很少.随着制备方法的改变,单一过渡金属氧化物或他们的复合氧化物催化剂可能会成为贵金属催化剂的替代品.目前,如何获得高效、低成本、低温甚至常温去除甲醛的催化剂仍然是一项重要的挑战.特殊形貌的金属氧化物催化剂如3D-Cr2O3,3D-Co3O4,MnO2纳米球和纳米棒,在常温下完全转化甲醛仍然是个难以越过的鸿沟.将来,多种形貌的新型纳米金属氧化物及其Au或Ag负载型催化剂的制备和发展会成为一个研究趋势.这种催化剂既能被用于甲醛的催化氧化,也能被用于苯系物或其他VOCs的催化氧化.它能为机动车尾气和工业生产中VOCs产生量的削减提供技术支撑,而VOCs的去除有益于PM2.5浓度的降低和空气质量的恢复.     

Recent strategy(ies) for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2: Ni single-atom catalysts for the selective electrochemical formation of CO in aqueous electrolytes

To decrease the global carbon footprint concerns and to diminish the energy crisis, electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ which results in the formulation of value-added chemicals is a potential solution. In this review, single-atom catalysts (SACs) which are rapidly growing and being developed as the stimulating catalytic materials for electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ with improved selectivity, efficiency, and stability are considered. Various factors which are responsible for the efficient CO₂ reduction are discussed. The pyrolytic approach for the preparation of Ni-based SACs and the maximum atom utilization efficiency for the desirable production of CO from CO₂ are highlighted.     

负载型杂多蓝HPB/SiO_2的制备、表征与催化性能研究

用化学还原与共沉淀法制备了负载型杂多蓝催化剂H4PW6Mo5MovO40·27H2O／SiO2（简记HPB／SiO2）,并用ICP、IR、吡啶吸附IR光谱及TG－DTA等进行了表征．将该催化剂应用于乙酸丁酯的合成反应,结果表明,该催化剂有Bronsted酸位与Lewis酸位和热稳定性,在最佳催化条件下,乙酸丁酯的收率可达98．3％,醋酸的转化率大于99％,并可重复使用10次以上．     

Preparation of MnCo/MCM-41 catalysts with high performance for chlorobenzene combustion

MCM-41 was synthesized by a soft template technique. The specific surface area and pore volume of the MCM-41 were 805.9 m²/g and 0.795 cm³/g, respectively. MCM-41-supported manganese and cobalt oxide catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy clearly confirmed the existence of Mn, Co, and O, which indicated the successful loading of the active components on the surface of MCM-41. The structure and function of the catalysts were changed by modulating the molar ratio of manganese to cobalt. The 10%MnCo(6:1)/MCM-41 (Mn/Co molar ratio is 6:1) catalyst displayed the best catalytic activity according to the activity evaluation experiments, and chlorobenzene (1000 ppm) was totally decomposed at 270 °C. The high activity correlated with a high dispersion of the oxides and was attributed to the exposure of more active sites, which was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The strong interactions between MnO₂, Co₃O₄, MnCoO_x, and MCM-41 indicated that cobalt promoted the redox cycles of the manganese system. The bimetal-oxide-based catalyst showed better catalytic activity than that of the single metal oxide catalysts, which was further confirmed by H₂ temperature-programmed reduction. Chlorobenzene temperature-programmed desorption results showed that 10%MnCo(6:1)/MCM-41 had higher adsorption strength for chlorobenzene than that of single metal catalysts. And stronger adsorption was beneficial for combustion of chlorobenzene. Furthermore, 10%MnCo(6:1)/MCM-41 was not deactivated during a continuous reaction for 1000 h at 260 °C and displayed good resistance to water and benzene, which indicated that the catalyst could be used in a wide range of applications.     

Preparation, characterization and crystalline transitions of odd-even polyamides 11,12 and 11,10

The novel odd-even polyamides 11,12 (P11, 12) and 11,10 (P11, 10) were synthesized via step-heating melting-polycondensation of 1,11-diaminoundecane with dodecanedioic acid and decanedioic acid, respectively. Their chemical structures were confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, Raman, NMR). The thermal properties of the polyamides under consideration were measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The crystalline transitions of the prepared polyamides were studied by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The variable temperature WXRD results indicated that P11,10 undergoes the Brill transition during the heating process before melt while P11,12 does not. From the real time FTIR spectra of P11,10, it was found that the intensity of hydrogen bond becomes weak, and the twisting of the C-CO and C-N bonds becomes enhanced. The vibration of the methylene units strengthens and the trans-zigzag conformation decreases. The ordered stacking of the methylene segments becomes gradually disordered by insertion of the gauche conformation during the crystalline transition process.     

焦炉煤气二氧化碳重整制合成气中La0.6Sr0.4NixCo1-xO3钙钛矿催化剂的合成、表征和催化性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了La0.6Sr0.4NixCo1-xO3钙钛矿催化剂,并测试了该催化剂在焦炉煤气CO2重整反应中的性能.通过X射线衍射、N2吸附脱附、程序升温还原、扫描电镜、透射电镜和热重-微分扫描量热等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,溶胶凝胶法合成的La0.6Sr0.4NixCo1-xO3催化剂形成了钙钛矿结构的固溶体.着重考察了钙钛矿催化剂焙烧温度和A位Ni的掺杂含量对其催化性能和反应后积碳的影响.结果表明： La0.6Sr0.4NixCo1-xO3钙钛矿催化剂在反应中生成了活性金属Ni, Co颗粒和La2O2CO3,这些组分对催化剂的活性和稳定性起关键性的作用,并且能够抑制积碳的形成;焦炉煤气中的富氢气体具有抑制甲烷裂解反应发生的作用,从而减少催化剂的积碳.     

Synthesis and catalytic performance on methanol conversion of NiAPSO-34 crystals (II): catalytic performance under various reaction conditions

This work has been focused on the catalytic performance for methanol conversion of NiAPSO-34 catalysts which had been synthesized by various preparation methods. The deposited coke during the hydrocarbon transformation was analyzed by temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) method. For a catalyst with small acid sites and sharp particle size distribution, the catalytic activity and selectivity to ethylene increased compared with other catalysts. It could be confirmed that the catalysts having different acidic densities on external surface and internal surface represented different catalytic activities. Furthermore, it was elucidated that amount of coke formation was strongly related to acidic density on the external crystal surface. On the other hand, catalytic performances under various reaction conditions were exhibited variously and the deposited coke amount was also various. In particular, a surprising result was that the catalytic performance was not changed on the revived catalyst by thermal treatment at 600°C for 3 h.