基于多传感器融合的摔倒检测算法的研究

针对传统摔倒检测算法中误报和漏报率高的不足,提出一种基于多传感器融合的摔倒检测算法。该算法分别以人体的加速度和姿态角值为判定依据。首先,采用三轴加速度传感器和电子罗盘对上述两种数据进行采集,并通过无线模块发送至PC机。之后对采集数据进行分析和处理,进而根据阈值进行异常姿态检测。最终,综合加速度和姿态角的分析结果给出准确的检测结论。实验结果表明,该算法检测的准确率达99.2%、与传统检测算法相比具有更强的稳定性与可靠性。     

智能加速度测试仪

介绍了一种电子加速度测试仪的硬件设计和软件设计．该电子加速度测试仪可以应用于物理实验，以取代现有测量加速度的机械装置．     

绳杆相连物体加速度关联问题的求解

研究了绳杆相连物体之间加速度是否可以直接利用矢量的合成分解处理,并给出了此类问题求解的基本方法.     

科里奥利加速度的定量测量

本文介绍的实验，能定量地测量科里奥利加速度．所用的实验装置简单，易于操作．用一个普通的实验装置和一个火花计时器就可记录运动物体相对于旋转参照系的随时间连续变化的位置．直接根据平均速度和平均加速度的矢量定义，用简单的图解法，对实验数据作出分析就可直接得到轨道上每点处的科里奥利加速度矢量，并可明显地验证科里奥利加速度的关系式．     

一种水下运动目标被动报警的新算法

根据矢量水听器的测向原理和算法，提出了一种目标方位角的变化实现水下运动目标低频高精度的报警方法。该报警系统以水下设施为平台，对靠近设施的运动目标的方位进行跟踪测量，并在目标距离水下设施最近时给出报警信号，以达到有效地避免事故的目的。与传统的利用声级变化报警或主动回波测距报警方法相比，该方法具有低频、作用距离远和高精度的特点。     

理解"加速度"概念常见的错误分析

中职物理教材对加速度概念是通过四个层次展开的：在匀变速直线运动中，加速度的大小和方向都不变；牛顿运动定律，阐明了产生加速度的原因，强调了加速度的矢量性；在匀速圆周运动中，加速度从“恒定”过渡到大小不变而方向变化；在简谐振动中，加速度的大小和方向都随时间改变．     

相位加权的矢量全聚焦超声阵列成像方法研究

常规矢量全聚焦成像仅利用检测信号的幅值信息,其成像质量受噪声、栅瓣和旁瓣等的影响大。综合利用检测信号的幅值和相位信息,本文提出两种相位加权的矢量全聚焦成像方法。首先,对全矩阵数据的相位信息进行分析,提取出两种相位特征参数:相位一致因子(Phase Coherence Factor:PCF)和极性一致因子(Sign Coherence Factor:SCF);然后,将全阵列划分为若干子阵列,分别利用两种相位特征参数对各个子阵列的成像幅值进行加权,求取加权幅值特征向量;最后,对所有子阵列的加权特征向量进行合成,得到两种加权的矢量全聚焦成像,并从中提取出裂纹方向及尺寸等特征信息。将三种矢量全聚焦成像方法应用于不同缺陷检测仿真及实验验证,结果表明,3种方法均可以实现缺陷方向识别与长度定量测量;但相位加权矢量全聚焦成像效果明显优于常规矢量全聚焦成像结果,其成像信噪比及分辨率更高,缺陷角度及长度测量结果更准确。本文研究工作为缺陷无损评价提供了可行的技术手段。      

强度调制的啁啾光纤光栅加速度传感器

设计了一种基于啁啾光纤布拉格光栅的新型加速度传感器,该传感器主要由矩形悬臂梁构成的传感机构和光纤光谱仪及光电探测器组成。导出了啁啾光纤布拉格光栅的反射谱带宽与加速度的关系;通过光谱仪检测啁啾光纤布拉格光栅反射谱的带宽或检测光电探测器输出的电压,即可获得加速度的大小。实验结果表明,该啁啾光纤布拉格光栅反射谱带宽及光电探测器输出的电压对温度变化不敏感,且在0~700m/s2测量范围内,反射谱带宽与加速度间具有良好的线性关系。由于反射谱带宽展宽造成了光纤布拉格光栅反射率的降低,因此光电探测器输出电压的线性响应范围只能达到0~35 m/s2,带宽和电压灵敏度分别达到0.005 6nm·m-1·s-2和0.785 6m V·m-1·s-2。     

变工况下轴流泵装置振动特性实验研究

对不同工况下轴流模型泵装置各主要测点处的振动加速度信号进行动态测量和分析,获得了特定频域范围内振动加速度均方根值随流量的变化规律。实验结果表明:10～8000 Hz频域范围内振动加速度均方根值随流量的变化趋势和泵扬程随流量的变化趋势基本一致,运行工况从大流量降至小流量的过程中其装置振动水平可分为低水平区、快速增长区及高水平区;10～350 Hz频域范围内低水平区中振动最低点对应的流量和泵最优工况流量基本一致。研究结果为轴流泵多工况下的稳定运行及最优工况判定提供了一定的理论和技术基础。     

微环谐振腔加速度传感器光谱特性研究

为满足加速度传感器微型化、低成本的需求,提出了一种带有单微环谐振腔的悬臂梁式光学加速度传感器结构,采用耦合模和传输矩阵理论求取了微环谐振器的传递函数,利用检测同一波长处光强度变化的新测量方法实现了对加速度的探测,从而得到了加速度传感器的灵敏度和探测极限,深入研究了不同结构参数对系统灵敏度的影响,数值仿真并分析了输出端口的光谱特性。结果表明：加速度传感器在外界加速度作用时,悬臂梁在应力的作用下会发生弯曲,使得固定在悬臂梁上的微环谐振器发生形变,即微环谐振器的长度和折射率都发生了变化,从而光在微环谐振器中的传输特性发生变化,因此可以通过探测微环输出端光场强度的变化来测定加速度值;悬臂梁的长度、厚度以及微环谐振腔的固定位置都是影响加速度传感器性能的直接因素,并且选择最佳的结构参数可以有效地提高系统灵敏度和精度。经过数值仿真,对于信噪比为30 dB系统,波长在1.515 μm处,悬臂梁的长度、厚度分别为180和3 μm时,系统的灵敏度可达到2.112 g-1,探测极限为1.421×10-3 g,因此在悬臂梁可承受的范围内,选取长度较长的悬臂梁结构能够有效地改善系统的灵敏度和探测极限。该结构为制备高灵敏度、低成本、易于加工的加速度传感器及可嵌入式微型光学器件提供理论基础。     

Role of stochastic heating in wakefield acceleration monitored by optical injection

It is shown that stochastic heating can play an important role in Laser Wake Field Acceleration. When considering low density plasma interacting with a high intensity wave perturbed by a low intensity counterpropagating wave, stochastic heating can provide electrons with the right momentum for trapping in the wake field. The influence of stochastic acceleration on the trapping of electrons is compared to the one of cold injection by considering several polarizations of the colliding pulses. For some value of the plasma density and pulse duration, a transition from an injection due to stochastic acceleration to a cold injection dominated regime – regarding the trapped charge – has been observed from PIC code simulations. When the plasma density exceeds some value, stochastic heating becomes important and is necessary in some circumstances to get electrons trapped into the wakefield.     

Developments in laser wakefield accelerators:From single-stage to two-stage

Laser wakefield accelerators(LWFAs)are compact accelerators which can produce femtosecond high-energy electron beams on a much smaller scale than the conventional radiofrequency accelerators.It is attributed to their high acceleration gradient which is about 3 orders of magnitude larger than the traditional ones.The past decade has witnessed the major breakthroughs and progress in developing the laser wakfield accelerators.To achieve the LWFAs suitable for applications,more and more attention has been paid to optimize the LWFAs for high-quality electron beams.A single-staged LWFA does not favor generating controllable electron beams beyond 1 Ge V since electron injection and acceleration are coupled and cannot be independently controlled.Staged LWFAs provide a promising route to overcome this disadvantage by decoupling injection from acceleration and thus the electron-beam quality as well as the stability can be greatly improved.This paper provides an overview of the physical conceptions of the LWFA,as well as the major breakthroughs and progress in developing LWFAs from single-stage to two-stage LWFAs.     

Successive particle acceleration by use of two tightly focused ultra-short intense laser pulses

We suggest a scheme of electron acceleration by use of two tightly focused ultra-short intense laser pulses at a 100TW level. Electrons obtain a preliminary acceleration with a small angular spread by the longitudinal ponderomotive force of the first pulse. They are then injected and further accelerated to hundreds of MeV by the second laser pulse.     

Acceleration modules in linear induction accelerators

The Linear Induction Accelerator （LIA） is a unique type of accelerator that is capable of accelerating kilo-Ampere charged particle current to tens of MeV energy. The present development of LIA in MHz bursting mode and the successful application into a synchrotron have broadened LIA＇s usage scope. Although the transformer model is widely used to explain the acceleration mechanism of LIAs, it is not appropriate to consider the induction electric field as the field which accelerates charged particles for many modern LIAs. We have examined the transition of the magnetic cores＇ functions during the LIA acceleration modules＇ evolution, distinguished transformer type and transmission line type LIA acceleration modules, and re-considered several related issues based on transmission line type LIA acceleration module. This clarified understanding should help in the further development and design of LIA acceleration modules.     

Generation of fast protons in moderate-intensity laser－plasma interaction from rear sheath

Forward fast protons are generated by the moderate-intensity laser--foil interaction. Protons with maximum energy 190~keV are measured by using magnetic spectrometer and CR-39 solid state track detectors along the direction normal to the rear surface. The experimental results are also modeled by the particle-in-cell method, investigating the time-varying electron temperature and the rear sheath field. The temporal and spatial structure of the sheath electrical field, revealed in the simulation, suggests that these protons are accelerated by target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) mechanism.     

Mode-coupling assisted electron accelerations by a plasma wave

The acceleration of electrons by a plasma wave in the presence of density ripple in plasma has been investigated. Plasma density ripple can excite higher harmonics of different phase velocities of the fundamental plasma wave. The combined role of the different harmonics of the plasma wave contributes significantly in electrons energy gain during acceleration by the fundamental plasma wave. Our calculation shows that the plasma electrons gain considerable energy during the acceleration by the plasma waves in the presence of a density ripple in plasma. The initial electron energy and the ripple density play an important role for the acceleration of an electron.     

Suppressing Fermi acceleration in a two-dimensional non-integrable time-dependent oval-shaped billiard with inelastic collisions

Some dynamical properties of a classical particle confined inside a closed region with an oval-shaped boundary are studied. We have considered both the static and time-dependent boundaries. For the static case, the condition that destroys the invariant spanning curves in the phase space was obtained. For the time-dependent perturbation, two situations were considered: (i) non-dissipative and (ii) dissipative. For the non-dissipative case, our results show that Fermi acceleration is observed. When dissipation, via inelastic collisions, is introduced Fermi acceleration is suppressed. The behaviour of the average velocity for both the dissipative as well as the non-dissipative dynamics is described using the scaling approach.     

激光加速高能质子实验研究进展及新加速方案

利用超强激光与等离子体相互作用来加速高能离子是激光等离子体物理及加速器物理领域的研究热点.经过了近20年的发展,激光离子加速已取得丰硕成果,催生了一批新的应用.本文概述了国内外激光离子加速所取得的标志性实验研究进展,围绕高能质子的产生这一关键问题进行了深入的探讨,介绍了近几年来发展的有潜力的新加速方案.     

强激光与细锥靶相互作用产生强流高能电子束的研究

本文提出采用了强激光与细锥形靶作用, 产生大量定向高能电子, 用于快点火激光聚变方案研究. 通过PIC 模拟, 研究了细锥靶和激光脉冲的各项参数, 对产生高能电子的影响. 模拟发现, 细锥靶开口10° 时能够产生较多的高能电子, 当开口角度逐渐增大时, 高能电子的能量和数目都有一定程度下降. 若为细锥靶加上预等离子体, 产生的高能电子的数目将大大提高, 而最高的电子能量将会下降. 中等能量的电子加速主要由于激光有质动力加速, 而高能量的电子加速主要由于电子感应加速. 随着激光脉宽的增加, 高能电子的数量直线上升. 关键词： 细锥形靶 电子加速 感应共振加速     

电子在紧聚焦激光束中加速的最佳入射

通过数值模拟研究了电子在真空紧聚焦激光束中的动力学行为和能量增益。研究发现对应于两种不同的轨迹，电子可以得到纵向和横向两种电场的加速。阐明了电子的能量增益与电子的入射角和入射动量间的关系。对于给定的激光参数，给出了电子的最佳入射参数。