稀燃NOx储存－还原催化剂*

NO_x 储存-还原（NSR）技术是最有前景的稀燃氮氧化物消除技术,自从日本丰田公司1996年首次提出NOx 储存还原这一概念后,一直受到研究者的广泛关注。本文综述了近十余年来NSR催化剂（PBA型、水滑石型、钙钛矿型）的研究进展,重点概述了目前比较公认的NO_x储存－还原的反应路径,以及NSR催化剂的失活机制,包括H₂O和CO₂的负面影响,热失活和硫中毒问题,最后展望了NO_x 储存还原技术未来的发展趋势。     

BaFeO3-x与Cu-ZSM-5耦合催化剂的NOx储存还原性能

为替代传统的贵金属基NO_x储存还原（NSR）催化剂,本文设计并制备了不含贵金属的BaFeO_3-x+Cu-ZSM-5 耦合催化剂,用于催化消除稀燃发动机尾气中的NO_x. 在稀燃阶段,NO在BaFeO_3-x催化剂上发生了氧化和储存反应;在富燃阶段,从BaFeO_3-x催化剂中脱附出来未能消除的NO_x被置于其后的Cu-ZSM-5催化剂进一步催化消除. 实验结果表明,BaFeO_3-x+Cu-ZSM-5 耦合催化剂的工作温度窗口被拓宽到250-400 ℃,同时NO_x消除性能得到了显著提高：NO_x转化率最高可达98%,N₂选择性接近100%.     

铈钛混合氧化物负载磷钨酸吸附-分解NOx性能

通过软化学途径合成了铈钛混合氧化物(CeO₂-TiO₂)载体材料, 并分别通过等体积浸渍法和机械研磨法负载磷钨酸(H₃PW₁₂O₄₀)。采用FTIR、XRD、SEM和BET比表面积测定对CeO₂-TiO₂及负载型多酸催化剂进行了表征;考察了负载量、负载方法、吸附温度等因素对催化剂吸附NO_x效率的影响;选取吸附性能最佳的催化剂进行了NO_x催化分解实验, 探讨了NO_x吸附-分解机理。结果表明:相对于等体积浸渍法, 机械研磨法更适合此类载体负载H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, 其NO_x吸附效率均高于H₃PW₁₂O₄₀及载体本身;在0~60%的负载量范围内, 随着H₃PW₁₂O₄₀负载量的增加, 负载型催化剂吸附NO_x的效率呈上升趋势, 负载量为40%时NO_x吸附效率最佳, 达90%;吸附过程中NO_x与催化剂活性组分H₃PW₁₂O₄₀发生作用, 生成NOH⁺, H₃PW₁₂O₄₀二级结构中结晶水对催化剂吸附NO_x有重要作用;当温度从150℃升至 450℃时, 被吸附的NO_x发生分解, 分解产物的组成与N₂的收率均受升温速率的影响, 升温速率越快, N₂收率越高。向吸附分解NO_x后的催化剂床层通入含有水蒸气的空气, 可有效补充NO_x分解过程中H₃PW₁₂O₄₀失去的结晶水, 从而恢复催化剂优良的NO_x吸附分解性能, 实现催化剂的有效再生利用。     

碱土元素掺杂的BaFeO3钙钛矿型催化剂的NOx储存性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ba_1-xM_xFeO₃ (M=Mg, Ca, Sr; x=0, 0.1, 0.2)系列钙钛矿型NO_x储存还原(NSR)催化剂, 考察碱金属元素Mg、Ca 和Sr 的掺杂对BaFeO₃ 钙钛矿NO_x 储存和氧化性能的影响. 结果表明, 在250-400 ℃范围内Mg的掺杂提高了BaFeO₃钙钛矿的NO_x储存性能, 其中以Ba_0.8Mg_0.2FeO₃样品的NO_x储存性能最佳, 在温度350 ℃时NO_x储存量高达1200 μmol·g^-1以上, NO→NO₂转化率为53.4%. 与BaFeO₃比较,Ba_0.8Mg_0.2FeO₃样品在250 ℃进行NO_x储存时就出现了单齿硝酸盐, 并随储存温度的变化而变化, 它的数量与NO_x储存量有相同的变化趋势. 傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱结果表明, 与BaFeO₃相比, Ba_0.8Mg_0.2FeO₃样品NO_x储存量增大的原因在于: 一方面, 形成了具有A位缺陷的钙钛矿结构, 产生大量能够用于储存NO_x的氧空位; 另一方面, 未进入钙钛矿晶格的Mg元素可能以碱性氧化物的形式与NO_x作用形成了单齿硝酸盐.     

吸附NOx的功能化硅胶用于催化温和条件下醇的选择性氧化

利用接枝方式将2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶(TEMPO)固载到SPE柱填料硅胶上制备了功能化硅胶,其吸附NO_x应用于催化醇的选择性氧化反应中. 并利用元素分析、红外光谱、N₂吸附-脱附和NO_x程序升温脱附对催化剂进行了考察. 结果表明,所制备催化剂中TEMPO固载量为0.292 mmol/g,NO_x吸附量为0.749 mmol/g; 常温常压下1 mmol芳香醇在0.5g该催化剂作用下进行选择性氧化反应2h,原料转化率和产物选择性均高达99%. 该催化剂提高了醇分子在孔道内部与TEMPO和NO_x接触几率,促进了反应进行,根据反应现象,对该体系催化机理进行了推测.     

Mn1-x(Li,Ti)xCo2O4尖晶石型复合氧化物的制备、表征与催化性能

用柠檬酸配位燃烧法合成了Mn_1-x(Li,Ti)_xCo₂O₄系列尖晶石型复合氧化物催化剂，使用FTIR和XRD方法对催化剂结构进行表征，通过程序升温氧化反应(TPO)技术对这些催化剂在模拟柴油机尾气条件下进行同时消除NO_x和柴油碳黑反应的活性评价。结果表明，掺杂Li或Ti后的Mn_1-x(Li,Ti)_xCo₂O₄系列催化剂仍然保持了完整的尖晶石型复合氧化物结构，这些催化剂对同时消除柴油机尾气中的碳黑颗粒和NO_x具有良好的催化性能，其中Li或Ti的掺杂量为x=0.05较佳，结合碳黑燃烧与NO_x还原总的催化效果，Mn_0.95Li_0.05Co₂O₄具有最好的催化活性。     

Cu对Pt/Cu-Mg-Al-O催化剂上NOx储存性能的影响

固定二价与三价阳离子摩尔比为3∶1,采用共沉淀法合成系列Cu-Mg-Al水滑石,经500 ℃焙烧制成复合氧化物Cu-Mg-Al-O（wCuO(％)分别为0、5、10、20,简称w-CMAO, w=0、5、10、20）.通过浸渍法制备Pt/Cu-Mg-Al-O负载型复合氧化物催化剂.XRD结果表明Cu在催化剂及其前驱体中高度分散.采用等温NO_x储存实验研究催化剂对NO_x的储存性能, NO_x-TPD法考察储存的NO_x脱附情况.实验结果表明,尽管Cu取代减少了催化剂中MgO含量,但增强了催化剂的NO氧化活性,有效提高了催化剂的NO_x储存性能.同时TPD结果进一步表明当CuO掺杂量在w=(10～20)％ 时,可以明显降低催化剂上生成的硝酸盐的分解温度.     

非晶Ce-Ti氧化物用于NH3选择性催化还原NO的原位红外研究

采用原位红外光谱研究了在具有短程有序Ce-O-Ti结构的非晶Ce-Ti氧化物上NH₃选择性催化还原（SCR） NO_x反应. 在反应条件下,催化剂表面主要被NH₃吸附物种覆盖,而检测不到NO_x吸附物种. 经测定,NO的反应级数为0.5-0.6,表明Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理和Eley-Rideal机理同时存在. 可能的机理是NH₃吸附物种和弱吸附的NO_x反应,生成NH_yNO₃ （y = 0-4）活性中间物种,并通过GAUSSIAN计算和原位红外结果证实了它们的存在. Ce-O-Ti结构中Ce与Ti之间表现出原子尺度的相互作用,所以在SCR反应的活性温度窗口下,催化剂的氧化还原活性提高.     

氧化铈在氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物中的应用

NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x（NH₃-SCR）是一种广泛应用于以燃煤电厂为代表的固定源和以柴油发动机为代表的移动源NO_x排放控制的技术. 近年来,氧化铈由于具有优异的氧化-还原、储氧和表面酸性等特性而在NH₃-SCR催化剂研究中受到广泛关注. 本文系统综述了氧化铈用作NH₃-SCR催化剂载体、助剂和主催化组分的相关研究,并对该领域未来可能的研究方向进行展望.     

少量CeO2的添加对Pd/La-Al2O3密偶催化剂三效性能的影响

以La改性的Al₂O₃为载体,采用共吸附浸渍法制备了一系列不同CeO₂含量的单Pd密偶催化剂,并对其进行了表征. PdO_x和CeO₂之间的强相互作用改善了Pd⁰再氧化为PdO的能力,同时增强了反应条件下硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐和异氰酸盐在载体上的吸附. 因此适量CeO₂的添加明显改善了新鲜催化剂对HC和NO_x的催化性能,且当CeO₂添加量为2%时催化效果最佳. Pd-Ce界面上PdO_x和CeO₂间强相互作用也使得PdO_x物种在高温时仍能以小颗粒的形式分散在载体上,从而显著地提高催化剂的热稳定性. 经1100 ℃高温老化后,CeO₂ （2%-4%）的存在明显拓宽了HC和NO_x的操作窗口,这对于提高单Pd密偶催化剂在汽车尾气处理上的催化性能有重要意义.     

Recent progress in catalytic NO decomposition

Recent progress in catalytic direct NO decomposition is overviewed, focusing on metal oxide-based catalysts. Since the discovery of the Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst in the early 1990s, various kinds of catalytic materials such as perovskites, C-type cubic rare earth oxides, and alkaline earth based oxides have been reported to effectively catalyze direct NO decomposition. Although the activities of conventional catalysts are poor in the presence of coexisting O₂ and CO₂, some of the catalysts reviewed in this article possess significant tolerance toward these coexisting gases. The active sites for direct NO decomposition are different depending on the types of metal oxide-based catalysts. In the case of perovskite type oxides, oxide anion vacancies act as catalytically active sites on which NO molecules are adsorbed. C-type cubic rare earth oxides contain oxide anion vacancies with large cavity space, enabling easy access of NO molecules and their subsequent adsorption. Surface basic sites on alkaline earth based oxides participate in NO decomposition as active sites on which NO molecules are adsorbed as NO₂⁻ species. The reaction mechanisms of direct NO decomposition are also discussed.     

碱金属助剂类型及前驱物对改性NiAl复合氧化物催化分解N2O活性的影响

制备了不同Ni/Al原子比的NiAl类水滑石样品,焙烧获得NiAl复合氧化物,用于N₂O分解反应,研究了NiAl复合氧化物组成对催化活性的影响。在活性较高的NiAl复合氧化物表面浸渍碱金属碳酸盐溶液,制备改性NiAl复合氧化物,考察了碱金属类型（Na、K、Cs）和钾前驱物（K₂CO₃、K₂C₂O₄、CH₃COOK、KNO₃）对改性催化剂活性的影响。用XRD、ICP-AES、FT-IR、BET、H₂-TPR、XPS技术表征了催化剂的组成结构。结果表明,Ni/Al原子比为2.7的NiAl复合氧化物催化活性较高;Na、K、Cs碳酸盐改性NiAl复合氧化物均提高了催化剂活性,其中K的助剂效应最强。钾前驱物对K改性NiAl复合氧化物的催化活性有显著影响,其中碳酸钾、醋酸钾、草酸钾的加入明显提高了改性催化剂的催化活性,而加入硝酸钾反而降低了催化剂活性。     

铁基催化剂用于氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物研究进展

氨选择性催化还原NO_x技术可以有效控制氮氧化物的排放。V_2O_5-WO_3(MoO_3)/TiO_2脱硝催化剂虽然已经工业化应用,但其工作温度偏高,不能满足低温宽工作温度窗口等工况的需要。因此,开发具有宽工作温度窗口的低温脱硝催化剂成为研究热点。其中,铁基催化剂因其具有良好的氧化还原性,以及储量丰富、价格低廉、无毒无害等特点,使其在低温氨选择性催化还原(NH_3-SCR)反应中得到了广泛研究。基于Fe_2O_3在NH_3-SCR催化体系中所起的作用不同,从Fe_2O_3作为载体、助剂、活性组分以及新型结构的铁基催化剂等方面系统地介绍了近年来铁基催化剂在NH_3-SCR反应中的最新研究进展。此外,还总结了铁基催化剂的NH_3-SCR反应机理以及抗水抗硫性,并对该领域未来可能的发展方向进行了展望。     

Y-Ba-Cu-O mixed oxides for production of diphenols in liquid-solid phase

Superconductor mixed oxides were often used as catalysts at higher temperature in gas phase oxidations, and considered not suitable for lower temperature reactions in the liquid-solid phase; here the catalysis of YBa2Cu3O7+x and Y2BaCuO5+x in the phenol hydroxylation at lower temperature with H2O2 as oxygen donor was studied, and found that the superconductor YBaCu3O7±x has no catalytic activity for phenol hydroxylation, but Y2BaCuO5±x does, even has better catalytic activity and stability than most previously reported ones. With the studies of catalysis of other simple metal oxides and perovskite-like mixed oxides, a radical substitution mechanism is proposed and the experimental facts are explained clearly, and draw a conclusion that the perovskite-like mixed oxides with (AO)(ABO3) and (AO)2(ABO3) structure have better catalytic activity than the simple per-ovskite oxides with (ABO3)3 structure alone, and (AO) structure unit is the key for the mixed oxides to have the phenol hydroxylation activity.     

SCR performance enhancement of NiMnTi mixed oxides catalysts by regulating assembling methods of LDHs-Based precursor

A series of NiMnTi mixed metal oxides (Ni/Mn-TiO₂, Mn/NiTi-LDO and TiO₂/NiMn-LDO, NiMnTi-LDO) were synthesized via different assembling methods and evaluated in the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH₃(NH₃-SCR). As the results presented, catalysts via diverse assembling methods of LDHs templates afforded different catalytic denitrification (DeNO_x) performance, which might be related to the exposure degree of active constituents and the interaction intensity between metal components. Noticeably, compared with Ni/Mn-TiO₂, Mn/NiTi-LDO and TiO₂/NiMn-LDO catalysts, the NiMnTi-LDO catalyst deriving from one step in-situ method NiMnTi-LDH precursor template exhibited the most desirable performance at temperature window of 150–360 °C in NH₃-SCR (above 90% NO_x conversion with 95% N₂ selectivity). The specific structure and property of samples were correlated by means of a series of characterizations, where the results indicated that NiMnTi-LDO possessed the highest surface area, the strongest redox ability, the most abundant acid amount and the best dispersion.     

Physicochemical and catalytic characterizations of materials prepared from copper malonate by thermal decomposition or chemical reduction

Results of Carr and Galwey [1] concerning copper malonate (CM) decomposition in vacuo at 510 K prompted present studies on the utility of CM as a low-temperature precursor of oxide-supported copper catalysts. CM deposited upon metal oxides has been converted to copper particles by vacuum thermal decomposition or reduction with aqueous hydrazine. Using the dehydrogenation of isopropanol to acetone as a catalytic probe reaction, comparisons are made between levels of catalytic activity and selectivity induced in TiO₂, MgO and Ca(OH)₂ supports by copper deposited thereon. Effects of particle size, prereduction temperature, and support reducibility are described and evidence is given for a strong metal support interaction (SMSI)-like inhibition of activity of Cu/TiO₂ by prior high temperature reduction.     

酸性金属氧化物对锰铈氧化物催化剂脱硝温度窗口的调控作用

利用溶胶-凝胶法,采用三种酸性金属氧化物（氧化铌、氧化钨和氧化钼）对锰铈复合氧化物催化剂进行了改性. 测试了催化剂的氮氧化物选择性催化还原（SCR）活性,以筛选对应不同温度窗口的合适酸性氧化物改性剂. 同时评价了催化剂的NO氧化和NH₃氧化活性. 利用X射线衍射、BET比表面积测试、H₂程序升温还原、NH₃/NO_x程序升温脱附和NH₃/NO_x吸附红外光谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征. MnO_x-CeO₂催化剂表现出良好的低温（100-150 ℃）活性. 酸性金属氧化物的添加削弱了催化剂的氧化还原特性,从而抑制了NH₃的活化和NO₂辅助的快速SCR反应. 与此同时,相对高温（250-350 ℃）区NH₃的氧化也受到了抑制,B酸和L酸上的NH₃吸附得以增强. 因此,催化剂的SCR脱硝温度窗口向高温移动,改性效果Nb₂O₅ < WO₃ < MoO₃.     

NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂抗硫性能的研究进展

氮氧化物(NO_x)是一种重要的大气污染物, 它造成严重的环境问题, 同时威胁人类健康. 以钢铁烧结烟气为代表的固定源和以柴油机尾气为代表的移动源是氮氧化物的主要来源. 氨气选择性催化还原法(NH₃-SCR)是目前最有效且应用最广泛的NO_x脱除技术. 然而, 无论是固定源还是移动源上NH₃-SCR催化剂, 都不可避免地会被SO₂毒化, 造成催化剂失活, 限制了NH₃-SCR技术的进一步应用. 因此, 研究NH₃-SCR催化剂的SO₂中毒机制以及提高催化剂的抗硫性能至关重要. 我们对固定源脱硝的金属氧化物和移动源上脱硝的Cu基分子筛这两类不同催化剂体系的SO₂中毒机制的研究进展进行了介绍, 并对这两种催化剂上提高抗硫性能改性方法的研究进展进行了评述, 为未来的研究提供了参考.     

Understanding the Role of Gold Nanoparticles in Enhancing the Catalytic Activity of Manganese Oxides in Water Oxidation Reactions

The Earth‐abundant and inexpensive manganese oxides (MnO_x) have emerged as an intriguing type of catalysts for the water oxidation reaction. However, the overall turnover frequencies of MnO_x catalysts are still much lower than that of nanostructured IrO₂ and RuO₂ catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate that doping MnO_x polymorphs with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can result in a strong enhancement of catalytic activity for the water oxidation reaction. It is observed that, for the first time, the catalytic activity of MnO_x/AuNPs catalysts correlates strongly with the initial valence of the Mn centers. By promoting the formation of Mn³⁺ species, a small amount of AuNPs (<5 %) in α‐MnO₂/AuNP catalysts significantly improved the catalytic activity up to 8.2 times in the photochemical and 6 times in the electrochemical system, compared with the activity of pure α‐MnO₂.     

碱土金属掺杂对钴基尖晶石复合金属氧化物催化分解N_2O性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备碱土金属掺杂的钴基尖晶石型复合金属氧化物M_xCo_(3-x)O_4(M=Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba;x=0、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9)催化剂,使用XRD、SEM、氮吸附、H_2-TPR、O_2-TPD-M S和XPS等技术对催化剂进行表征,并在固定床微型反应器中评价了M_xCo_(3-x)O_4催化剂催化分解N_2O的活性,研究了碱土金属掺杂对其催化性能的影响。结果表明,碱土金属掺杂后,M_(x )Co_(3-x)O_4催化剂颗粒粒径减小,比表面积增大,表面吸附氧和Co~(2+)数量增加,氧化还原性能增强;在反应气组成为0.68%N_2O,3%O_2,Ar为平衡气的条件下,碱土金属锶掺杂、掺杂量x为0.7时,Sr_(0.7)Co_(2.3)O_4的N_2O分解催化活性最高,N_2O转化率为10%和95%时所需的温度分别为312和451℃。