三维有序大孔α-Fe2O3的制备及电化学性能研究

通过聚苯乙烯(PS)胶晶模板法合成了三维有序大孔(3DOM) α-Fe2O3, 运用扫描电镜、热重分析、X射线衍射、电化学充放电等多种方法对其结构和性能进行了表征和研究. SEM表明PS 胶晶模板和3DOM α-Fe2O3呈周期性排列. 合成的3DOM α-Fe2O3为三维有序多孔网状结构, 具有球型和六边形的孔隙形貌, 其孔径大小约为(115±10) nm; 孔壁由α-Fe2O3纳米晶粒组成, 壁厚为20～30 nm. XRD图谱表明经过煅烧除去模板后, 形成了纯α-Fe2O3相. 当3DOM α-Fe2O3作为锂离子电池负极材料时, 首次放电充电容量分别高达1880和1130 mAh•g－1, 20次循环后可逆容量依然高达631 mAh•g－1, 库仑效率大于90%.     

真空填充胶晶模板法快速制备三维有序大孔二氧化钛

以丙烯酸修饰的聚苯乙烯（PS）胶体晶体为模板,采用“三明治-真空”填充法将钛酸四丁酯的乙醇溶液填充到模板间隙中,煅烧除去模板快速高效制备了表面无覆盖层的三维有序大孔二氧化钛（3DOM TiO2）材料。 制备的3DOM TiO2具有典型的反蛋白石结构,孔壁完整且孔径大小均匀,呈六方密堆积的FCC结构。 其孔径为230 nm左右,收缩率仅为14%,孔与孔之间由小窗口相连。 XRD分析表明,500 ℃下煅烧制备的3DOM TiO2为锐钛矿晶型。     

胶晶模板法制备3DOM尖晶石型LiMn2O4及表征

通过乳液聚合获得粒径为280 nm左右的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)微球, 从其母液中离心沉降制得胶晶模板. 将LiNO3, Mn(Ac)2·4H2O和柠檬酸按摩尔比1∶2∶2配成前驱物的醇水混合溶液, 填充于PMMA胶晶模板间隙中, 经干燥和焙烧氧化成孔制得了三维有序大孔(3DOM)锂锰氧化物. 实验结果表明, 当n(Li)/n(Mn)=0.6, 前驱液浓度在0.6~1.0 mol/L之间和升温速率为2 ℃/min时, 分别在300与600 ℃下两段恒温焙烧2~3 h有利于目标产物的形成. SEM测试结果表明, PMMA胶晶模板和3DOM锂锰氧化物均为面心立方紧密堆积, 排列规则有序, 大孔直径在200~240 nm之间, 孔壁厚度在30~45 nm之间. 产物经XRD晶相测定和EDTA, KMnO4滴定分析确证为正尖晶石型LiMn2O4.     

三维有序大孔钙钛矿型氧化物LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3的合成及甲烷化学链水蒸气重整性能

采用无皂乳液聚合法制备聚苯乙烯(PS)微球,通过自组装得到排列均匀有序的聚苯乙烯(PS)胶晶模板,然后经过浸渍和煅烧得到三维有序大孔(3DOM)钙钛矿型氧化物LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3。通过扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射等手段对制备的3DOM钙钛矿型氧化物LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3的物理化学性能进行表征。在固定床反应器上考察3DOM LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3的甲烷化学链水蒸气重整性能。结果表明,聚苯乙烯(PS)微球粒径受苯乙烯单体使用量的影响,随着苯乙烯单体使用量的增加聚苯乙烯(PS)微球粒径呈增大的趋势;煅烧温度对三维有序大孔结构有显著影响,浸渍后模板在500℃煅烧下即能形成三维有序大孔结构比表面积达到19.820 m2/g,随着煅烧温度的升高三维有序大孔结构遭到部分破坏,在900℃煅烧下三维有序大孔结构遭到完全破坏。在氧载体与甲烷的反应前期,气体产物中CO2含量较高,是表面吸附氧将甲烷完全氧化所致,在表面吸附氧消耗完后体相晶格氧将甲烷部分氧化生成H2与CO。在水蒸气氧化阶段,水蒸气与还原态的氧载体发生反应生成氢气,产氢率为4.0-5.0 mmol/g。同时水蒸气氧化阶段气相产物中CO和CO2含量很低,说明3DOM LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3具有优秀的抗积炭性能。     

模板法制备三维有序大孔CeO2

以聚苯乙烯微球(polystyrene microsphere)高速离心组装的胶体晶体为模板,以Ce(NO3)3·6H2O与柠檬酸的螯合物填充模板,经热转化后合成了3DOM CeO2.TG-DTA分析表明加入柠檬酸可提高硝酸铈的热稳定性,规避其低熔点对形成3DOM结构的不利因素.通过SEM观察,制备的3DOM材料大孔六方有序,排列紧凑,孔径250 nm,收缩率约16%.大孔之间由小窗口连通,构成三维交联的孔道体系.XRD测试显示,材料由CeO2的立方晶粒组成,粒径11 nm.     

三维有序大孔氨基功能化材料的制备及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

以聚苯乙烯胶晶为模板,3-氨基-丙基-三乙氧基硅烷和正硅酸乙酯为前驱物,合成了三维有序大孔(3DOM)氨基功能化SiO2-NH2材料. SEM观察表明,合成的3DOM材料具有规则整齐的大孔通孔结构,平均孔径在535～596 nm之间,孔径收缩率为4.8%～14.5%. FTIR分析表明,材料中含有氨基等有机基团. BET分析表明,材料的比表面积为10.2 m2/g. 合成的3DOM SiO2-NH2材料对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附能力随着材料中氨基含量的增加而增大,最大吸附量为4.31 mmol/g.     

介孔氧化锡的制备及其在锂离子电池中的应用

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作模板剂, SnCl4·5H2O为无机离子源在水溶液中合成了有序介孔氧化锡材料. 通过XRD、N2-吸附脱附、TEM测试手段对合成产物进行表征, 并且测试了该材料作为锂离子电池阳极的可逆容量和循环能力. 结果表明, 合成过程中氨水的加入量对制备有序结构材料至关重要, 适量的OH-离子能将Sn(ClxBry)2-单元诱导组装到表面活性剂液晶模板上; 介孔材料用于锂离子电池阳极时循环容量保持能力良好; 首次不可逆容量高于SnO2理论损失量, 原因是介孔材料将锂离子滞留在孔中.     

乙二醇甲醚中电解锡电解液直接水解制备纳米SnO2

采用锡金属为阳极，在无隔膜电解槽中，电化学溶解锡于乙二醇甲醚中制备得到纳米SnO2前驱体Sn(OCH2CH2OCH3)4，将电解液直接水解经溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米SnO2，前驱体通过拉曼和红外光谱进行表征.纳米SnO2采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行表征.实验表明,电解合成的Sn(OCH2CH2OCH3)4能够溶解于乙醇中, 适宜作为溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)法制备纳米SnO2的原料，制得的纳米SnO2经600 ℃煅烧后呈球形单分散结构，晶型为四方锡石型, 比表面为62.58 m2·g－1，平均粒径在(10.0±0.4) nm左右.产率为89.3％，电流效率为86.9％.     

三维有序大孔锂离子筛的制备及其交换性能研究

由110 nm聚苯乙烯(PS)微球组装晶体胶体模板,并用此模板合成三维有序大孔(3-dimensionally ordered macroporous,3DOM)锂离子筛前驱体Li4Ti5O12,用1.0 mol.L-1的盐酸改型制得锂离子筛H4Ti5O12(LiTi-H)。用XRD、SEM、饱和交换容量、pH滴定曲线等表征了材料的形貌、结构和离子交换性能。同时测定了25℃时LiTi-H在0.05 mol.L-1Li+体系吸附锂的动力学数据,并采用吸附动力学Bangham方程和Elovich方程关联离子筛LiTi-H对Li+的离子交换动力学数据。结果表明:PS胶体晶体模板和3DOMLi4Ti5O12锂离子筛前驱体均排列规则有序,大孔直径约90 nm,Li4Ti5O12为尖晶石结构;3DOM Li4Ti5O12酸稳定性好,锂离子筛LiTi-H对Li+具有较高的选择性,对Li+的饱和交换容量达56.70 mg(Li+).g-1;动力学模型用Elovich模型关联较好,离子筛对Li+的离子交换动力学方程是Q=-26.510 4+11.977 4lnt(25℃)。     

三维有序大孔SiW12/SiO2杂化材料的制备及表征

 用自然沉降法组装成规则排列的聚苯乙烯胶晶,并以此作为模板剂,用Keggin结构的杂多酸SiW12和正硅酸乙酯组成溶胶作为先驱物,成功制备了三维有序大孔(3DOM)SiW12/SiO2杂化材料. XRD和IR等测试结果表明,所得样品中的杂多酸SiW12能够保持其Keggin结构,SEM观察显示,样品具有三维大孔规则排列的结构. 研究发现,溶胶组成对杂化材料的3DOM结构影响很大,纯SiW12难以形成3DOM结构,随着SiO2含量的增加,样品的孔结构三维规整性和强度明显增强,而且引入SiO2可有效提高杂多酸的热稳定性.     

Preparation of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous perovskite-type lanthanum-iron-oxide LaFeO3 with tunable pore diameters: High porosity and photonic property

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) lanthanum-iron-oxide (LaFeO₃) with different pore diameters was prepared using a colloidal crystal of polymer spheres with different diameters as templates. Ethylene glycol-methanol mixed solution of metal nitrates was infiltrated into the void of the colloidal crystal template of a monodispersed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sphere. Heating of this PMMA-metal salt-ethylene glycol composite produced the desired well-ordered 3DOM LaFeO₃ with a high pore fraction, which was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), mercury (Hg) porosimetry, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) diffuse reflectance spectra. 3DOM LaFeO₃ with pore diameters of 281 and 321 nm shows opalescent colors because of photonic stop band properties. Catalytic activity of the 3DOM LaFeO₃ for combustion of carbon particles was enhanced by a potassium cation, which was involved from K₂S₂O₈ used as a polymerization initiator.     

Preparation and characterization of three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous titania microparticles as anode material for lithium ion battery

Three-dimensionally (3D) ordered mesoporous titania (anatase) microparticles without substrate were prepared by using polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystal as a template and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and electrochemical measurement. As anode materials for lithium ion battery, they present eximious kinetic performance and good capacity retention due to their special architecture with mesoporous channels and thin walls, which are beneficial to the diffusion of lithium ions. Besides, mixing 3D ordered mesoporous titania microparticles with conductive additive can reduce the resistance of the anode, favor the mobility of the electrons, and decrease the polarization.     

A new route to self-assembled tin dioxide nanospheres: fabrication and characterization

Nearly monodispersed self-assembled tin dioxide (SnO2) nanospheres with intense photoluminescence (PL) were synthesized using a new wet chemistry technique. Instead of coprecipitating stannous salts, bulk tin (Sn) metal was oxidized at room temperature in a solution of hydrogen peroxide and deionized water containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ethylenediamine (EDA). SnO2 nanocrystals were produced with diameters of approximately 3.8 nm that spontaneously self-assembled into uniform SnO2 nanospheres with diameters of approximately 30 nm. Analysis was performed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. The SnO2 nanospheres displayed room-temperature purple luminescence with an intense band at 394 nm (approximately 3.15 eV) and a high quantum yield of approximately 15%, likely as a result of emission from the surface states of SnO2/PVP complexes. The present study could open a new avenue to large-scale synthesis of self-assembled functional oxide nanostructures with technological applications as purple emitters, biological labels, gas sensors, lithium batteries, and dye-sensitized solar cells.     

3-D ordered macroporous cuprous oxide: Fabrication, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties

Cuprous oxide 3-D ordered macroporous material was constructed by electrochemical deposition using a polystyrene colloidal crystal as template. The highly ordered macroporous structure with a hexagonal array can be extended over hundreds of square micrometers. The photonic stop bands of both the PS colloidal crystal and Cu2O 3DOM were found. Due to the highly ordered porous structure, the optical absorption and the charge carrier transportation are better in Cu2O 3DOM than in bulk Cu2O, which makes the reduction of oxygen faster on Cu2O 3DOM than on bulk Cu2O under visible light illumination. The higher photocurrent efficiency under visible light illumination makes the 3DOM Cu2O more suitable for solar applications.     

光还原Pt掺杂三维有序大孔ZrO2复合材料的光降解与光解水制氢

采用胶晶模板技术结合光还原方法制备了Pt掺杂复合材料三维有序大孔Pt/ZrO2(3DOM Pt/ZrO2)。通过X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外–可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV–Vis/DRS)和氮气吸附–脱附等测试方法对纳米复合材料3DOM Pt/ZrO2的晶相、组成、结构、形貌以及表面物理化学性质等进行表征。结果表明,Pt掺杂复合材料3DOM Pt/ZrO2与单体ZrO2的晶相相一致,其形貌呈现三维有序大孔结构,且孔结构排列整齐有序,孔壁为介孔结构。经光还原作用后该复合材料中Pt主要以单质形式存在,并且均匀分布在三维有序复合材料表面。同时,与单体ZrO2相比,纳米复合材料3DOM Pt/ZrO2的BET比表面积显著增大,光吸收性能发生改变,在240–350 nm间呈现强吸收。另外,在多模式光降解实验中,3DOM Pt/ZrO2的光活性明显增强。同时,其光解水制氢性能差不多是P25的2.5倍。     

三维有序大孔复合材料AgZnO-TiO2的制备及微波辅助光催化性能

采用聚苯乙烯(PS)微球作为模板剂,经溶胶-凝胶及煅烧后处理等方法制备了三维有序大孔复合材料Ag/ZnO-TiO2. 通过傅里叶-红外光谱(FT-IR)、X 射线衍射(XRD)、X 射线光电子能谱(XPS) 、N2吸附-脱附测定和扫描电子显微镜配合X 射线能量色谱仪(SEM-EDS)等测试手段对其组成、结构及形貌等进行了表征. 结果显示,经PS微球处理后的Ag/ZnO-TiO2具有锐钛矿晶型结构,其Ag以单质形式存在. 该复合材料的孔结构排列整齐有序,孔壁为介孔结构,粒子堆积致密,平均孔直径约150 nm,属于三维有序大孔材料(3DOM). 在微波辅助光催化降解甲基橙等染料的实验研究中,该复合材料表现出较好的光催化性能,其活性明显高于P25等单体以及二元体系ZnO-TiO2     

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous silicon films made by electrodeposition from an ionic liquid

Three dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) silicon films have been made via ordered polystyrene (PS) templates by electrodeposition from an ionic liquid (IL). For this purpose, the ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([Py(1,4)]Tf(2)N) with SiCl(4) dissolved in it was used as an electrolyte and the electrodeposition of macroporous silicon could be achieved at room temperature (~20 °C). Self-assembled PS colloidal crystals with different diameters were used as templates. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the quality of the samples, and the optical transmission measurement demonstrates that the 3DOM silicon film has a bandgap in the near infrared regime. Such a material has the potential to make 3DOM silicon feasible for electrical and optical applications.