The limits of plastic optical fiber for short distance high-speed computer data links

Abstract

The attenuation and dispersion of commercially available all-plastic step-index optical fiber are the major factors limiting the maximum achievable transmission distance and bit rate; this article explores these limits. Calculations predict that ～ 500 Mb/s transmission over 100 m of standard 0.47 NA step-index PMMA POF at 650 nm is feasible, and recent experimental results at up to 400 Mb/s are briefly described. The implications of having a lower loss, higher bandwidth POF, for example, perfluorinated, graded-index PMMA, arc discussed.     

170 Mb/s multilevel transmission over 115 m standard step-index plastic optical fiber using an integrated optical receiver

An optical receiver having a high linearity is used for multilevel communication over standard step plastic optical fiber. A large-diameter photodiode with an antireflection coating optimized for red light was integrated. These features enable the used optical receiver to be a promising plastic optical fiber receiver. An error free (< 10⁻⁸) 170 Mb/s data rate over 115 m standard PMMA step-index plastic optical fiber is achieved with four-level and eight-level pulse amplitude modulation.     

Fabrication and amplified spontaneous emission of Eu(DBM) <Subscript>3</Subscript>Phen doped step-index polymer optical fiber

A step-index polymer optical fiber (SI POF) with a core of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) containing Eu(DBM)₃Phen has been fabricated by a preform technique. Fluorescence analysis showed that there is not obvious change in the local environment around Eu³⁺with the increase of Eu(DBM)₃Phen doping concentration. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) phenomenon of the doped SI POF by end-pumping with an Ar⁺-laser of 457.9 nm at ambient temperature was observed. The threshold of the pump power for the onset of ASE is found to be 120 mW for the doped SI POF with a length of 50 cm, the length is also found to be the optimal length for maximum ASE power under the input power of 200 mW. The maximum quantum conversion efficiency of the fiber is about 40%.     

1 Gbit/s transmission over step-index plastic optical fiber using an optical receiver with an integrated equalizer

A single chip optical receiver with an integrated large-diameter photodiode, transimpedance amplifier, two stages active equalizer, post amplifier and 50 Ω driver is used for gigabit transmission over PMMA step plastic optical fiber (SI-POF). The large-diameter photodiode with an antireflection coating optimized for red light. The integrated equalizer enables the presented optical receiver to reach 1 Gbit/s over 50 m SI-POF at bit error ratio of 10^− 6. An error free (< 10^− 9) 1 Gbit/s data rate over 40 m standard PMMA step-index plastic optical fiber is also achieved.     

PMMA光纤辐照特性研究

分析了聚合物光纤在辐照环境下的物理化学变化,实验研究了聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂（PMMA）光纤在不同剂量的γ射线辐照下的辐照损伤和恢复特性,测量了PMMA光纤在可见光波段的辐照光谱和恢复光谱以及在638 nm的辐照前后透过率及辐照损伤.测量结果表明,光纤的辐照损伤和恢复都有波长相关性,辐照剂量低于5 kGy,PMMA光纤在整个可见光波段的辐照损伤情况差别不大,辐照剂量超过5 kGy,PMMA光纤在400 nm~550 nm波段的辐照损伤比600 nm~800 nm的辐照损伤要严重.     

Optical amplification of Eu(DBM)3Phen-doped polymer optical fiber

A preform technique is used to prepare a step-index (SI) polymer optical fiber (POF) doped with Eu(DBM)3Phen. The gain (5.7 dB) at 613 nm of the doped SI POF with Eu3+ content of 4000 in 10(6) wt., 0.4-mm core diameter, and 30-cm fiber length is observed at ambient temperature by end pumping with a YAG at 355 nm. The input signal light is approximately 0.2 W. The results show the possibility of signal gain in a rare-earth-doped POF amplifier and the potential of a polymer doped with rare-earth ions as an active optical device.     

用于高速数据通信的梯度塑料光纤

概述了梯度塑料光纤的开发历史和现状。从应用于高速数据通信的角度 ,介绍了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、全氘化和全氟化梯度塑料光纤的损耗、带宽、稳定性和寿命。详细介绍了梯度塑料光纤的损耗光谱和损耗机制 ,介绍了制作梯度塑料光纤的界面凝胶聚合技术和两种扩散法 ,分析了梯度塑料光纤的制作方法同折射率剖面和带宽的关系 ,讨论了梯度塑料光纤的稳定性同掺杂物质的关系。同时介绍了高稳定性梯度塑料光纤的研究进展及今后的发展动向     

Realization of optoelectronic integrated transmitter and receiver for POF Applications

The optoelectronic integrated transmitter and receiver for 650 nm plastic optical fiber (POF) communication applications realized in 0.5 μm BCD (Biplor, CMOS and DMOS) process is first described in this paper. The 650 nm resonant cavity light emitting diode (RCLED) is used as light source. It is first proposed for optoelectronic integration of the transmitter by bonding RCLED to the driver chip. Temperature compensation technology is employed in the driver circuit to compensate for the modulation current. In the monolithic optoelectronic integrated receiver, large area multi-finger PIN photodetector (PD) that is compatible with standard IC process, transimpedance amplifier and post amplifier are presented. Measurement results show that the responsivity and capacitance of PD is 0.25 A/W and 5 pF, respectively. The sensitivity of receiver is −14.6 dBm at 180 Mb/s and BER is less than 10⁻⁹ for 650 nm input light by POF. A clear eye diagram is demonstrated for 180 Mb/s PRBS. These indicate that optoelectronic integrated chips can be employed in high-speed POF-based Fast Ethernet systems for broadband access network applications.     

Transmission experiments in the 1.2-1.6 μm wavelength region using graded-index optical fiber cables

Optical fiber transmission systems with extremely long repeater spacing are very attractive for various applications both in land and undersea communication systems. This paper describes the results of transmission experiments, using low-loss fibers in the 1.2-1.6 μm wavelength region. Graded-index optical fibers having an optimum profile at 1.27 μm were manufactured in cables. Average bandwidth was 1,275 MHz-km, and the average optical loss was 0.6 dB/km. The 52.6-km and 62.3-km repeater spacings were realized at 100 Mb/s and 32 Mb/s transmission, respectively, using InGaAsP/InP LD and Ge-APD. The 21.5-km and 12.0-km repeater spacings at 32 Mb/s were also realized by 1.2μm and 1.5μm LEDS, respectively.     

塑料光纤相位调制灵敏度的研究

研究了压电涂层PMMA纤芯塑料光纤中的相位调制.射频信号通过对光纤外层的压电涂层作用,使纤芯中产生应变,从而对光纤中的光信号进行相位调制.数值计算结果表明,与传统的石英光纤相比,PMMA塑料光纤的相位调制的灵敏度要高数十倍以上.     

Technical study of visible light wavelength division multiplexing using polymer optical fiber

Visible light wavelength division multiplexing (VWDM) experiment was performed using polymer optical fiber (POF). Lights of two different wavelengths (650 and 530 nm) were sent to a single POF. Red light (650 nm) was used for 100-Mb/s full duplex IP data transmission and green light (530 nm) was used for voice signal transmission. Light sources are light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A POF coupler (splitter) and the prisms were employed as multiplexer and demultiplexer, respectively. The channel isolation and insert loss were measured, which are 20.5 and 17.65 dB for 650-nm channel respectively, and 19.16 and 20.55 dB for 530 nm one respectively.     

聚焦法测量塑料光纤折射率分布的可行性研究

结合理论分析和实验验证,探讨了聚焦法测量塑料光纤纤芯的折射率分布的可行性。结果表明,对GI-POF而言,聚焦法是一种简单可行的技术.但是对SI-POF,由于入射光线在光纤边界处发生交叉,聚焦法不能精确测量其折射率分布.     

纯石英光纤的高功率紫外激光传输特性

报道了几种国产阶跃型纯石英光在传输ＸｅＣｌ（３０８ｎｍ）准分子激光时的损耗特性及其破坏阈值的实验研究结果，同时也报道了这些光纤的弯曲损耗和弯曲断裂特性，结果表明，这些紫外级石英光纤，最小的透过损耗约为０．３３ｄＢ／ｍ，表面破坏阈值约为１０Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２。     

Effect of rare earth elements on the structural and optical properties of PMMA for possible uses in polymer optical communications

Rare-earth elements (REEs) as Tm⁺³, Er⁺³, Yb⁺³ and Nd⁺³ have a significant optical photon emission. Therefore, Films of PMMA doped with 5?wt.% of NdCl₃, TmCl₃, ErCl₃ or YbCl₃ were prepared using the casting technique. FTIR of the prepared films has been studied. The optical and dispersion behavior of all doped samples have been investigated. The reflectance (R) and the transmittance (T) were measured in the wavelength range of 200–2500?nm. FTIR of all PMMA reveals that, REEs addition to PMMA samples creates new transmission peaks C=O groups and a decrease in the intensity of the absorption band of C–O groups has been obtained. The results showed the dependency of the refractive index and energy gap on the REE electronic transitions nature. The obtained results suggest strongly the applicability of these PMMA derivatives in improving the performance of the polymer optical fiber (POF).     

Long-reach 60-GHz radio-over-fiber system based on turbo-coded OFDM

Turbo-coded 1.25-Gb/s orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （OFDM） signals in 60-GHz radio-over-fiber system are demonstrated.It can overcome impairments in fibers and extend transmission distance.Experimental results show that the transmission distance of turbo-coded OFDM signals at 1.25 Gb/s with coding （pure bit rate of 830 Mb/s） can be extended by over 30%.     

Single-mode microstructured optical fiber for the middle infrared

Microstructured crystalline optical fiber from silver halides is described. Both experimental and theoretical evidences are presented to establish that the fiber is effectively single mode at wavelength 10.6 micro m with numerical aperture NA=0.16 and optical losses of approximately 2 dB/m. Crystalline microstructured optical fibers offer key advantages over step-index optical fibers from silver halide crystals. The wide transmission range of wavelengths 2-20 micro m provides great potential for applications in spectroscopy and for the development of a range of new crystalline-based nonlinear optical fibers.     

塑料光纤(POF)的发展及其应用

阐述了阶跃型塑料光纤和渐变型塑料光纤的发展过程及其国内外研究现状,介绍了塑料光纤在局域网、汽车工业、传感器等领域的应用.通过对石英光纤、金属电缆与塑料光纤的性能进行比较,得到了塑料光纤具有芯径大、柔韧性好、价格低廉、制作简单等特点.就塑料光纤在局域网、汽车工业、传感器等领域的应用进行了分析、总结,结果表明降低塑料光纤的传输损耗可以进一步扩大其应用领域.最后分析了我国塑料光纤的研究、生产现状与国际水平的差距,并提出了提高国产塑料光纤技术水平的建议.     

The 650-nm variable optical attenuator based on polymer/silica hybrid waveguide

Visible light variable optical attenuators(VOA) are essential devices in the application of channel power regulation and equalization in wavelength-division multiplexing cross-connect nodes in plastic optical fiber(POF) transmission systems.In this paper, a polymer/silica hybrid waveguide thermo–optic attenuator based on multimode interference(MMI) coupler is designed and fabricated to operate at 650 nm. The single-mode transmission condition, MMI coupler, and transition taper dimensions are optimized through the beam propagation method. Thermal analysis based on material properties provides the optimized heater placement angle. The fabricated VOA presents an attenuation of 26.5 dB with a 21-mW electrical input power at 650 nm. The rise time and fall time are 51.99 and 192 μs, respectively. The time–stability measurement results prove its working reliability.     

聚合物薄膜电光效应研究

介绍聚合物DR/PMMA薄膜材料做成光学法布里-珀罗腔结构,通过观察透射率随外加电场变化,以确定其非线性光学特性参量,在室温和575.0nm时的三阶极化率x~⑶(-ω;ω,0,0)=(5.3-i6.0)×10~((-11)_(θs.u))和二次电光系数R=-(8.5-i9.7)×10~(-19)m~2/V~2.     

PMMA塑料光纤中C-H谐波吸收损耗的计算

通过对PMMA塑料光纤中的主要损耗因素C -H谐波吸收进行了理论分析 ,并进行了定量计算 ,结果与实际测量数据一致 .并从理论上验证了氘化、氟化降低塑料光纤损耗的机理 .得到不同量子数的伸缩振动和弯曲振动的吸收波数和损耗 .随着波长的增加 ,C -H谐波吸收损耗增加 ,而伸缩振动的吸收损耗比弯曲振动高一个数量级 ,且两者分别与量子数呈线性关系