Multilayer effects in adsorption of alcohols from benzene andn-heptane on silica gel

Experimental data for the title systems are compared with calculations based on theoretical adsorption parameters.

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Mehrschichteffekte bei der Adsorption von Alkoholen aus Benzol undn-Heptan auf Silicagel (Kurze Mitteilung)

Zusammenfassung Für die im Titel genannten Systeme werden experimentelle Daten mit Berechnungen verglichen, die auf theoretischen Parametern basieren.

     

A simple method for determining the multilayer effects in adsorption of alcohols on silica gel

The excess adsorption isotherms ofn-pentanol, pentan-2-ol and 2-methylbutan-2-ol from binary and ternary solutions in benzene andn-heptane were measured. Experimental adsorption data are discussed in terms of a multilayer model of the surface phase. The main assumption of this model is that the surface layers being near the solid surface contain the molecules of the preferentially adsorbed component only. The phase-exchange reaction of molecules between bulk phase and last surface layer has been taken into account.On the basis of this theory it has been established for the investigated systems that the surface phase contains three molecular layers. Simultaneously appropriate surface phase capacities were determined.

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Eine einfache Untersuchungsmethode für Mehrschicht-Effekte bei der Adsorption von Alkoholen an Kieselgel

Zusammenfassung Die Adsorptionsisothermen binärer und ternärer flüssiger Mischungen vonn-Pentanol, 2-Pentanol oder 2-Methyl-2-butanol in Benzol und/odern-Heptan wurden bezüglich Kieselgel gemessen. Die experimentellen Daten der Adsorption wurden mittels des Mehrschichts-Modells der Oberflächenphase diskutiert. Die Hauptvoraussetzung dieses Modells ist die Annahme, daß die Oberflächenschichten, die sich in der Nähe des Kieselgels befinden, nur Moleküle der bevorzugt adsorbierten Komponente enthalten. Es wurde auch die Phasen-Austauschreaktion von Molekülen zwischen Phaseninnerem und der letzten Oberflächenschicht in Betracht gezogen.Auf der Basis dieser Theorie wurde für die untersuchten Systeme festgestellt, daß die Oberflächenphase aus drei Molekülschichten besteht. Außerdem wurden die ermittelten Volumina der Oberflächenphase berechnet.

     

Adsorption from ternary liquid mixtures on silica gel and aluminium oxide

Formation of mixed adsorbed layers was tested for ternary liquid mixtures containing methanol or acetone and the binary solvent benzene+n — heptane. The specific excess adsorption isotherms from the liquid phase were measured on silica gel, silanized silica gel and aluminium oxide. The experimental adsorption data are discussed on the basis of the changes in the mixed solvent composition.     

Application of a bilayer adsorption model for explaining the adsorption of esters fromn-heptane and benzene on silica gel

The adsorption isotherms of methyl, ethyl,n-propyl andn-butyl acetates from benzene andn-heptane on silica gel have been measured at 298 K. A bilayer model of surface phase has been used to interpret these experimental data. It has been shown that the chain length of the hydrocarbon part of the ester and the solvent affinity to the adsorbent influence the structure of the surface phase. Moreover, this structure is also determined by energetic heterogeneity of the adsorbent surface.

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Die Anwendung eines Zweischicht-Adsorptionsmodells zum Verständnis der Adsorption von Estern ausn-Heptan- und Benzollösungen auf Kieselgel

Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Adsorptionsisothermen der Methyl-, Ethyl-,n-Propyl undn-Butylacetate in Benzol undn-Heptanlösungen auf Kieselgel bei 298 K gemessen. Zur Interpretation der experimentellen Daten ist ein Zweischicht-Modell für die Oberflächenphase benutzt worden. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Länge der Esterkohlenwasserstoffkette und die Aktivität des Lösungsmittels Einfluß auf die Struktur der Oberflächenform haben. Außerdem ist diese Struktur durch energetische Inhomogenität der Adsorbensoberfläche bestimmt.

     

Adsorption from binary solvent mixtures onto silica gel by HPLC frontal analysis

Summary The chromatographic technique of frontal analysis is applied to measuring adsorption from binary liquid mixtures by silica gel. The complete adsorption isotherm of a solvent mixture is obtained by measuring the break-through curves for a series of small concentration steps of the mobile phase. This method offers a direct way to determine the composition of the stationary phase in liquid-solid chromatography with mixed mobile phases. The surface excess isotherms of all binary systems formed by benzene, cyclohexane, and 1,2-dichloroethane, at the solution-silica gel interface at 25 °C are presented. The data of the three systems are shown to be thermodynamically mutually consistent.     

Adsorption from solutions of nonelectrolytes on heterogeneous solid surfaces: A four-parameter equation for the excess adsorption isotherm

A four-parameter single-solute adsorption isotherm equation is generalized to the adsorption of binary liquid mixtures of nonelectrolytes. This equation comprises all isotherms being a simple extension of theEverett isotherm to liquid adsorption on heterogeneous solid surfaces. The benzene—cyclohexane excess adsorption data on silica gel are studied by using this new equation.

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Adsorption aus Lösungen von Nichtelektrolyten an heterogenen festen Oberflächen: Eine Vierparametergleichung für die Excess-Adsorptions-Isotherme

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Vierparameter-Isothermengleichung für binäre Lösungen von Nichtelektrolyten diskutiert. Diese Gleichung umfaßt alle Isothermen vom Typ der einfachen Erweiterung derEverett-Isotherme für Flüssig-Adsorption auf heterogenen festen Oberflächen. Die Daten für die Adsorption von Benzol—Cyclohexan werden mittels dieser neuen Gleichung behandelt.

     

Multilayer adsorption from multicomponent liquid mixtures on solid surfaces

Multilayer adsorption of multicomponent liquid mixtures on homogeneous and heterogeneous solid surfaces is discussed. Heterogeneity effects of the adsorbent surface have been taken into account in calculation of mole fractions of the components in the first adsorbed layer. The model calculations, illustrating multilayer and heterogeneity effects, have been performed for adsorption of ternary liquid mixtures.

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Mehrschicht-Adsorption von flüssigen Mehrkomponentenmischungen auf festen Oberflächen

Zusammenfassung Es wird die Mehrschichtadsorption auf homogenen und heterogenen Oberflächen diskutiert. Bei der Berechnung der Molbrüche der Komponenten der ersten adsorbierten Schicht wurden Heterogenitäts-Effekte berücksichtigt. Die Modellrechnungen wurden an ternären flüssigen Mischungen vorgenommen.

     

Adsorption from Ternary Liquid Mixtures on Partially Dehydroxylated Silica Gel

The formation of mixed adsorbed layers has been tested for ternary mixtures containing a specifically adsorbed component—acetone and binary solvent benzene +n-hepane. The specific excess adsorption isotherms from the liquid phase were measured on silica gel samples partially dehydroxylated. The competition of liquid components for silica surface is discussed on the basis of changes in the mixed solvent composition.     

氯铬酸甲铵/硅胶载体氧化剂的制备及其对醇的氧化研究

利用硅胶作载体，负载氯铬酸甲铵盐制备了一种新的载体铬(Ⅵ)氧化剂。该试剂制备方法简单、性质稳定。可在多种反应介质中对伯醇和仲醇氧化，高收率得到相应的醛和酮，反应操作简单，提纯方便。     

Thermodynamics of adsorption of polybutadiene on alumina and silica gel: effect of temperature and solvent

The adsorption of polybutadiene (PBR) on alumina and silica gel was studied at different temperatures from cyclohexane and toluene solutions. It shows that the adsorption process was dependent on temperature and solvent. The adsorption isotherm and the thermodynamic quantities of adsorption were determined and it was observed that the adsorption process from both solvents was similar and the amount of adsorption increased as temperature decreased. The silica gel-cyclohexane system was more exothermic than all other systems and was also relatively more ordered.     

四乙烯五胺修饰介孔硅胶吸附CO2性能的研究

采用浸渍法将四乙烯五胺(TEPA)负载到介孔硅胶(SG)上,制备了一系列胺功能化的CO₂吸附材料(TEPA-SG).利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TGA)和N₂吸脱附等分析方法对样品进行了表征,并在固定床反应器中考察了TEPA负载量、吸附温度对CO₂吸附性能的影响,同时通过添加不同质量分数的聚乙二醇(PEG)考察了羟基对吸附性能及再生性能的促进作用.结果表明,当TEPA负载量为40%(质量分数)、吸附温度为70 ℃时,TEPA-SG的吸附量高达2.21 mmol/g;PEG的加入改变了氨基与CO₂的相互作用机理,当TEPA与PEG的质量比为3:1,总负载量为40%时,CO₂的吸附量为2.70 mmol/g,且经过10次吸脱附循环实验后,CO₂吸附量仍保持在2.66 mmol/g,表现出较好的循环稳定性.Clausius-Clapeyron方程计算得该过程的等量吸附热为30~40 kJ/mol,且随吸附量的增大等量吸附热逐渐减小,表明TEPA30/PEG10-SG吸附剂表面存在能量不均匀性.     

Competitive adsorption from multicomponent non-electrolytic liquid mixtures on heterogeneous solid surfaces

Summary A simple model for competitive adsorption from multicomponent non-electrolytic liquid mixtures on energetically heterogeneous solid surfaces is discussed in terms of statistical thermodynamics. Integral equations are derived for the fundamental thermodynamic quantities that characterize competitive adsorption at the liquid-solid interface. Extensive model studies are presented in order to illustrate the influence of adsorbent heterogeneity on the behaviour of these thermodynamic quantities.on leave from Faculty of Chemistry, M. Curie-Sklodowska University, PL-20031 Lublin, Poland     

硅胶的表面硅烷化处理及其吸附性能研究

为研究改性硅胶对挥发性有机废气的吸附性能,分别采用十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷、辛基三乙氧基硅烷、苯基三甲氧基硅烷、一甲基三乙氧基硅烷对硅胶进行气相改性处理,试验研究了不同改性剂、改性时间对硅胶饱和吸附率的影响,考察了改性硅胶对甲苯、水二组分体系的吸附选择性.结果表明,硅胶对甲苯的吸附主要为物理吸附,长链的硅烷改性剂在60℃、...     

Solvent-free cyclopalladation on silica gel

Tertiary, secondary and primary benzylamines, as well as structurally different oxazolines readily reacted with Pd(OAc)₂ on silica gel to form cyclopalladated complexes containing a five or six-membered palladacycle with a (sp²)C-Pd or (sp³)C-Pd bond. The complexes were obtained in 45-98% yield, which is comparable with or exceeds the yields reported for preparation of the same compounds in solution. Aliphatic (sp³)C-H bond activation took place in the cyclopalladation of (S)-2-tert-butyl-4-phenyl-2-oxazoline on SiO₂ leading to the exclusive formation of the corresponding endo palladacycle, whereas two products were reported for the same reaction performed in AcOH.     

Theoretical studies on the adsorption from non-ideal binary liquid mixtures on heterogeneous surfaces involving difference in molecular sizes of components

An equation for the phenomenon of competetive adsorption from binary liquid mixtures onto solids has been derived using the kinetic approach. In this equation the difference of the molecular sizes, the non-ideality of both bulk surface phases, and the energetic heterogeneity of the solid surface have been taken into account.

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Theoretische Untersuchungen zur Adsorption aus nichtidealen binären Lösungsmittelgemischen an heterogene Oberflächen fester Körper unter Berücksichtigung der Unterschiede in den molekularen Größen der Komponenten

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund kinetischer Erwägungen wurde eine Gleichung, die die Konkurrenzadsorption aus binären Lösungsmittelgemischen an den Oberflächen fester Körper beschreibt, aufgestellt. In der Gleichung wurde der Größenunterschied der Teilchen, die Nichtidealität der Lösung in der Volumen- und Oberflächenphase, sowie die energetische Heterogenität der Oberfläche des festen Körpers berücksichtigt.

     

HPLC on pentalfuoroanilinopropyl silica gel

Summary The preparation of a new pentafluoroanilino-phase for HPLC is described. The retention times (t_r) of about twenty aromatic hydrocarbons have been determinated. It has been shown that the aromatics were eluted according to the number of rings. The influence of water content in the mobile phase is commented.     

Pentacyanoferrates(II) on the surface of organomodified silica gel: The matrix effect

Pentacyanoferrate(II) absorbed on a silica gel surface previously modified with 3-aminopropyl and 3-imidazolylpropyl groups were characterized by¹³C MAS/NMR, FT-IR, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. FT-IR and¹³C MAS/NMR data indicated that the pentacyanoferrate(II) complex is bonded to the surface by the nitrogen atom of the functional group. The differences in the isomeric shifts, the quandrupole splittings and the midpoint potentials of the adsorbed complexes in comparison with the model complexes were attributed to the matrix polar effect—i.e., the interaction of the complex with polar groups on the silica surface.     

HPLC study of the adsorption from solutions on two silicagels

Summary In this paper, we report and discuss the adsorption isotherms of hydro-organic mixtures and of compounds used as mobile phase in reversed phase and normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC and NP-HPLC, respectively). This work is the first attempt to study the solid-liquid interface between two types of chromatographic silica surfaces and pure organic adsorbates from water and from organic eluents by HPLC. Frequently, among the dynamic techniques the method of choice for the measurement of an adsorption isotherm is frontal analysis. We suggest here the combination of the technique based on peak asymmetry calibration and peak profiles, which allows calculations directly from integration data. The group of systems studied permits the analysis of the intermolecular interactions on the silica surface. Particular attention was given to the system methanol-water and the measurement of the adsorption ofn-octanol from methanol on RP-silica was also carried out.     

Liquid chromatography of macromolecules at the critical adsorption point. II. Role of column packing: Bare silica gel

Liquid chromatography of macromolecules at the critical adsorption point (LC CAP) presents a potentially very powerful method for molecular characterization of complex polymers. However, LC CAP applicability is limited due to various experimental problems. The pore sizes and surface chemistry of the column packings belong to the most important weak points of the method. The LC CAP behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)s was investigated using bare silica gels of 6, 12, and 100 nm pore sizes and with various amounts of surface silanols. Tetrahydrofuran as the adsorption suppressing liquid and toluene as the adsorption promoting liquid were mixed to form the “nearly critical” eluents. Both pore size and surface chemistry of silica were found to strongly influence the retentive characteristics of the system in the critical adsorption area. Macromolecules that were large enough to be excluded from the packing pores hardly followed the LC CAP rules: their retention volumes changed irregularly with the polymer molar mass and their recovery dropped sharply. The narrow pore silica gel-packed column governed the elution patterns of the whole column set composed of silica gels with different pore sizes. This makes the conventional LC CAP characterization of common polymers with broader molar mass distribution impractical and even not feasible. A hybrid column system was proposed containing narrow pore nonadsorptive column added in series to the meso- and macroporous LC CAP silica gels. This narrow pore column would allow separation of gas, impurities, and system peaks from the polymer peaks. The possible successive changes of the surface of silica gel, e.g., due to formation of silanols by hydrolysis or due to irreversible adsorption of some admixtures from the sample or eluent may make the LC CAP irrepeatable. Pronounced peak broadening was observed in the critical adsorption area and this effect increased strongly with the polymer molar mass. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1363–1371, 1998