瞬态波位移场计算方法在相控阵声场模拟中的实验验证

通过实验研究了声束偏转不同角度和声场半径变化时线性相控阵的声场特性,并与基于瞬态波位移解析解的相控阵声场计算方法得到的理论结果进行了对比。首先研究了基于半圆圆弧离面瞬态位移的声场计算方法,并进行了数值计算可靠性的优化。然后建立了一套相控阵瞬态波位移场的测量系统,以半圆形钢板为试件,纵波传感器为接收传感器,测量了偏转角度为-10°,-30°,-50°,-70°,及声场半径为50 mm,75 mm,100 mm和125 mm时线性超声相控阵的声束指向性;同时以基于瞬态波位移解析解的相控阵声场计算方法,计算了相同条件下该相控阵的声束指向性。最后将实验结果与理论结果进行了对比,取得了较好的一致。说明基于瞬态波位移的相控阵声场计算方法可以较好地计算线阵的声场,对于声束偏转较大角度和声场半径变化时也同样有效。      

Transition from transient response to steady state for a layered medium

The transition from transient response to steady-state for a layered medium subjected to antiplane loadings is studied. The steady-state formula for a layered medium is derived and the solutions for a layered half-space are then expressed explicitly in the form of wave number integrals. The transient response solutions for a layered half-space are obtained by the convolution of time harmonic loading function with transient response formula derived analytically from an effective matrix method. Two layered half-spaces with different ratios of wave velocities in the layer and half-space are considered and investigated by means of extensive numerical results to show their quite different transition behavior. The numerical results indicate that transient responses will approach steady state after certain characteristic times when the transient effects die away. The transition phenomena and characteristic times are investigated in detail through the responses from near field to far field as well as from low frequency to high frequency.     

Ultrasonic field radiated by a normal shear wave probe

The field of horizontally polarized ultrasonic shear wave radiated by a 2/2 piezoelectric composite normal probe was studied. The strictly analytic field solutions for two different surface forces were deduced and the field distribution and directivity patterns were given by numerical calculations. The vertical radiated field of shear wave was obtained theoretically and compared with experiment. The experimental result of directivity pattern conformed the theoretical prediction, which provided the theoretical basis for the engineering application of the transducer.     

Shear Wave Field Radiated by an Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer

The horizontally polarized ultrasonic shear wave field emitted by an electromagnetic acoustic transducer （EMAT） is studied by the surface force distribution on the EMAT approximately described as an inhomogeneous horizontal shear force. The shear wave directivity pattern is plotted by numerical calculations based on our strictly analytic solutions of the wave field we presented previously. An experimental system of EMAT generation and piezoelectric transducer reception is set up to check the predictions of the theoretical wave field by measuring the ultrasonic signals through aluminium block. The directivity pattern of the wave field obtained from the experimental results conforms the theoretical prediction, which lays a foundation for engineering applications of EMATs.     

Laser Generation of Surface Waves on Cylinder with a Slow Coating

An analytical model of acoustic field excited by a pulsed-laser line source on a coated cylinder is presented. Surface wave dispersive behaviours for a cylinder with a slow coating are analysed and compared with that of a bare cylinder. Based on this analysis, the laser-generated transient response of the perturbed Rayleigh wave and the higher modes of steel cylinder with a zinc coating are calculated from the model using residue theory and FFT technique. The theoretical result from the superposed waveform of the perturbed Rayleigh wave and higher modes agree well with the waveform obtained in experiment. The results show that the model and numerical method provide a useful technique for quantitatively characterizing coating parameters of coated cylinder by the laser generated surface waves.     

Influence of transparent coating thickness on thermoelastic force source and laser-generated ultrasound waves

A numerical model is established to investigate the influence of transparent coating thickness on the laser-generated thermoelastic force source and ultrasound waves in the coating-substrate system by using the finite element method (FEM). Taking into account the effects of thermal diffusion, the finite width and duration of the laser source, as well as the temperature dependence of material properties, the transient temperature distributions are obtained firstly. Applying this temperature field to structure analyses as thermal loading, the thermoelastic stress field and laser-generated ultrasound wave in the specimen are obtained. The generation and propagation of the laser thermoelastically induced stress field and ultrasonic waves in coating-substrate system are presented in detail. The influence of transparent coating thickness on the transient temperature distribution, thermoelastic force source and the laser-generated ultrasound waveforms is investigated. The numerical results indicate that the thermoelastic force source and laser-generated ultrasound waveform are strongly affected by the coating thickness due to the constraint of coating. This method can provide insight into the generation and propagation of the laser-generated stress field in coating-substrate system consisting of a transparent coating and an opaque metallic substrate. It provides theoretical basics to optimize ultrasonic signal generation in particular applications and invert the physical and geometrical parameter of the coating-substrate system more accurately in the experiment.     

Acoustic field excited by a pulsed laser line source in a cylinder

The excitation and propagation of the acoustic waves in an elastic cylinder are studied by laser ultrasonics both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical analysis of the two-dimensional acoustic field excited by a pulsed laser line source impacting on the generatrix of an elastic cylinder is presented. The dispersive properties for both cylindrical Rayleigh wave and the higher modes--whispering gallery (WG) modes are analyzed in detail. The numerical transient displacement waveforms for a detecting point located another terminal of the cylinder diameter opposite the source are calculated. The experimental excitation and detection of the acoustic waves in an aluminum cylinder are carried out on a laser ultrasonic system, which mainly consists of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and a laser interferometer. The wave components of bulk waves and surface waves (cylindrical Rayleigh waves and WG modes) are analyzed by comparing the numerical and experimental waveforms. The results are in good agreement.     

An improved mixed numerical-experimental method for stress field calculation

In this work a numerical-experimental method is used to study the dynamic behavior of an aluminum plate subjected to a small mass impact. The out-of-plane displacements, due to transient bending wave propagation, were assessed for successive time instants, using double pulse TV-holography, also known as pulsed ESPI. The experimental setup and the image processing methods were improved to allow the calculation of the plate transient stress field. Integral transforms are used to obtain the strain fields from spatial derivatives of displacements noisy data. A numerical simulation of the plate transient response was carried out with FEM Ansys^®. For this purpose a PZT transducer was used to record the impact force history, which was inputted in the numerical model. Finally, the comparisons between numerical and experimental results are presented in order to validate the present methodology.     

时变反应扩散系统中螺旋波和湍流的控制

研究了一类参数时变的反应扩散系统中螺旋波和湍流对外电场的响应问题.在数值模拟中,以一类改进的Fitzhugh-Nagumo模型为研究对象(在恰当参数值下可分别描述激发介质和振荡介质),考虑随机和不确定因素(如内外噪声、气压、温度梯度分布和介质形变等)所引起的系统参数涨落对斑图演化的影响,在模拟中选取的参数涨落范围确保系统可以观测到稳定旋转的螺旋波、漫游的螺旋波和湍流,经历一定的暂态过程后,对介质施加极化电场,研究螺旋波和湍流在外电场中的演化.数值计算结果表明：在系统参数发生涨落和外电场强度比较小情况下,主 关键词： 螺旋波 湍流 时变系统 Fitzhugh-Nagumo模型     

Identification of laser generated acoustic waves in the two-dimensional transient response of cylinders

The published model [Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4379-4381 (2003)] for the two-dimensional transient wave propagation in a cylinder is modified to avoid the inherited integration of the numerical inverse scheme. The Fourier series expansion is introduced for one spatial coordinate to resolve the transient response problem: theoretical radial displacements in either the ablation or the thermoelastic regime are obtained with little numerical noise and short computation time. The normal mode expansion method fails to deliver results with the same accuracy. Acoustic waves are fully identified by the ray trajectory analysis. These identified waves are further verified on the experimental results observed with the laser ultrasonic technique.     

时域全波电磁计算程序JEMS-FDTD在复杂电磁环境研究中的应用

将自主研发的大规模并行三维全波电磁场时域求解程序JEMS-FDTD应用于复杂电磁环境问题,计算并分析了楼宇内电波传播特性和飞行器瞬态电磁特性。对楼宇内电波传播特性的计算获得了建筑物内任意位置的电磁场分布和电磁脉冲在建筑物内的时域传播过程,其结果可用于无线通信和电磁环境安全研究;对飞行器瞬态电磁特性的计算获得了飞行器舱内外瞬态电磁近场分布,其结果可用于飞行器强辐射场防护等研究。     

Modal group time spreads in weakly range-dependent deep ocean environments

The temporal spread of modal group arrivals in weakly range-dependent deep ocean environments is considered. It is assumed that the range dependence is sufficiently weak that mode coupling is predominantly local in mode number. The phrase "modal group arrival" is taken here to mean the contribution to a transient wave field corresponding to a fixed mode number. There are three contributions to modal group time spreads which combine approximately in quadrature. These are the reciprocal bandwidth (the minimal pulse width), a deterministic dispersive contribution that is proportional to bandwidth and grows like range r, and a scattering-induced contribution that grows approximately like r(32). The latter two contributions are shown to be proportional to the waveguide invariant beta, a property of the background sound speed profile. The results presented, based mostly on asymptotic theory, are shown to agree well with full-wave numerical wave field simulations and available exact mode theoretical results. Simulations are shown that correspond approximately to conditions during the LOAPEX acoustic propagation experiment.     

Coupled fluid–structure solver: The case of shock wave impact on monolithic and composite material plates

An unstructured adaptive mesh flow solver, a finite element structure solver and a moving mesh algorithm were implemented in the numerical simulation of the interaction between a shock wave and a structure. In the past, this interaction is mostly considered as one-way in the sense that the shock causes a transient load on the structure while it is reflected uneffected by the impact. A fully coupled approach was implemented in the present work which can account for the effects associated with a mutual interaction. This approach included a compressible flow Eulerian solver of second order accuracy in finite volume formulation for the fluid and a Langargian solver in finite element formulation for the solid structure. A novel implementation of advancing front moving mesh algorithm was made possible with the introduction of a flexible and efficient quad-edge data structure. Adaptive mesh refinement was introduced into the flow solver for improved accuracy as well. Numerical results are further validated by theoretical analysis, experimental data and results from other numerical simulations. Grid dependency study was performed and results showed that the physical phenomena and quantities were independent of the numerical grid chosen in the simulations. The results illuminated complicated flow phenomena and structure vibration patterns, which in order to be detected experimentally require capabilities beyond those of the current experimental techniques. The numerical simulations also successfully modelled the aero-acoustic damping effects on the structure, which do not exist in previous numerical models. Further analysis of the results showed that the mutual interaction is not linear and that the non-linearity arises because the wave propagation in the fluid is not linear and it cascades a non-linear and non-uniform loading on the plate. Non-linearity intensifies when the plate is vibrating at high frequency while the wave propagation speed is low.     

极端条件两相界面流与反应流机理、模型与算法研究进展

清华大学喷雾燃烧与推进实验室长期专注于极高速、强可压和高瞬变等极端条件下的两相流和反应流前沿科学问题,并致力于应用基础研究成果解决航空航天动力与推进系统的关键技术难题。综述了实验室近些年在极端条件下两相流动和含化学反应流动物理机理、数理模型与数值算法等方面的研究进展。首先,介绍了实验室发展的耦合高瞬变相变过程的强可压缩气液两相界面流的数理模型和高精度数值方法,以及针对激波受气液（曲）界面约束情况下,描述非定常激波透射/反射（如波角、波强等物理量关系）的激波动力学分析方法。其次,基于上述模型、算法与分析方法,实验室研究了激波液滴相互作用、高速液滴撞击壁面等一系列问题,解析了上述高瞬变过程中复杂波系与界面的时空演化过程。以被激波或壁面冲击的液滴内流体空化初生为例,揭示了曲界面汇聚膨胀波诱导流体空化的机理,推导了预测空化初生位置的理论公式。最后,介绍了面向发动机燃烧室内的强可压缩两相喷雾反应流动,实验室开发了基于Euler-Lagrange框架的高性能数值仿真软件TURFsim,并成功用于真实复杂几何结构的航空发动机燃烧室和超声速燃烧室的数值模拟。以典型的超声速混合层流动数值模拟为例,总结了斜激波增强混合层混合特性的规律及其物理机理,获得了极限条件火核生成及火焰的传播模式与机理,详细分析了液雾弥散与蒸发、小激波和局部爆震波的时空演化特性,提出使用"第三Damk?hler数Da_Ⅲ"定量表征燃烧模式,应用该无量纲参数成功进行了局部准等容燃烧过程的辨识与演化分析。上述研究结果对于航空航天发动机燃烧室复杂物理过程的理解及工程设计具有重要价值。      

Linear time domain model of the acoustic potential field

A new time domain formulation of the acoustic wave is developed to avoid approximating assumptions of the linearized scalar wave equation that limit its validity to low Mach particle velocity modeling or to a smooth potential field in a stationary medium. The proposed model offers precision of the moving frame while retaining the form of the widely used linearized scalar wave equation although with respect to modified coordinates. It is applicable to field calculations involving transient waves with unlimited particle velocity, propagating in inhomogenous fluids or in those with time varying density. The model is based on the exact flux continuity equation and the equation of motion, both using the moving reference frame. The resulting closed-form free space scalar wave equation employing total derivatives is converted back to the partial differential form by using modified independent variables. The modified variables are related to the common coordinates of space and time following integral expressions involving transient particle velocity representing wave radiated by each point of a stationary source. Consequently, transient field produced by complex surface velocity sources can be calculated following existing surface integrals of the radiation theory although using modified coordinates. The use of the proposed model is presented in a numerical simulation of a transient velocity source vibrating at selected magnitudes, leading to the determination of the propagating pressure and velocity wave at any point.     

克尔介质中脉冲宽度对瞬态热光非线性效应的影响

在纳秒时域，研究了激光脉冲宽度变化对克尔介质中瞬态热光非 线性效应的影响.通过不同脉冲宽度τp下得到的二硫化碳 苯胺黑溶液的Z_scan实验结果，对瞬态热光非线性效应和光克尔效应的共存过程进行了分析 .随着脉冲宽度的增加，观察到了热光非线性效应从瞬态到稳态变化过程和Z_scan峰谷特性 的转变.同时，从声波的传播方程和光波的非线性传播方程出发，用数值计算方法模拟了这 一非线性过程，结果表明数值模拟结果和实验结果是相符的. 关键词： 瞬态热光非线性效应 脉冲宽度 Z_scan 克尔效应     

Dynamic photoelastic study of the transient stress field in solids during shock wave lithotripsy

Photoelastic and shadowgraph imaging techniques were used to visualize the propagation and evolution of stress waves, and the resultant transient stress fields in solids during shock wave lithotripsy. In parallel, theoretical analysis of the wavefront evolution inside the solids was performed using a ray-tracing method. Excellent agreement between the theoretical prediction and experimental results was observed. Both the sample size and geometry were found to have a significant influence on the wave evolution and associated stress field produced inside the solid. In particular, characteristic patterns of spalling damage (i.e., transverse and longitudinal crack formation) were observed using plaster-of-Paris cylindrical phantoms of rectangular and circular cross sections. It was found that the leading tensile pulse of the reflected longitudinal wave is responsible for the initiation of microcracks in regions inside the phantom where high tensile stresses are produced. In addition, the transmitted shear wave was found to play a critical role in facilitating the extension and propagation of the microcrack.     

热复杂边界条件三维热应力场数值模拟研究

本文以制动盘为研究对象,基于三维对称有限元模型,运用顺序耦合数值模拟方法对制动盘制动过程传热与受力进行了探讨,分析了在热流密度、对流换热系数、辐射换热系数与时间相关的复杂的二、三类边界条件下,温度场与应力场的瞬时变化。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合程度高,证明了采用数值模拟方法对具有复杂边界条件的对象进行热应力研究与预测的可行性,同时为其他领域的传热与应力研究提供了理论依据。     

井中雷达的瞬态电磁波传输特性及实验验证(英文)

研究了瞬态电磁波在地层中的传输特性,为井中雷达系统设计和地层信息解释提供重要依据。通过对传播速度和衰减系数的理论计算,确定目标物与井眼间的距离以及井中雷达最大的探测距离。基于以上雷达波传输特性的理论研究,设计了一个井中雷达系统。为了验证该系统的工作性能,在石灰岩地层中开展了实验测试。实验结果表明:该雷达系统能够探测到距离井眼8m远的金属目标。