碳包覆镍/钴纳米颗粒的爆轰合成法

用掺杂一定比例的硝酸镍盐/硝酸钴盐、尿素、无水乙醇与猛炸药泰安制成水溶性炸药,在密闭容 器氮气保护下,爆轰合成碳包覆镍/钴纳米晶颗粒。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和Raman光谱 仪等对爆轰产物的形态结构和组成成分进行测试。实验结果表明,爆轰产物以金属纳米晶为核,周围包覆多 种形态的碳物质且形成包覆结构特征比较完整的碳包覆镍/钴纳米颗粒,包覆层主要由无定形碳、石墨和微量 的富勒烯构成。     

爆轰法合成碳包覆纳米铜颗粒

以硝酸铜和柠檬酸制成的干凝胶为主要反应物,加入油酸有机碳源和黑索今炸药,在氮气保护气 氛下在爆炸容器中引爆,成功地合成了碳包覆纳米铜颗粒。分别采用X射线衍射、透射电镜对产物形貌特征 进行表征。结果表明,在爆轰产物中富含碳包覆纳米铜颗粒,产物呈圆球体,具有完好的核壳结构形貌,颗粒 粒径在10~40nm 之间,外层碳壳结构主要由无定型碳和石墨构成。并对爆轰法合成碳包覆纳米铜颗粒的 形成机理进行了分析。     

纳米颗粒增强镍基MEMS器件材料的蠕变性能研究

利用同步辐射LIGA微铸复合工艺,将纳米氧化物增强颗粒复合到微电子机械系统(MEMS)结构材料中。制作了专用夹具,采用微力材料试验机测量了纳米Al2O3颗粒增强镍基复合材料的强度为1GPa;将恒加载速率/载荷法和恒载荷法相结合,利用纳米压痕仪测量了该材料的室温蠕变速率敏感指数m。结果表明,LIGA复合技术得到的纳米颗粒增强镍基复合材料具有较高的强度;MEMS器件材料在室温下会发生蠕变;材料在相同压深下最大载荷不随加载速率而改变,加载段粘弹性和粘塑性变形极少;主要由局部高应力导致压痕蠕变;材料的蠕变速率敏感指数m值为0.004,说明纳米Al2O3颗粒可有效增强基体材料的抗蠕变能力;且不同恒.P/P下获得的m值基本相同,表示此种材料对加载速率不敏感。     

壳层形态对核/壳结构PS/SiO_2复合磨料抛光性能的影响

以聚苯乙烯(PS)微球为内核,通过控制正硅酸乙酯的水解过程制备具有不同壳层形态的核/壳结构PS/SiO2复合磨料,应用于二氧化硅介质层的化学机械抛光,借助AFM测量抛光表面的形貌、轮廓曲线及粗糙度.SEM和TEM结果显示:碱性水解条件下,复合磨料的壳层由SiO2纳米颗粒组成(非连续壳层);酸性条件下,复合磨料的壳层则呈无定型网状(连续壳层).抛光对比试验结果表明:复合磨料的PS弹性内核有利于降低表面粗糙度并减少机械损伤,SiO2壳层则有利于提高材料去除率,复合磨料的核/壳协同效应对于提高抛光质量具有主要影响.相对于非连续壳层复合磨料,具有连续壳层的PS/SiO2复合磨料能够得到更低的抛光表面粗糙度值(RMS=0.136 nm),且在抛光过程中表现出了更好的结构稳定性.然而,PS/SiO2复合磨料的壳层形态对抛光速率的影响则不明显.     

纳米金属氧化物粉体爆轰合成

对含能前驱体如硝酸盐和控制炸药装药的情况下爆轰反应生成纳米金属氧化物进行了探索研究。采用透射电子显微镜表征了爆轰产物。氧化物爆轰产物中的碳微粒即爆轰灰在某种意义上反映了晶型生长机制。通过爆轰合成技术产生的氧化物肯定了纳米粉体爆轰合成技术的有效性。介绍了纳米氧化铝的制备,测试了氧化铝的微观结构和分布状态。结果表明:通过硝酸盐炸药的爆轰产生了纳米尺度的金属氧化物,球形氧化铝粒径主要分布于20~50 nm之间。该方面研究工作的开展也将促进在细微观尺度上的工业炸药设计和爆轰理论的发展。     

Ni-P-纳米金刚石黑粉化学复合镀层的摩擦磨损性能

通过非均匀形核法,在纳米金刚石黑粉颗粒表面包覆一层Al2O3,采用包覆后颗粒制备了Ni-P-纳米金刚石黑粉化学复合镀层.通过沉降法分析了包覆前后纳米颗粒悬浮液的分散稳定性;研究了金刚石质量浓度、搅拌转速及粉体热处理工艺对复合镀层显微硬度和耐磨性能的影响;利用SEM和EDS分析了镀层微观形貌和组分.结果表明:颗粒表面包覆氧化铝可以显著提高其在分散介质中的悬浮稳定性;综合考虑摩擦磨损特性,其最优工艺参数为金刚石质量浓度4 g/L,搅拌转速500 r/min,复合粉体经100℃下热处理4h;与Ni-P镀层相比,复合镀层摩擦系数降低58％,耐磨性能提高59％.     

硝酸铈爆轰制备球形纳米CeO2颗粒

以硝酸铈为原料,利用爆轰合成方法制备了CeO2纳米粒子。采用XRD和TEM对爆轰产物进行了检测和表征,并考察了尿素和亚硝酸钠对爆轰产物形貌的影响。3次实验结果表明,实验所得的CeO2晶体均为立方莹石结构,粒径分别为45、64、33 nm。比较发现:混合炸药中加入尿素后,颗粒外观呈球形;混合炸药加入亚硝酸钠后,颗粒直径较小。     

核-壳结构PS/CeO_2复合磨料的制备及其氧化物化学机械抛光性能

以无皂乳液聚合方法制备的聚苯乙烯(PS)微球为内核,硝酸铈为铈源,六亚甲基四胺为沉淀剂,采用液相工艺制备了PS/CeO2复合颗粒.利用XRD、TEM、SAED、FESEM、EDAX等手段,对所制备样品的物相结构、形貌、粒径大小和元素成分组成进行表征.将所制备的复合磨料用于硅晶片热氧化层的化学机械抛光,用AFM观察抛光表面的微观形貌,并测量表面粗糙度.结果表明,所制备的PS/CeO2复合颗粒具有核-壳结构,呈近似球形,粒径在250～300nm,PS内核表面被粒径在5～10nm的CeO2纳米颗粒均匀包覆,壳层的厚度为10～20nm.抛光后的硅热氧化层表面在5μm×5μm范围内粗糙度Ra值和RMS值分别为0.188nm和0.238nm,抛光速率达到461.1nm/min.     

多组分PBX炸药细观结构冲击点火数值模拟

建立了炸药颗粒自由堆积三维计算模型,考虑了炸药颗粒尺寸和位置的随机分布、粘结剂对炸药颗粒的包覆和不同组分炸药颗粒间的级配;采用非线性有限元方法,对炸药颗粒由自由堆积到密实装药的压药过程进行模拟,构建了PBX炸药细观结构模型;对多元PBX炸药（HMX+TATB+Estane）细观结构冲击点火过程进行了计算,考虑冲击作用下炸药内部热力耦合作用和自热反应,计算不同组分比例混合炸药的冲击点火性能,分析了炸药组分对冲击点火的影响。研究表明TATB含量增加,混合炸药冲击感度降低。     

爆轰波直接合成致密相氮化硼研究

采用石墨相氮化硼与高能炸药混合后直接爆轰的方法,合成致密相氮化硼。实验表明,在爆轰过程的高温高压作用下,低密度的石墨相氮化硼(gBN)可以转化为致密相氮化硼。这种方法合成的致密相微粉中含有纤锌矿型氮化硼(wBN)和立方氮化硼(cBN)两种物相,合成的转化率为16％,每千克炸药可生产28克(140克拉)以上。     

Influence of surface modification of SrFe12O19 particles with oleic acid on magnetic microsphere preparation

Oleic acid was used as surface modification agent to improve the hydrophobicity of magnetic strontium hexaferrite particles. The structure and properties of treated magnetic particles were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and magnetic property measurement system (MPMS). The results show that oleic acid is chemically enwrapped on the surface of SrFe12O19 particles. Magnetic particles modified by oleic acid are highly dispersible and strongly responsive to magnetism but with slight decrease in saturated magnetization. The affinity between magnetic particles and monomers is improved by surface modification, resulting in increased particle incorporation in magnetic polymeric microspheres. The surface modification mechanism of magnetic particles by oleic acid is addressed in this work.     

Influence of surface modification of SrFe12O19 particles with oleic acid on magnetic microsphere preparation

Oleic acid was used as surface modification agent to improve the hydrophobicity of magnetic strontium hexaferrite particles. The structure and properties of treated magnetic particles were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectra （FTIR）, powder X-ray diffraction （XRD） and magnetic property measurement system （MPMS）. The results show that oleic acid is chemically enwrapped on the surface of SrFe12O19 particles. Magnetic particles modified by oleic acid are highly dispersible and strongly responsive to magnetism but with slight decrease in saturated magnetization. The affinity between magnetic particles and monomers is improved by surface modification, resulting in increased particle incorporation in magnetic polymeric microspheres. The surface modification mechanism of magnetic particles by oleic acid is addressed in this work.     

Hydrothermal growth of octahedral Fe_3O_4 crystals

This paper reports the growth of octahedral magnetic Fe3O4 particles from iron powders via a simple alkaline hydrothermal process. The chemical compositions and morphologies of the as-grown Fe3O4 particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Structure characterization showed that the phase structure of the prepared particles evolved from α-Fe to pure Fe3O4 with increasing concentration of KOH, indicating the important role of KOH concentration on the formation of the magnetite octahedron. The magnetic properties of samples were also studied by means of a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The pure magnetite Fe3O4 octahedrons exhibited a relatively high saturation magnetization of 96.7 emu/g.     

Mixed-solvent thermal synthesis and magnetic properties of flower-like microstructured nickel

Flower-like microstructured nickel was synthesized by a facile mixed-solvent thermal process. The structure, morphology, and magnetic properties of the reaction products were investigated, respectively, by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The results showed that the products consisted of a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure with lattice constant of α = 3.524 Å. The average diameter of flower-like microstructured nickel was about 5 μm and the thickness of a single flake was about 100 nm. Magnetic measurement showed that these powders exhibited ferromagnetic characteristics.     

SiC/环氧树脂复合材料冲蚀磨损性能的研究

采用环氧树脂为粘接剂制备了SiC/环氧树脂复合材料,在自制的射流式冲蚀磨损试验机上研究了SiC/环氧树脂的冲蚀磨损性能.结果表明:大尺寸SiC颗粒制备的复合材料较小尺寸SiC颗粒制备的复合材料具有更好的冲蚀磨损性能,且大尺寸SiC颗粒复合材料的冲蚀磨损性能优于Q235钢,而小尺寸SiC颗粒复合材料则低于Q235钢.随着冲蚀角度的变化,其平行材料表面的切削分量和垂直材料表面的冲击分量将会发生变化,低角度冲蚀磨损机理以显微切削和碾压造成环氧树脂及SiC颗粒的层片状脱落为主转变为高角度冲蚀磨损以SiC颗粒碎裂造成环氧树脂疲劳脱落为主.     

稀土改性对碳纤维增强聚酰亚胺复合材料在不同温度下摩擦学性能的影响

采用CSEM THT07-135高温摩擦试验机,研究了不同温度下碳纤维增强聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦磨损行为,重点考察了稀土改性对复合材料摩擦学性能的影响.结果表明;稀土改性处理可以提高复合材料在测试温度范围内的减摩耐磨性能.通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)对纤维改性前后的形貌进行分析,发现稀土溶液对纤维表面具有一定的刻蚀作用,进而提高了其比表面积;通过XPS测试分析,发现改性后的碳纤维表面的O、N含量增加,从而提高了纤维表面的极性,最终提高了纤维与树脂间的界面结合强度和材料的耐磨性能.     

Three-Dimensional Study of Graphite-Composite Electrode Chemo-Mechanical Response using Digital Volume Correlation

A custom built reusable cell for in situ lithiation and mechanical deformation studies while in an X-ray tomograph was demonstrated, and the strain and volume changes of a composite graphite anode were computed from 3D X-ray microcomputed tomography data via Digital Volume Correlation (DVC). The test anode was a composite electrode comprised of a porous compliant matrix, graphite as the Li⁺ host material, 5-μm ZrO₂ marker particles for use with DVC, and active carbon black to enhance electrical conductivity. The composite electrodes were hot-pressed to control their porosity, and in turn the mechanical integrity of the resulting material. This composite anode was included in a half-cell and lithiated in situ while in a tomograph, and intermittent 3D data were collected at different lithiation levels up to full gravimetric capacity. Strain measurements by DVC demonstrated relatively uniform expansion of the freestanding electrode with average normal strains in the three directions varying by 20%, while the internal shear strains were found to be negligible. The average experimental strains were about 75% of the theoretical value, as estimated by the rule of mixtures, which implies that ~25% of the normal strains in graphite, due to lithiation, are accommodated by the surrounding matrix.     

MORPHOLOGY OF BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS AND UBIQUITY OF 50-NANOMETER BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Different-sized aerosols were collected by an Andersen air sampler to observe the detailed morphology of the black carbon （BC） aerosols which were separated chemically from the other accompanying aerosols, using a Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer （SEM-EDX）. The results indicate that most BC aerosols are spherical particles of about 50 nm in diameter and with a homogeneous surface. Results also show that these particles aggregate with other aerosols or with themselves to form larger agglomerates in the micrometer range. The shape of these 50-nm BC spherical particles was found to be very similar to that of BC particles released from petroleum-powered vehicular internal combustion engines. These spherical BC particles were shown to be different from the previously reported fullerenes found using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS）.     

Hydrothermal growth of octahedral Fe3O4 crystals

This paper reports the growth of octahedral magnetic Fe3O4 particles from iron powders via a simple alkaline hydrothermal process. The chemical compositions and morphologies of the as-grown Fe3O4 particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectra （XPS）, and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Structure characterization showed that the phase structure of the prepared particles evolved from α-Fe to pure Fe3O4 with increasing concentration of KOH, indicating the important role of KOH concentration on the formation of the magnetite octahedron. The magnetic properties of samples were also studied by means of a vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. The pure magnetite Fe3O4 octahedrons exhibited a relatively high saturation magnetization of 96.7 emu/g.