A Rheological Model for Evaluating the Behavior of Shear Thickening of Highly Flowable Mortar

Neither the modified Bingham model nor the Herschel–Bulkley model can be used to characterize and calculate the performance of shear thickening of highly flowable mortar because of their incalculability of the rheological parameters. A new exponential rheological model was established to solve the characterization and calculation of shear thickening of the lubrication layer (highly flowable mortar) during the pumping of concrete in this paper. This new exponential rheological model has three rheological parameters, namely, yield stress, consistency coefficient, and consistency exponent. They can quantitatively describe the yield stress, differential viscosity, and shear thickening degree of highly flowable mortar. The calculating results of the rheological parameters of the newly established model for the mortars with different compositions showed that the consistency exponent of mortar decreased with the increase of its sand-binder ratio or the dosage of fly ash in the binder. This indicates that the shear thickening degree of mortar decreases. The consistency exponent of mortar initially decreases and subsequently increases with the increase in silica fume content or the dosage of the superplasticizer. It illustrates that the degree of the shear thickening of mortar initially decreased and subsequently increased. These varying patterns were confirmed by the rheological experiment of mortars.     

A physical basis for non-Newtonian power-law viscosity

Many non-Newtonian materials have viscosities proportional to a power of shear rate. Although, generally, such relationships are regarded as being empirical, it is shown that power-law behavior arises when structure change with shear rate tends to saturation and results in flow activation energy being inversely proportional to shear rate. A temperature-dependent power-law index is predicted as is observed. Viscosity measurements are presented for a 10% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution. It was found that both activation entropy and enthalpy decreased with shear rate, the former producing a small shear thickening and the latter a dominant shear thinning contribution to flow.     

Sol–gel transition and rheological properties of silica nanoparticle dispersions

Possible variants of the rheological behavior of silica model dispersions have been analyzed. Different types of interaction between the particles and a dispersion medium make it possible to obtain different systems from low-viscosity sols to gels. Proton-donor (water) and aprotic (dimethyl sulfoxide) media have been used for comparison. Dispersions in the aprotic medium behave as non-Newtonian viscous fluids exhibiting shear thinning or shear thickening depending on deformation rate. Aqueous dispersions are viscoelastic and viscoplastic objects that exhibit the shear thickening at stresses higher than the yield stress. The introduction of small amounts of poly(ethylene oxide) into the organic dispersion medium initiates gelation. An increase in the polymer content in the dispersion medium above the concentration corresponding to the formation of a macromolecular network promotes an increase in stiffness and strength of the gels. The rheological behavior of gels is influenced by the polymer molecular mass and its affinity for a solvent.     

The growth of shear bands in polystyrene

Shear-band growth velocities have been determined as a function of stress and temperature in polystyrene. The results demonstrate that shear bands can propagate under isothermal conditions; an adiabatic temperature rise at the shear band tip is not necessary for continued localization and growth of the band. The velocity is stress activated with a shear activation volume of 4600 ų and thermally activated with an activation enthalpy of 2.8 eV. Comparison of these values of the activation parameters with those for bulk shear flow in polystyrene indicates that the shear band propagation is controlled by the plastic strain rate of the glassy polymer immediately ahead of the tip of the band. Argon's molecular kink model of the elemental deformation process is consistent with measured values of the activation parameters whereas Bowden and Raha's dislocation model is not. The shear bands grow at an angle of ca. 38° to the axis of compression, and if the direction of compression is altered, the shear bands will change direction so as to maintain the 38° angle. Current explanations can not quantitatively account for the large deviation of the shear bands from the 45° plane of maximum shear stress.     

Effects of electrolyte concentration and counterion valence on the microstructural flow regimes in dilute cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate micellar solutions

The shear thickening behavior and the transition to shear thinning are examined in dilute cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate (CTAT) micellar solutions as a function of surfactant concentration and ionic strength using electrolytes with different counterion valence. Newtonian behavior at low shear rates, followed by shear thickening and shear thinning at higher shear rates, are observed at low and intermediate surfactant and electrolyte concentrations. Shear thickening diminishes with increasing surfactant concentration and ionic strength. At higher surfactant or electrolyte concentration, only a Newtonian region followed by shear thinning is detected. A generalized flow diagram indicates two controlling regimes: one in which electrostatic screening dominates and induces micellar growth, and another, at higher electrolyte and surfactant concentrations, where chemical equilibrium among electrolyte and surfactant counterions controls the rheological behavior by modifying micellar breaking and reforming. Analysis of the shear thickening behavior reveals that not only a critical shear rate is required for shear thickening, but also a critical deformation, which appears to be unique for all systems examined, within experimental error. Moreover, a superposition of the critical shear rate for shear thickening with surfactant and electrolyte concentration is reported.     

Concerted effect of boron and porosity on shear thickening behavior of hybrid mesoporous silica dispersions

In the present work, the influence of porosity and boron on shear thickening behavior of hybrid mesoporous silica has been studied. Three different levels of boron modification were performed by varying the molar composition of boric acid viz., 1.5 mmol, 2.5 mmol, and 3.5 mmol in a co-condensation approach. The incorporation of boron in mesoporous silica network was confirmed by various techniques such as Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), and ¹¹B solid- state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The morphology and particle size were confirmed by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. To evaluate the effect of boron and porosity on the shear thickening behavior, dispersions were prepared from mesoporous boron- modified silica (MSiB), control mesoporous silica (MSi), non-porous boron-modified silica (SiB), and control non-porous silica (Si) in polyethylene glycol. The shear thickening behavior was studied using steady shear rheology. The dispersion prepared from different loadings of synthesized MSiB containing 1.5 mmol boron showed more than 16 times increase in viscosity (657.7 Pa.s) compared to that of MSi (39.2 Pa.s) at a fairly low volume fraction (φ = 0.15) of silica. It is expected that the highly ordered mesoporous architecture of hybrid silica has improved the interaction between the particle and the dispersing medium through hydrogen bonding. The porous morphology of the hybrid mesoporous silica as well as the incorporation of boron in the silica network favors the formation of a frictional contact network, and a transition from continuous shear thickening (CST) to discontinuous shear thickening (DST) behavior was observed. Therefore, silica prepared via incorporation of boron as well as porosity can be material of interest in variety of applications, for example, soft body armors, sporting goods, and shear thickening electrolytes for high impact resistant batteries.     

Study of a shear thickening fluid: the suspensions of monodisperse polystyrene microspheres in polyethylene glycol

The monodisperse polystyrene (PS) microspheres were prepared by dispersion polymerization. The rheological properties of shear thickening fluid (STF) based on PS microspheres dispersing in polyethylene glycol with different concentrations were studied through the steady and oscillatory shear at different temperatures, respectively. All suspensions successively present the first shear thinning, the shear thickening, and the second shear thinning. The experimental results indicate that the shear thickening behavior of STF is controlled by the concentration of PS microspheres and temperature, as changed from continuous shear thickening (CST) to discontinuous shear thickening (DST) with increasing solid content or decreasing temperature. The STF is affected by shear rate, temperature, and the viscosity of the dispersed medium, and it is reversible absolutely and presents transient response ability. Both CST and DST behave as dilatancy. The PS microsphere aggregations formed under shear stress may result in the shear thickening in STFs.     

Shear thickening in a model colloidal suspension

We study the rheology of model colloidal suspensions using molecular-dynamics simulations. We relate the onset of shear thickening to the transition from a low-viscosity regime, in which the solvent facilitates the flow of colloids, to a high-viscosity regime associated with jamming of the colloids and the formation of chains of colloids. In the low-viscosity regime, the colloidal particles are, on average, surrounded by two layers of solvent particles. On the contrary, in the high-viscosity regime, the solvent is expelled from the interstice between the jammed colloids. The thickening in suspensions is shown to obey the same criterion as in simple fluids. This demonstrates that jamming, even without the divergence of lubrication interactions, is sufficient to observe shear thickening.     

Hydrothermal stagnation point flow of Carreau nanofluid over a moving thin needle with non-linear Navier's slip and cubic autocatalytic chemical reactions in Darcy-Forchheimer medium

The present analysis deals with the hydrothermal and stagnation point flow of non-Newtonian fluid characterized by Carreau model over a moving thin needle. Darcy-Forchheimer medium is introduced. Homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions are involved in the flow model. Non-linear Navier's slip condition is taken into account. Buongiorno model is adopted. The present hydrothermal flow model is useful in many complex industrial processes. The required numerical solution is obtained by 4th order Runge Kutta method along with shooting technique. The some remarkable outcomes of the current study are that axial velocity whittles down with rise in Weissenberg number and exhibits reverse trend in response to increase in non-linear slip parameter. Amplification of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction parameters leads to diminution of nanoparticles concentration. Surface viscous drag intensify due to increment in Forchheimer number and heat transfer rate ameliorates with hike in Weissenberg number for both power law behavior (shear thinning and shear thickening) of Carreau nanofluid.     

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/柠檬酸铝胶态分散凝胶体系的剪切稠化现象

一般认为 ,能够产生剪切稠化现象的体系为分散稳定的固 -液浓悬浮体 ,分散相 (固相 )体积分数 30 %～ 6 0 % [1～ 4] .最近 ,我们在研究固含量仅为 0 .0 3%的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺 (简称PHPA) /柠檬酸铝胶态分散凝胶体系流变性时 ,也发现了剪切稠化现象 .胶态分散凝胶( CDG)主要由交联剂在单个聚合物分子中通过内交联形成[5,6] ,形成条件是低聚合物质量分数 (一般为 0 .0 1 %～ 0 .1 2 % )和低交联剂 /聚合物质量比 (一般为 1∶ 2 0～ 1 0 0 ) .由于不能象常规凝胶一样形成三维网络结构 ,因而 CDG的分子结构状态介于常规聚合物凝胶和自由…     

Viscoelasticity of Shear Thickening Fluid Based on Silica Nanoparticles Dispersing in 1-butyl-3-methylimidizolium Tetrafluoroborate

The viscoelasticity of shear thickening fluid (STF), a crucial property in the protective composite applications, with different silica nanoparticle concentrations in ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidizolium tetrafluoroborate ([C₄min]BF₄), was studied at different temperatures and with shear frequencies through oscillatory shear, respectively. All STFs present strain thickening behavior. With increasing silica nanoparticle concentration, the critical shear strain for the onset of strain thickening decreased, while the complex viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus increased significantly. The critical shear strain increased with an increase of temperature, while the complex viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus decreased notably. The critical shear strain was constant with increasing the frequency of strain, while the complex viscosity decreases slightly. The storage modulus and loss modulus were independent with frequency in the strain thickening region. Nanoparticle clusters leading to strain thickening were demonstrated. The viscoelastic response of STFs to varying silica nanoparticle content, temperature, and frequency investigated here will help to design the specific application of STFs in soft protective composites and damping devices.     

Non-linear Viscoelastic Rheological Properties of PCC/PEG Suspensions

The shear thinning and shear thickening rheological properties of PCC/PEG suspension were investigated with the increase of oscillatory amplitude stress at different constant frequencies. The results show that the complex viscosity was initially independent of stress amplitude and obvious shear thinning occurred, then dramatic shear thickening took place after reaching the minimum viscosity. Typically, in a constant frequency of 5 rad/s, the elastic modulus, viscous modulus, and tanδ （δ is the out-of-phase angle） vs. the stress amplitude was investigated. It is found that the elastic modulus initially appeared to be independent of stress amplitude and then exhibited a rapid decrease, but the viscous modulus was independent of amplitude stress at lower amplitude stress. After reaching the minimum value the viscous modulus showed a rapid increase. On the other hand, tanδ increased from 0.6 to 92, which indicates that the transition from elastic to viscous had taken place and tanδ showed a steep increase when shear thickening occurred. Lissajous plots are shown for the dissipated energy vs. different maximum stress amplitude in the shear thinning and shear thickening regions. The relationship of dissipated energy vs. maximum stress amplitude was determined, which follows a power law. In the shear thinning region the exponent was 1.91, but it steeply increases to 3.97 in the shear thickening region.     

The numerical simulation of the mechanical failure behavior of shear thickening fluid/fiber composites: A review

This study reveals the finite element modeling of mechanical failure behavior of shear thickening fluid (STF)/fiber composites under impact. Numerical analysis and finite element modeling of the rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluid, STF are introduced. This review summarizes the model coupling methods in finite element modeling and the mechanical failure behavior prediction models of STF/fiber composites under impact. Further, the influencing factors on the accuracy of mechanical failure simulation models are analyzed. Factors such as the friction between fibers, shear rate, filler particles in the fibers, hysteresis effect and the boundary conditions should be considered in simulating the shear thickening effect of the composites.     

高分子溶液剪切增稠行为、机理及应用

综述了具有剪切增稠性质的高分子溶液及其流变行为,分析了高分子溶液剪切增稠的机理,讨论了高分子浓度、分子量和高分子组成等对剪切增稠高分子溶液流变行为的影响,最后介绍了高分子剪切增稠体系在石油开采、抗冲减振及日用化工等领域的应用。     

Non-Newtonian behavior in simple fluids

Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we study the non-Newtonian rheology of a microscopic sample of simple fluid. The calculations were performed using a configurational thermostat which unlike previous nonequilibrium molecular dynamics or nonequilibrium Brownian dynamics methods does not exert any additional constraint on the flow profile. Our findings are in agreement with experimental results on concentrated "hard sphere"-like colloidal suspensions. We observe: (i) a shear thickening regime under steady shear; (ii) a strain thickening regime under oscillatory shear at low frequencies; and (iii) shear-induced ordering under oscillatory shear at higher frequencies. These results significantly differ from previous simulation results which showed systematically a strong ordering for all frequencies. They also indicate that shear thickening can occur even in the absence of a solvent.     

水溶性聚酯浓溶液的流变特性

研究了由对苯二甲酸二甲酯、间苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸二甲酯 5 磺酸钠与乙二醇等共缩聚合成的PET型水溶性聚酯浓水溶液 (质量浓度 3 0 % )的流变特性 .研究表明 ,溶液的表观粘度随切变速率的变化规律呈现一定的切力增稠特征 ,流动指数范围为 1 0 4～ 1 2 0之间 ;其lgηa τ曲线呈线性 ,零切粘度值为 1 5 8～3 5 2cP ,随分子量、分子结构和温度而异 ,其中分子链中间苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 5 磺酸钠链节含量对溶液粘度影响较大 ;粘流活化能因分子结构和切变速率而变 ,其值范围为 1 2 0～ 2 3 9kJ/mol.     

Shear-dependent viscosity in simple fluids

Computer simulation results are used to examine the shear-dependent viscosity of simple fluids. The prime purpose of the investigation was to examine the possible non-newtonian effects when the particles in a fluid interact through central forces. A range of spherical interactions was examined, including both potentials with a barrier and simple colloidal models, and in all cases the fluids were shear-thinning. The non-equilibrium radial distribution function for a soft potential is considerably more sensitive to shear rate than is that for the strongly repulsive model. Calculations of the hydrostatic pressure show that it increases with shear rate, demonstrating that the phenomena of shear thickening and shear dilatency — used interchangeably in the literature — are separate phenomena.     

基于棒状介孔SiO_2剪切增稠流体的流变行为

以三嵌段共聚物聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯(PEO-PPO-PEO,P123)为模板剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了介孔SiO_2-P123复合物,经煅烧除去P123得到不同长径比的棒状介孔SiO_2粒子,将其分散于聚乙二醇(PEG)中制成剪切增稠流体(STF),利用旋转流变仪对STF的流变性能进行了表征。结果表明:在稳态条件下,STF的剪切增稠效应随介孔SiO_2质量分数的增加而增强,随介孔SiO_2粒子长径比的增加而减弱;在动态条件下,STF的剪切增稠效应随介孔SiO_2质量分数的增加而减弱,随介孔SiO_2粒子长径比的增加而增强。     

Vascular mimetics based on microfluidics for imaging the leukocyte--endothelial inflammatory response

We describe the development, validation, and application of a novel PDMS-based microfluidic device for imaging leukocyte interaction with a biological substrate at defined shear force employing a parallel plate geometry that optimizes experimental throughput while decreasing reagent consumption. The device is vacuum bonded above a standard 6-well tissue culture plate that accommodates a monolayer of endothelial cells, thereby providing a channel to directly observe the kinetics of leukocyte adhesion under defined shear flow. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied to model the shear stress and the trajectory of leukocytes within the flow channels at a micron length scale. In order to test this model, neutrophil capture, rolling, and deceleration to arrest as a function of time and position was imaged in the transparent channels. Neutrophil recruitment to the substrate proved to be highly sensitive to disturbances in flow streamlines, which enhanced the rate of neutrophil-surface collisions at the entrance to the channels. Downstream from these disturbances, the relationship between receptor mediated deceleration of rolling neutrophils and dose response of stimulation by the chemokine IL-8 was found to provide a functional readout of integrin activation. This microfluidic technique allows detailed kinetic studies of cell adhesion and reveals neutrophil activation within seconds to chemotactic molecules at concentrations in the picoMolar range.     

二氧化硅分散体系在应力剪切过程中粘弹性及能耗研究

通过动态应力剪切研究了以乙二醇、丙二醇和丁二醇为分散介质的雾化二氧化硅分散体系的粘弹性以及能耗. 研究发现, 随着应力的增大, 体系都经历了线性粘弹区、剪切变稀区以及剪切增稠区. 在线性粘弹区, 储能模量(G′)、耗能模量(G′′)随着应力(σ)的增大保持不变；在剪切变稀区, G′随着σ的增大而减小, 且乙二醇、丙二醇、丁二醇分散体系的减小幅度依次递减, 而G′′基本保持不变；在剪切增稠区, G′、G′′都随着σ的增大而增大. 在所研究的应力范围内, G′′都大于G′, 体系主要体现粘性, 消耗能量为主. 同时还发现在低剪切应力区, 体系所消耗的能量(Ed)都随着最大应变(γ0)成二次方关系增长, 而在剪切增稠区, 当n=2.79、4.93、4.88时, EG/SiO2、PG/SiO2、BG/SiO2的Ed分别随γ0以指数关系增长.