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1.
Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) received his Ph.D. degree at the University of Vienna in 1904 and moved with his wife and young
daughter to St. Petersburg in 1907, where he remained until he succeeded Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–1928) in the chair of
theoretical physics at the University of Leiden in 1912. Drawing upon Ehrenfest’s correspondence of the period, we first examine
Ehrenfest’s difficult and insecure years in St. Petersburg and then discuss his unsuccessful attempts to obtain a position
elsewhere before he was appointed as Lorentz’s successor in Leiden.
Pim Huijnen is writing a doctoral dissertation in history; the present paper is based upon his Master’s Thesis, “‘Die Grenze
des Pathologischen’: Het leven van fysicus Paul Ehrenfest, 1904–1912,” University of Groningen, 2003. A.J.Kox is Pieter Zeeman
Professor of History of Physics at the University of Amsterdam. 相似文献
2.
Quirino Majorana (1871–1957) was an outstanding Italian experimental physicist who investigated a wide range of phenomena
during his long career in Rome,Turin, and Bologna. We focus on his experiments in Turin during 1916–1921 and in Bologna during
1921–1934 to test the validity of Albert Einstein’s postulate on the constancy of the speed of light and to detect gravitational
absorption. These experiments required extraordinary skill, patience, and dedication, and all of them confirmed Einstein’s
postulate and Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation to high precision. Had they not done so, Majorana’s fame among historians
and physicists no doubt would be much greater than it is today.
Giorgio Dragoni is Professor of History of Physics at the University of Bologna. Giulio Maltese is a Roman member of the Italian
Society for the History of Physics and Astronomy. Luisa Atti is a Bolognese member of the Association for the Teaching of
Physics. 相似文献
3.
4.
Peter Heering 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2006,8(1):52-63
I discuss our replication of the wire-torsion experiments that Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736–1806) reported in a session
of the Paris Académie des Sciences in 1784. I first explain the nature and purpose of the replication method and then apply it to an analysis of Coulomb’s experiments.
I conclude by placing Coulomb’s presentation of his memoir into its specific historical contest. 相似文献
5.
Paul Halpern 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2007,9(4):390-405
I examine the changing attitudes of Oskar Klein (1894–1977) and Albert Einstein (1879–1955) toward the notion of extending
general relativity by an extra dimension with the aim of encompassing electromagnetism and gravitation in a unified field
theory. I show how Klein developed his model of five-dimensional unification with the goal of explaining the discreteness
of atomic energy levels, and how Einstein later embraced that goal. By examining the correspondence between Klein and Einstein,
some of which was relayed through Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933), I speculate that Klein’s work helped motivate Einstein to explore
deterministic five-dimensional theories as a potential alternative to probabilistic quantum mechanics. Finally, I consider
the contributions of Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958) to the subject and elucidate his role in convincing Klein and Einstein that
their models were not viable.
Paul Halpern is Professor of Physics at the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia. He currently is a member of the Executive
Committee of the Forum on the History of Physics of the American Physical Society. 相似文献
6.
S. D. Agashe 《Foundations of Physics》2006,36(7):955-1011
Einstein, in his “Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter K?rper”, gave a physical (operational) meaning to “time” of a remote event in describing “motion” by introducing the concept of “synchronous stationary clocks located at different places”. But with regard to “place” in describing motion, he assumed without analysis the concept of a system of co-ordinates.In the present paper, we propose a way of giving physical (operational) meaning to the concepts of “place” and “co-ordinate system”, and show how the observer can define both the place and time of a remote event. Following Einstein, we consider another system “in uniform motion of translation relatively to the former”. Without assuming “the properties of homogeneity which we attribute to space and time”, we show that the definitions of space and time in the two systems are linearly related. We deduce some novel consequences of our approach regarding faster-than-light observers and particles, “one-way” and “two-way” velocities of light, symmetry, the “group property” of inertial reference frames, length contraction and time dilatation, and the “twin paradox”. Finally, we point out a flaw in Einstein’s argument in the “Electrodynamical Part” of his paper and show that the Lorentz force formula and Einstein’s formula for transformation of field quantities are mutually consistent. We show that for faster-than-light bodies, a simple modification of Planck’s formula for mass suffices. (Except for the reference to Planck’s formula, we restrict ourselves to Physics of 1905.) 相似文献
7.
Shaul Katzir 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2005,7(3):268-292
Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) developed a relativistic physics by elevating the empirical inability to detect absolute motion,
or motion relative to the ether, to the principle of relativity, and its mathematics ensured that it would be compatible with
that principle. Although Poincaré’s aim and theory were similar to those of Albert Einstein (1879–1955) in creating his special
theory of relativity, Poincaré’s relativistic physics should not be seen as an attempt to achieve Einstein’s theory but as
an independent endeavor. Poincaré was led to advance the principle of relativity as a consequence of his reflections on late
nineteenth-century electrodynamics; of his conviction that physics should be formulated as a physics of principles; of his
conventionalistic arguments on the nature of time and its measurement; and of his knowledge of the experimental failure to
detect absolute motion. The nonrelativistic theory of electrodynamics of Hendrik A.Lorentz (1853–1928) of 1904 provided the
means for Poincaré to elaborate a relativistic physics that embraced all known physical forces, including that of gravitation.
Poincaré did not assume any dynamical explanation of the Lorentz transformation, which followed from the principle of relativity,
and he did not seek to dismiss classical concepts, such as that of the ether, in his new relativistic physics.
Shaul Katzir teaches in the Graduate Program in History and Philosophy of Science, Bar Ilan University. 相似文献
8.
We analyze the influence of Enrico Fermi’s theory of beta decay, which he formulated in December 1933, on his experimental
discovery of neutron-induced artificial radioactivity four months later, in March 1934.We discuss Gian Carlo Wick’s application
of Fermi’s theory in interpreting Frédéric Joliot and Irène Curie’s discovery of alpha-particle-induced artificial radioactivity,
and how Fermi was then influenced by his theory in planning his neutron-bombardment experiments, in his decision to use a
radon-beryllium (Rn-Be) neutron source, and in his choice of the elements he bombarded with Rn-Be neutrons. Our analysis is
based crucially on Fermi’s first laboratory notebook, the Hirpine Notebook, which is preserved in the Oscar D’Agostino Archives
in the Technical Institute “Oscar D’Agostino” in Avellino, Italy, and on the materials that are preserved in the Fermi Archives
in the Domus Galilaeana in Pisa. These documents enable us to reconstruct Fermi’s discovery of neutron-induced artificial
radioactivity and to assign an exact date to it of March 20, 1934. 相似文献
9.
We present a matrix method for obtaining new classes of exact solutions for Einstein’s equations representing static perfect
fluid spheres. By means of a matrix transformation, we reduce Einstein’s equations to two independent Riccati-type differential
equations for which three classes of solutions are obtained. One class of the solutions corresponding to the linear barotropic-type
fluid with an equation of statep =γρ is discussed in detail. 相似文献
10.
The phenomenon of quantum superposition, which allows a physical system to exist in different states ‘simultaneously’, is
one of the most bizarre notions in physics. Here we illustrate an even more bizarre example of it: a superposed state of a
physical system consisting of both an ‘older’ version and a ‘younger’ version of that system. This can be accomplished by
exploiting the special relativistic effect of time dilation featuring in Einstein’s famous twin paradox. 相似文献
11.
Recently, a non-relativistic renormalizable theory of gravity has been proposed by Hořava. This theory is essentially a field theoretic model for a UV complete theory of gravity and it reduces to Einstein’s general
relativity at large distances. Subsequently, Cai and his collaborators have obtained black hole solution in this gravity theory
and studied the thermodynamic properties of the black hole solutions. In present work, we investigate the geometric thermodynamics
of the above black hole solutions and examine the possibilities of any phase transition. 相似文献
12.
Matthias Schemmel 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2006,8(4):360-380
I discuss the work of the English mathematician and philosopher Thomas Harriot (1560–1621), analyzing especially his work
on projectile motion, and comparing it to that of his contemporary Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). I argue that although their
work on projectile motion was carried out independently and displays both similarities and differences, it shows that they
focused on common challenging objects of study that embodied what I term “points of contact” between preclassical and classical
mechanics. I also argue that their shared knowledge defined the space of possible solutions to the problem of projectile motion,
although the inferential pathways they followed through their shared knowledge proceeded in exactly opposite directions. I
conclude that their work suggests that the lines of development in early modern mechanics converged in such a way that the
long-term development of science was largely unaffected by the peculiarities in an individual scientist’s work. 相似文献
13.
Ray Essen 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2010,12(1):51-73
Louis Essen (1908–1997), working at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, England, was the first scientist to realize
that the value for the velocity of light used widely during World War II was incorrect. In 1947 he published his first determination
of it, which was 16 kilometers per second higher than the accepted value, causing a great deal of controversy in the scientific
community. His new value was not accepted for several years, until it was shown that it improved the precision of range-finding
by radar. Essen’s result has remained as the internationally accepted value despite a number of attempts to improve on it.
I discuss Essen’s work and also examine other optical and nonoptical determinations that were made in the United States, and
their limits of accuracy. I also identify the reasons why it took so long for Essen’s new value to be accepted, and how it
led to changes in the definition of the units of length and time. 相似文献
14.
J. Podolský 《Czechoslovak Journal of Physics》2002,52(1):1-10
A physical interpretation of theC-metric with a negative cosmological constantΛ is suggested. Using a convenient coordinate system it is demonstrated that this class of exact solutions of Einstein’s equations
describes uniformly accelerating (possibly charged) black holes in anti-de Sitter universe. Main differences from the analogous
de Sitter case are emphasised.
Dedicated to my academic teacher Prof. J. Bičák on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
This work was supported by the grant GACR-202/99/0261 of the Czech Republic and GAUK 141/2000 of Charles University in Prague. 相似文献
15.
Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri died on June 18, 2005. This essay follows the lecture which I gave in honour of this great Indian
scientist and teacher on December 26, 2005 in Puri, India.
Invited plenary talk delivered at the International Conference on Einstein’s Legacy in the New Millennium, December 15–22, 2005, Puri, India. 相似文献
16.
Y. S. Kim 《Optics and Spectroscopy》2010,108(2):297-300
One hundred years ago, in 1908, Hermann Minkowski completed his proof that Maxwell’s equations are covariant under Lorentz
transformations. During this process, he introduced a four-dimensional space called the Minkowskian space. In 1949, P.A.M.
Dirac showed the Minkowskian space can be handled with the light-cone coordinate system with squeeze transformations. While
the squeeze is one of the fundamental mathematical operations in optical sciences, it could serve useful purposes in two-level
systems. Some possibilities are considered in this report. It is shown possible to cross the light-cone boundary in optical
and two-level systems while it is not possible in Einstein’s theory of relativity. 相似文献
17.
Ruth Lewin Sime 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2012,14(1):59-94
As the co-discoverer of nuclear fission and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, Otto Hahn (1879–1968)
took part in Germany‘s nuclear-fission project throughout the Second World War. I outline Hahn’s efforts to mobilize his institute
for military-related research; his inclusion in high-level scientific structures of the military and the state; and his institute’s
research programs in neutron physics, isotope separation, transuranium elements, and fission products, all of potential military
importance for a bomb or a reactor and almost all of it secret. These activities are contrasted with Hahn’s deliberate misrepresentations
after the war, when he claimed that his wartime work had been nothing but “purely scientific” fundamental research that was
openly published and of no military relevance. 相似文献
18.
Solutions of vacuum Einstein’s field equations describing uniformly accelerated particles or black holes belong to the class
of boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes. They are the only explicit solutions known which represent moving finite objects.
Their Newtonian limit is analyzed using the Ehlers frame theory. Generic spacetimes with axial and boost symmetries are first
studied from the Newtonian perspective. The results are then illustrated by specific examples such as C-metric, Bonnor–Swaminarayan
solutions, self-accelerating “dipole particles”, and generalized boost-rotation symmetric solutions describing freely falling
particles in an external field. In contrast to some previous discussions, our results are physically plausible in the sense
that the Newtonian limit corresponds to the fields of classical point masses accelerated uniformly in classical mechanics.
This corroborates the physical significance of the boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes.
Dedicated to the memory of Jürgen Ehlers (29 December 1929 to 20 May 2008). 相似文献
19.
Paul S. Wesson 《General Relativity and Gravitation》2008,40(6):1353-1365
I give a personal retrospect covering the years during which Mashhoon, myself and others developed a unification of the gravitational
field and its source (matter). In this geometrical approach, Einstein’s 4D field equations of general relativity with a source
are derived from the 5D Ricci equations for apparent vacuum. The main equations are given, along with comments on how they
were arrived at. They describe gravity, electromagnetism and a scalar field. This induced-matter or space–time–matter theory
is in agreement with observation and invites further development.
Mass, Matter and Mashhoon: a Tribute to Bahram Mashhoon on his 60th Birthday. 相似文献
20.
Equations of motion for Einstein’s field in fractional dimension of 4 spatial coordinates are obtained. It is shown that time
dependent part of Einstein’s wave function is single valued for only 4-integer dimensional space. 相似文献