Donor-Acceptor Complexes in Copolymerization. XXXVII. Alternating Diene-Dienophile Copolymers. 5. Formation of Conjugated Diene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymers through Retrograde Dissociation of Furan-Maleic Anhydride Diels-Alder Adduct

Abstract

The equimolar, alternating copolymer of isoprene, as well as other conjugated dienes, and maleic anhydride is formed by the radical catalyzed reaction of the conjugated diene with maleic anhydride in the presence of furan as well as with the furan-maleic anhydride Diels-Alder adduct. The retrograde dissociation of the cyclic adduct above 60°C regenerates furan and maleic anhydride which in the presence of isoprene forms the isoprene-maleic anhydride ground state complex. The latter yields the corresponding cyclic adduct in the absence of a radical catalyst and undergoes excitation and homopolymerization in the presence of a catalyst.     

Donor-Acceptor Complexes in Copolymerization. XXXVI. Alternating Diene-Dienophile Copolymers. 4. Copolymerization of Furan and 2-Methylfuran with Maleic Anhydride

Abstract

The copolymerization of furan and 2-methylfuran with maleic anhydride in the presence of a radical catalyst yields equimolar, alternating copolymers in which the furan units have a 2,5-linkage (NMR and IR). The copolymerization appears to have a floor temperature of about 40°C. The furan-maleic anhydride Diels-Alder adduct polymerizes in solution in the presence of a radical catalyst at temperatures above 60°C to yield the identical copolymer as is obtained from the monomers. The adduct undergoes a retrograde reaction above 60°C to regenerate the monomers which then copolymerize through excitation of the ground state comonomer charge transfer complex.     

Stereoselective routes to 3-hydroxy and 3,4-dihydroxy derivatives of 2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid

The Diels-Alder adduct of ethyl (E)-3-nitroacrylate and furan provides a versatile template for the stereoselective synthesis of mono and dihydroxylated derivatives of 2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (ACHC). The hydroxylated ACHC derivatives can be considered to be useful building blocks for β-peptides.     

Donor–acceptor complexes in copolymerization. LVIII. Alternating diene–dienophile copolymers. 12. Structure of furan–maleic anhydride copolymers prepared from the monomers and the diels-Alder adduct

The copolymerization of furan with maleic anhydride in the presence of a perester or azobisiso-butyronitrile at 50 or 70°C yields an unsaturated equimolar, alternating copolymer in which the furan units have 3,4 unsaturation and 2,5 linkages. The furan–maleic anhydride Diels-Alder adduct undergoes retrograde dissociation in solution at 70°C and, in the presence of radical catalysts, yields the same unsaturated alternating copolymer as is obtained from the monomers. The adduct undergoes homopolymerization in the presence of a rapidly decomposing perester at 50°C to yield a saturated polymer having a rearranged structure containing 3-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-5,6-dicarboxylic anhydride repeating units with 2,7 linkages.     

A Total,Asymmetric Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-L-fucose from Furan

Abstract

The Diels-Alder adduct (+)?1 of furan to 1-cyanovinyl (1′S)-campha-nate was converted to methyl 3,5-O-diacetyl-2,6-deoxy-β-L-lyxo-hexofurano-side ((+)?12), a protected form of 2-deoxy-L-fucose, in 8 steps and 16.6% overall yield.     

Phytochemicals from Echinacea and Hypericum: A Direct Synthesis of Isoligularone

Reaction of trienes with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes produces bicyclic products via a tandem Diels-Alder/ene reaction. The adduct from tiglic aldehyde was converted into isoligularone by conversion to a furan followed by benzylic oxidation.     

Substituent effects on the reversibility of furan-maleimide cycloadditions

The effects of furan and maleimide substitution on the dynamic reversibility of their Diels-Alder reactivity have been investigated computationally and by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Furan and furan derivatives bearing methoxy, methyl, or formyl groups at their 2- or 3-positions were investigated with maleimide and maleimide derivatives bearing N-methyl, N-allyl, and N-phenyl substituents. Computational predictions indicate that electronic and regiochemical effects of furan substitution significantly influence their Diels-Alder reactivity with maleimide, with reaction free energies of exo adduct formation ranging from ΔG = -9.4 to 0.9 kcal/mol and transition state barriers to exo adduct formation ranging from ΔG(?) = 18.9 to 25.6 kcal/mol. Much less variation was observed for the reactivity of N-substituted maleimide derivatives and furan, with reaction and transition state free energies each falling within a range of 1.1 kcal/mol. Dynamic exchange experiments monitored by (1)H NMR spectroscopy support computational predictions. The results indicate the reactivity and reversibility of furan-maleimide cycloadditions can be tuned significantly through the addition of appropriate substituents and have implications in the use of furan and maleimide derivatives in the construction of thermally responsive organic materials.     

Total synthesis of (+)-pinitol

A new synthesis of (+)-pinitol 9 has been developed starting from the 7-oxanorbornenic sulfone (+)-5, prepared in enantiomerically pure form by resolution of the sulfonyl-7-oxanorbornanol 4. These precursors are available from the Diels-Alder adduct of furan and trans-1,2-bis-(phenylsulfonyl)-ethylene.     

Poly-2-vinylfuran,synthesis, characterization,and diels-alder reaction with maleic anhydride

Poly-2-vinylfuran, synthesized by free-radical polymerization of 2-vinylfuran, was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The pendant furan rings on the polymer backbone were then used as the diene component of a Diels-Alder reaction with maleic anhydride. The juxtaposition of the furan rings at first suggested an “avalanche” Diels-Alder reaction, in which the product of one cyclization would be the reactant of the next. A lack of polymer stereoregularity and the reversibility of the Diels-Alder reaction, however, prevented its formation. On the other hand, when the dienophile was used in a 1:1 molar ratio with respect to furan the smooth reaction produced a new polymer, the maleic anhydride adduct of poly-2-vinylfuran, which characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, was air stable and soluble in a number of solvents up to 70% transformation. When heated to 160°C the polymer reverted to maleic anhydride and somewhat decomposed poly-2-vinylfuran.     

Bridged synthons from tetrabromocyclopropene: studies on the rearrangement of the primary Diels-Alder adduct with 2,5-dimethylfuran

The reaction of tetrabromocyclopropene and furan leads directly to 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene derivatives. It has been proposed that this involves an initial Diels-Alder reaction followed by rearrangement of the primary adduct. We have, for the first time, isolated a primary adduct and established through X-ray crystallographic analysis that the adduct is the product of an exo-selective addition. Kinetic studies suggest the intermediacy of charged intermediates during the rearrangement.     

Rh(I)-catalyzed ring opening of an IMDAF-derived oxabicyclo cycloadduct as the key step in the synthesis of (+/-)-epi-zephyranthine.

[reaction: see text] A new strategy for epi-zephyranthine has been developed that is based in part on an extraordinarily facile intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a 2-imido-substituted furan. By using a Rh(I)-catalyzed ring opening of the resulting oxabicyclic adduct, the cis-diol stereochemistry of epi-zephyranthine was established.     

Synthesis and photochemical reactivity towards the Paternó–Büchi reaction of benzo[b]furan derivatives: their use in the preparation of 3-benzofurylmethanol derivatives

4-Amino-2,7-dimethylbenzo[b]furan and 4-chlorobenzo[b]furan have been synthesized. The irradiation of 4-amino-2,7-dimethylbenzo[b]furan in the presence of benzaldehyde gave the corresponding endo adduct. The adduct can be hydrolysed to the corresponding 3-benzofurylmethanol derivative. The irradiation of the same compound in the presence of benzophenone gave the corresponding adduct. 4-Chlorobenzo[b]furan did not react with benzaldehyde while, in the presence of benzophenone, gave the corresponding adduct. The hydrolysis of this adduct gave the corresponding 3-benzofurylmethanol derivative.     

Reactions of electron-withdrawing thiophene 1,1-dioxides with furans. A novel reaction pathway

Reactions of thiophene dioxides containing electron-withdrawing substituents with furans were studied. The reactions with unsubstituted furan followed the inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder mechanism. Subsequent elimination of sulfur dioxide from the adduct afforded products of the tetrahydrobenzofuran series. The reactions with substituted furans gave benzylcarbonyl compounds in high yields. The observed regiochemistry of the reaction was explained in terms of the frontier orbital theory using the calculated orbital coefficients. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 687–692, April, 2006.     

Approach to the synthesis of homoinositols,a new class of <Emphasis Type="Italic">myo</Emphasis>-inositol monophosphatase inhibitors

A new class of structural analogues of inositol (polyhydroxycycloheptanes, homoinositols) is proposed. 2,3,4,4-Tetrachloro-8-octabicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene-2,6, the adduct of the Diels-Alder reaction between tetracyclopropene and furan, is suggested as the key compound in homoinositol synthesis. Its modification leads to the selective preparation of homoinositol stereomers and derivatives.     

Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of Furans with Allenyl Ethers Followed by Phenylthio and Trialkylsilyl Groups Rearrangement

A new reaction involving an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a furan diene with an allenyl ether dienophile followed by phenylthio group rearrangement was discovered. Treatment of the propargyl ethers 2a-c with t-BuOK in t-BuOH at 85 ° C gave the phenylthio group rearrangement products 5a-c and 6a-c . A reaction involving an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a furan diene with an allenyl ether dienophile followed by trialkylsilyl group rearrangement is also demonstrated.     

Furans-Maleimides Diels-Alder Reactions in Protic Ionic Liquid

The authors have studied the Diels-Alder reactions between furan derivatives and maleimide derivatives in an ionic liquid and have found that higher reactivity can be obtained in a protic ionic liquid [Mim]Tf2N than in the conventional organic solvent.Furthermore,in the Diels-AIder reactions of 2- and 2,5-alkylfurans with N-alkylmaleimide,the reactivity increases by extending the alkyl chain length of N-alkylmaleimide.In addition,it was demonstrated that endo-selectivity increases when 2,5-disubstituted furans are used.These results will be explained by comparing the stability of the Diels-Alder adduct with that of the products obtained from the reactions of 2-substituted furans and 2,5-disubstituted furans.     

Quantum chemical study of the products and hypothetical intermediates in the dehydrobromination of bromobullvalene in furan

Equilibrium structural parameters of didehydrobullvalene, its adducts with furan, and tris(didehydrobullvalene) and bullvalenophenol tautomers have been determined by DFT M06-2X/cc-pVTZ quantum chemical calculations. The energies of the assumed Diels-Alder adducts are considerably higher than the energies of the isolated products, and the energy barriers separating them are fairly low. Interconversion of enantiomers of the major adduct via two sequential Cope rearrangements with calculated barriers of 17.2 and 15.0 kcal/mol, respectively, may be regarded as an example of truly degenerate mediated tautomerism.     

High-pressure mediated Diels-Alder reaction of di-l-menthyl acetoxy-methylenemalonate with furan: Enantioselective synthesis of β-D-ribofuranosylmalonate,a prospective synthon for C-nucleoside

β-D-Ribofuranosylmalonate [D]-4 has been synthesized through high-pressure Diels-Alder reaction of furan with di-l-menthyl acetoxymethylenemalonate (1b), followed by reductive retrograde aldol CC bond fission. A mechanism accounting for the observed diastereoselectivity in the Diels-Alder reaction is proposed.     

Efficient synthesis of a 4,5-epoxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one derivative bearing a spirolactone via a Diels-Alder reaction with high pi-facial selectivity: a synthetic study towards scyphostatin

The Diels-Alder reaction of spirolactones with cyclopentadiene afforded the adduct with high pi-facial selectivity; a hydrophilic analogue of scyphostatin was synthesized from the Diels-Alder adduct.     

C~s-三高立方烷-8,11-二酮-1,9-二羧酸酯衍生物的合成

详细研究了对苯醌-2,5-二羧酸酯与环戊二烯衍生物的Diels-Alder反应, 所得Diels-Alder加成物经光环化便得到预期的C~s-三高立方烷衍生物. 但加成物6的光环化则给出Paterno-Buchi加成产物7.