Synthesis and photochromic properties of novel yellow developing photochromic compounds

Two 1-thiazolyl-2-thienylcyclopentene derivatives, 1a and 2a, and a 1-thiazolyl-2-vinylcyclopentene derivative 3a have been synthesized in an attempt to obtain photochromic compounds which change the color from colorless to yellow, and have low photocycloreversion quantum yields and high absorption coefficients of the colored isomers. All of these compounds underwent reversible photochromic reactions. Compounds 1a and 2a in toluene solutions changed the color upon 313 nm light irradiation from colorless to orange and pink, in which absorption maxima were observed at 494 nm (ε=10,000 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) and 525 nm (ε=8500 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹), respectively. On the other hand, the colorless toluene solution of 3a turned yellow upon irradiation with 313 nm light, in which the absorption maximum was observed at 416 nm (ε=17,100 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹). The photocyclization/cycloreversion quantum yields of 3 were 0.19 and 0.0014, respectively. The conversion from the open- to the closed-ring isomer of 3 in the photostationary state under irradiation with 313 nm light was close to 100%.     

Syntheses and optoelectronic properties of four photochromic dithienylethenes

Four photochromic dithienylethene compounds, 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-naphthalene-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene 1a, 1,2-bis[2-methyl-5(p-fluorophenyl)-3-thienyl]perfluorocyclopentene 2a, 1,2-bis[2-methyl-5(p-ethoxyphenyl)-3-thienyl]perfluorocyclopentene 3a, and 1,2-bis[2-methyl-5(p-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-thienyl]perfluorocyclopentene 4a were synthesized, and their optoelectronic properties, such as photochromism in solution as well as in poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) amorphous films, fluorescences and electrochemical properties were investigated in detail. These dithienylethenes have shown good photochromic behavior both in solution and in PMMA amorphous film. All of them exhibited relatively strong fluorescence and gave a bathochromic shift upon increasing concentration in THF. The irreversible anodic oxidation of 1a, 2a and 4a was observed by performing cyclic voltammetry experiments.     

Development of highly fluorescent photochromic material with high fatigue resistance

Efficient and reversible fluorescence modulation with excellent photo-stability was achieved from a sulfone form of diacetyl diarylethene, 1,2-bis(6-acetyl-2-methyl-1-benzothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene (DABTFO4). The DABTFO4 emits strong fluorescence in the closed-ring isomer even in the absence of extra fluorophores. The fluorescence quantum yield, fatigue resistance, and photo-cyclization yield of DABTFO4 were significantly improved compared with the unsubstituted 1,2-bis(2-methyl-1-benzothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene (BTFO4) and the sulfide analogue, 1,2-bis(6-acetyl-2-methyl-1-benzothiophene-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene (DABTF6).     

One-step synthesis of (1-iodovinyl) arenes from trimethylsilyl ethynylarene through iodotrimethylsilane-mediated hydroiodation

One-step access to (1-iodovinyl) arenes from trimethylsilyl ethynylarenes is described. The method is superior to a conventional multi-step approach, and is enhanced by the Sonogashira reaction that provides ready access to a variety of trimethylsilyl ethynylarenes.     

Novel photochromic macrocycles composed of thiophene and ethylene building blocks: synthesis, structure, and photochromic property

Two novel photochromic macrocycles composed of thiophene and ethylene building blocks have been synthesized, and their crystal structure and photochromic properties are described. Macrocycle 2 shows good photochromic properties.     

One-step synthesis of novel biacidic carbon via hydrothermal carbonization

The novel biacidic carbon has been synthesized via one-step hydrothermal carbonization of glucose, citric acid, and hydroxyethylsulfonic acid at 180 °C for only 4 h. The novel carbon had an acidity of 1.7 mmol/g with the carbonyl to sulfonic acid groups molar ratio of 1:3, which was confirmed by IR, XPS, TPD, SEM, and BET analyses. The catalytic activities of the carbon were investigated through esterification and oxathioketalization. The results showed that the carbon owned the comparable activities to sulfuric acid, which indicated that the carbon holds great potential for the green processes.     

Design,synthesis, photochromism and electrochemistry of a novel material with pendant photochromic units

In the present work, the synthesis, photochromism and electrochemistry of a novel material 1, 1-(4-[3,4-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)cyclopent-3-en-1-yl]phenyl)-2,5-di-2-thienyl-1H-pyrrole, with pendant dithienylethene (DTE) photochromic units are described. It should be noted that the system 1 can be reversibly and efficiently switched between open (1o) and closed (1c) states by light in both solution and in the solid poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix. It is also noteworthy that the two isomers (1o and 1c) of this novel system 1 can be smoothly polymerized on ITO by electrochemical means. Surprisingly, the DTE unit in 1 does not retain its photochemical switching properties after immobilization onto ITO. The morphology of the polymer film was investigated by AFM analysis. Furthermore, it was found that the polymer exhibited remarkable electrochromic features that can be switched from green in the neutral state to violet state under applied external potentials without disturbing the photochromic units.     

One-step synthesis and applications of fluorescent Cu nanoclusters stabilized by l-cysteine in aqueous solution

Herein, an innovative and simple strategy for synthesizing high fluorescent Cu nanoclusters was successfully established while l-cysteine played a role as the stabilizer. Meaningfully, the current Cu nanoclusters together with a quantum yield of 14.3% were prepared in aqueous solution, indicating their extensive applications. Subsequently, the possible fluorescence mechanism was elucidated by fluorescence, UV–vis, HR-TEM, FTIR, XPS, and MS. Additionally, the CuNCs were employed for assaying Hg²⁺ on the basis of the interactions between Hg²⁺ and l-cysteine; thus facilitating the quenching of their fluorescence. The proposed analytical strategy permitted detections of Hg²⁺ in a linear range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹, with a detection limit of 2.4 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹ at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Significantly, this CuNCs described here were further applied for coding and fluorescent staining, suggesting may broaden avenues toward diverse applications.     

Structure and solid-state photochromic properties of two new compounds with pyrazolone-ring

Two new organic photochromic compounds based on pyrazolone were synthesized and further characterized by elemental analysis, MS, IR spectra, and ¹H NMR spectra. The photochromic properties and photochemical kinetics of them have been studied by UV absorption spectra under irradiation of 365 nm light. The photochromism of pyrazolone derivatives in the solid state has been so far explained only in terms of the light-induced change of absorption and their crystal structures, which is caused by the shift of the tautomeric equilibrium between the enol and keto forms. In this work, their IR spectra have been measured before and after irradiation. Based on the IR spectra and crystal structure analysis, a reasonable mechanism was proposed, the photochromic phenomenon may be due to the photoisomerization from enol-form to keto-form through proton transfer.     

One-step synthesis of MnO2 doped poly(aniline-co-o-aminophenol) and the capacitive behaviors of the conducting copolymer

MnO2 was doped into a conducting copolymer, poly(aniline-co-o-aminophenol)(PANOA), via a one-step process during the chemical oxidative polymerization. The doping of MnO2 could enhance the electrochemical activity and reversibility of the copolymer. When used as the electrode materials of a supercapacitor, the capacitive behaviors of the as-prepared PANOA–MnO2 were superior to those of pure PANOA, especially at high potential scan rate and high charge–discharge current density. The MnO2 doped copolymer also had an excellent cyclic performance.     

一步法合成Pt@ZIF-8及其在1,4-丁炔二醇选择加氢中的应用

1,4-丁炔二醇(BYD)部分加氢生成1,4-丁烯二醇(BED),BED进一步加氢生成1,4-丁二醇(BDO).此外,BYD,BED和BDO还会发生脱水反应生成单醇类产物.工业上BYD加氢反应主要用于生产BDO.由于传统的单金属加氢催化剂很难控制反应的加氢程度,因此一般通过提高反应温度和压力使BYD尽量转化为完全加氢产物BDO,以减少部分加氢产物BED对最终产品收率的影响.部分加氢产物BED在精细化工领域也具有重要的应用,所以选择合适的催化剂和反应条件来提高部分加氢产物BED的选择性具有重要的理论意义和潜在应用价值.文献中常采用Zn、微生物等活性抑制剂来降低贵金属催化剂的加氢活性.这些方法往往比较复杂,所使用的添加剂不仅存在毒性和污染产物,还会增加成本.这些方法得到的催化材料虽然可以提高烯醇的选择性,但是仍需要严格控制反应条件才能得到较高收率的部分加氢产物.本文基于MOFs材料独特的结构和性质,探索了MOFs负载型贵金属催化剂在选择加氢反应中的催化性能.首先制备了一种羧酸根保护的Pt纳米溶胶,并以水为溶剂,增加2-甲基咪唑的加入量,实现了室温下ZIF-8晶体的快速生成.在室温合成ZIF-8的过程中加入羧酸根保护的Pt纳米溶胶,通过羧酸根与ZIF-8之间存在的化学吸附力,实现ZIF-8对Pt纳米粒子的包覆.羧酸根不仅可以稳定溶液中的纳米粒子,同时还起着“桥梁”的作用.羧酸根中的C=O基团与ZIF-8中的Zn原子或有机骨架之间弱的配位作用,增加了纳米粒子和ZIF-8之间的亲和力,实现了金属纳米粒子被ZIF-8包围.Pt纳米粒子的引入对ZIF-8的形成也没有影响,得到的Pt@ZIF-8材料拥有良好的晶体结构和高的比表面积.采用XRD、N2吸附和TEM等表征揭示了Pt@ZIF-8的结构特点,并研究了其在水相1,4-丁炔二醇加氢反应中的催化性能.结果显示,该材料不仅具有很高的活性,还具有突出的部分加氢选择性.在5次循环反应中,BYD转化率没有明显变化,说明催化剂在反应过程中活性没有降低.在多次反应之后,反应产物的分布也没有发生明显变化,1,4-丁烯二醇选择性在5次反应中都保持在94％以上.结构表征结果则显示,在4次循环使用之后,催化剂的结构已经遭到破坏;5次循环使用之后,催化剂的XRD谱图中ZIF-8的特征衍射峰完全消失.其余谱峰为ZnO特征衍射峰,说明由于反应温度较高,催化剂在多次反应之后其载体ZIF-8发生了分解.循环寿命实验说明,ZIF-8中Zn离子和含氮有机骨架的抑制作用是导致1,4-丁烯二醇高选择性的重要原因.ZIF-8的分解虽然会使孔道塌陷,但是结构中的Zn和含氮的有机骨架组成依然存在,仍然可以达到抑制烯醇进一步加氢的效果,并且Pt纳米溶胶主要存在于外表面,所以催化剂的活性和选择性没有发生明显变化.     

One-step straightfoward solid synthesis of high yield white fluorescent carbon dots for white light emitting diodes

Herein,we directly prepared white fluorescent CDs(W-CDs) using 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene(1,6-DHN)and L-asparagine(L-Asn) as carbon sources through a simple solvent-free method.As-prepared W-CDs can be obtained in high yield(95%).A relative pure white LEDs(WLEDs) were fabricated with Commission Internationale de Eclairage(CIE) coordinates of(0.32,0.31).As-prepared W-CDs will have promising future for a wide range of optoelectronic devices.     

One-step synthesis of Fe-Ni hydroxide nanosheets derived from bimetallic foam for efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution and overall water splitting

For the first time, the Fe-Ni LDH nanosheets were prepared through simple one-step hydrothermal treatment of Fe-Ni bimetallic foam both as the substrate and Fe/Ni sources. The ratio of Ni/Fe elements played the important role in realizing the optimal catalytic activities for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). An alkaline water electrolyzer was constructed with the Fe-Ni hydroxide nanosheets/Fe-Ni alloy foam-60% Fe as anode and Ni(OH)₂/Fe-Ni alloy foam-25% Fe as cathode, which displays superior electrolytic performance (affording 10 mA/cm² at 1.62 V) and lasting durability.     

Synthesis, structure and photochromic properties of a novel 1,6-hexanediamine trimolybdate supramolecular compound

A novel supramolecular compound 1,6-hexanediamine trimolybdate ((C₆H₁₈N₂)[Mo₃O₁₀], denoted as HDAMo) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method and its structure has been characterized by elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. This single crystal compound consists of protonated 1,6-hexanediamine (HDA) cations and polyoxometalate [Mo₃O₁₀]²⁻ anions. Its crystal structure belongs to monoclinic system (space group P2₁/n) with a=7.7508(14), b=11.467(2), c=16.167(3) Å, β=92.689(3)°, V=1435.3(5) Å³, Z=4 and D_calc=2.619 g cm⁻³. The final statistics based on F² are GOF=0.980, R₁=0.0261 and wR₂=0.0506 for I>2σ(I). XRD analysis revealed that in the crystal structure of HDAMo, novel infinite [Mo₃O₁₀]²⁻ chains parallel to a axis are made up of distorted MoO₆ octahedra connected by corners and edges. The protonated HDA cations occupy channels formed by [Mo₃O₁₀]²⁻ chains and exhibit strong hydrogen bond interactions to terminal and bridging oxo groups of the chains. The [Mo₃O₁₀]²⁻ chains linked through protonated HAD cations formed a one-dimensional network. The HDAMo compound shows novel photochromic properties, i.e., its color changes from white to reddish brown gradually under UV irradiation. XRD, FT-IR, ESR spectra and XPS are used to investigate the photochromic behavior of the compound.     

One-step synthesis of inherently chiral p-tert-butylcalix[4]azacrown

A one-step procedure is developed to synthesize inherently chiral p-tert-butylcalix[4]azacrown 1 through etherification between p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene and compound 3, which can be amplified to efficiently prepare more inherently chiral calix[4]arenes in ABHH substitution pattern.     

一步处理法制备高水热稳定多级孔ZSM-5分子筛

ZSM-5具有较高的催化活性和独特的择形选择性,因而被广泛用于精细化工和石油炼制等工业过程.但其较小的孔道尺寸导致其在反应中尤其在催化过程中的传质受到影响,从而严重影响催化剂寿命.为了解决反应过程中分子筛中底物及产物的扩散限制问题,近年来关于介微孔复合多级孔道分子筛的研究在分子筛合成领域引起了广泛兴趣,并取得一定进展.但直接合成法存在成本及复杂性问题,因此在量产的分子筛上进行后改性引入介孔表现出明显优势.在这一大类处理过程中,碱处理造介孔因成本低以及可操作性较高而备受青睐.但由于脱硅所形成的介孔往往无序,稳定性较差,因此提高其水热稳定性具有重要意义.文献已有较多报道通过磷元素修饰抑制分子筛在水热环境中脱铝,从而提高分子筛骨架稳定性.但传统的磷元素修饰一般采用后续浸渍法,过程繁琐.本课题组开发了一步法后处理制备高水热稳定多级孔ZSM-5分子筛,将脱硅过程与磷引入过程相结合,以四乙基氢氧化磷(TEPOH)为磷源,直接处理微孔分子筛得到含磷的多级孔分子筛.相比于传统的分子筛磷修饰过程,该磷物种在处理中优先交换分子筛骨架上铝原子附近用来平衡电荷的钠离子,从而增加了磷物种与铝物种相互作用的可能性,提高了稳化骨架的效果.基于此,本文利用氮吸附-脱附、元素分析、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)以及27Al和31P固体核磁(NMR)等一系列表征技术,证明该一步后处理法对分子筛催化性能的作用.SEM和XRD结果表明,分子筛在进行各种处理前后,相对结晶度和分子筛形貌变化不大,说明大部分微孔得到保留.TEM测试表明,经过该一步后处理法得到的分子筛实现了介孔的引入,介孔孔径在10–20 nm.元素分析结果表明,几乎所有的磷源物质在该过程中被引入到分子筛上,实现了介孔和磷物种的同时引入.NH3-TPD测试表明,含磷分子筛在老化前后较无磷分子筛具有更高的酸性位密度保留度,说明磷元素对分子筛上的酸性位起到了稳化作用.孔结构特性数据不仅说明了脱硅过程中成功引入介孔,而且含磷分子筛老化前后的介孔特性数据保留度明显高于无磷样品,实现了磷元素对介孔结构的稳化作用.27Al和31P NMR结果从理论上证明了该样品上磷元素对抑制骨架脱铝的稳化效应,证实了分子筛在处理后水热稳定性的提高.基于前期的研究工作,本文完善了磷元素对分子筛稳化作用的机理过程.TEPBr在水热活化过程中转变成磷酸盐,并修饰分子筛的骨架铝以及部分难以避免的非骨架铝.该过程中形成的磷铝物种在后续的水热老化过程中进一步修饰分子筛骨架铝,使骨架铝得到稳化.而在脱硅过程中存在的"反插铝"过程往往使大部分骨架铝位于介孔孔道中,磷元素与铝元素的相互作用同时也对介孔进行了稳化.通过正辛烯和1,3,5-三异丙苯的裂化测试发现,处理后的分子筛由于其优化后的孔道性能和酸性性质,大大提高了底物分子的转化率以及其自身的容碳能力,从而延长了催化寿命.     

The helical structure of a photochromic spironaphthopyran

The title compound, 6′-ethoxycarbonylspiro(indoline-2,2′-[2H-1]-naphthopyran) (Compound I), was synthesized and the structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. Introduction of an ethoxycarbonyl group in the 6′-position of the indoline moiety affects the whole arrangement of molecular self-assembly. The carbonyl oxygen atom is involved in hydrogen bond, through which the stacking arrangement in the crystal forms a helical structure.     

Photostability of a photochromic naphthopyran dye in different sol-gel prepared ormosil coatings

A photochromic naphthopyran derivative was embedded in sol-gel prepared thin ormosil films. The resulting samples show high transparency and exhibit a strong red colouration upon irradiation with UV light. The photostability of the photochromic molecules is strongly related to the nature of the embedding ormosil matrix. The introduction of organic functional groups into the inner pore surface of the matrix allows tailoring the chemical environment where the dye molecules will be allocated, in terms of the effectiveness of the interaction between the photochromic molecules and the Si-OH groups on the surface of the pores, affecting the stability of the molecules upon prolonged exposition to UV light. The photostability of the molecules was increased in matrices functionalized with larger organic groups, or with larger amount of modifying groups. In this way the photodegradation of the photochromic molecules could be reduced by a factor of 5, as compared with the photodegradation of the molecules in unfunctionalized silica matrix.     

Monitoring surface reactions optically in a self-assembled monolayer with a photochromic core

Photochromic aldehyde-substituted spiropyran molecules were incorporated in a self-assembled monolayer structure and the rate of imine formation was determined by the shift in absorbance for the photomerocyanine upon UV irradiation.     

失水山梨醇单月桂酸酯的一步法合成

失水山梨醇单月桂酸酯(商品名Span20)用途广泛[1 4]。传统方法[5]生产出的产品色泽深、副产物多、单酯质量分数低、熔融状态下多呈浑浊状态、质量不稳定,仅能用于石油、采矿和纤维等行业,用于食品、医药、化妆品的这类产品绝大部分依赖进口。本文以山梨醇和月桂酸为原料,采用一步法合成的目标产物为乳白色,单酯质量分数大于90%。并对合成方法进行了对比,探讨了各主要影响因素对目标产物色泽和三项指标(酸值、羟值、皂化值)的影响。梨醇的醚化和酯化反应产物是一个复杂的混合物:不仅有单酯及其异构体,还会存在其它二酯、多酯及相应异构…