Manganese silicide single crystal and films deposited on Si(1 1 1): A comparative spectroscopic study

A comparative experimental study is presented of the electronic properties of MnSi films grown on Si(1 1 1) and of MnSi single crystals, using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and core level and valence band photoemission spectroscopy (PES). No significant differences in the electronic structure of the two systems can be found.Absorption measurements on the Mn 2p threshold show a mixed valence ground state, where the multiplet structure is washed out by the hybridisation of the Mn 3d states with the Si sp states. These results are also confirmed by photoemission (PE) spectra from the valence band and the Mn 3s, 3p and 2p core levels.Strong attention has been paid to the effect of contamination. The occurrence of multiplet effects in the absorption spectra indicates unambiguously the localisation of the Mn 3d electrons in Mn-O bonds, which strongly influences the electronic properties of these systems.     

分子筛在真空低温下水汽吸附脱附性实验研究

空间遥感仪器红外通道的信号衰减,入轨初期的主要原因是由于材料释放的水汽在低温光学窗口表面沉积,导致红外透射率降低所致。主动吸附是控制低温沉积污染的措施之一。分子筛对包括水汽在内的多种污染物具有良好的吸附作用,可以作为控制污染物的吸附材料。目前对于分子筛吸附特性的研究集中在常压环境。通过试验测试了13x型分子筛在高真空低温环境下,对水汽的吸附特性。     

Impurities detection by optical techniques in KH2PO4 crystals

In this paper we examine how optical techniques can be used for impurities (or defects) detection and identification in KH₂PO₄ (KDP) components. This is important in so far as some of these defects are responsible for a much weaker than expected Laser-Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) in these materials, i.e. for a weaker resistance to a laser shot. KDP materials are investigated by photothermal deflection, fluorescence and photoexcitation with the aim of localizing and identifying the laser-induced damage precursors. The rapidly grown KDP crystals are shown to be heterogeneous from the absorption, fluorescence and composition point of view. Impurities concentrations are measured directly by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and tentatively correlated to some optical characteristics and to the LIDT of KDP materials.     

A study on shielding gas contamination in laser welding of non-ferrous alloys

Laser welding of non-ferrous alloys is a high-productivity and cost-effective joining technology, which gained an undoubted interest especially in aerospace, chemical and medical industry, where high strength and corrosion resistant mechanical parts are required. Unfortunately some of the most used non-ferrous alloys are highly reactive with respect to the components of the environmental atmosphere: oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and humidity. This reactivity leads to the formation of porosities and to oxides and nitrides inclusion, which are responsible for a decrease of ductility and strength in welded joints.According to this a good shielding technique of the weld pool is of primary importance in order to obtain sound beads and reliable manufacturings. This paper deals with the opportunity of simulating the shielding gas behavior by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics software in order to understand the relationship among the outlet position, the shielding gas type and its flow rate.A simulation activity was carried out in order to evaluate the behavior of shielding gas concentration surrounding the weld pool. The simulated welding environment was simplified without considering the presence and the effect of the plasma plume. The main results concern the shielding gas contamination prediction with respect to the distance from the beam-material interaction zone.     

Correlation software algorithm for portable laser spectral analysis of heavy metal dopants

A novel correlation algorithm for laser spectral analyser (LSA) has been created for simultaneous determination of heavy metals' content in condensed matters, particularly in soils. This work is devoted to the design of a portable laser spectroscopy device for material contamination analysis using software with an original correlation algorithm. Detection sensitivity that can be achieved using this technique varies within 10–100 ppm. It has been demonstrated that acceptable results may be achieved during in-situ measurements. For a huge number of heavy metals, the limits of detection, which were determined experimentally with respect to unpolluted soil sample are lower. This system may provide fast in-situ analysis of heavy metal content and it uses optical fibre sensors.     

Radioluminescence and thermoluminescence properties of X-ray-irradiated pure CsI

The 25–280 K radioluminescence (RL) and thermoluminescence (TL) spectra in a nominally pure CsI have been studied. Strong emissions at 250–400 nm consist of two bands at 305 and 340 nm associated with the V_K+e and H+F-type self-trapped excitons (STEs), respectively. There are some weak extrinsic signals in RL. The temperature dependence and the response of the two main bands to the X-ray tube voltage have been studied. It has been found that the dominant TL signals are associated with contamination of the sample, though the trapping levels are still characterised by the host lattice. A temperature shift between the intrinsic and extrinsic TL peaks has been observed in the thermal emissions at 55 and 82 K.     

Handheld device for fast and non-contact optical measurement of protein films on surfaces

Thin films of bacteria, proteins and other biochemical substances are almost always found on surfaces exposed to the environment. Optical methods enable innovative tools for the study of such films. Residua of proteins exhibit fluorescence when excited in the UV. We present a specially designed handheld measuring device that can detect organic contamination levels down to 100 ng/cm² with measurement times shorter than a second. Using time-correlated spectroscopy methods the fluorescence detection of contamination levels on surfaces is possible even if the fluorescence spectra of contamination and base material overlap. The results presented in this paper show that a detection of contamination levels of bovine serum albumine (BSA) down to 100 ng/cm² is possible on non-fluorescent materials. A theoretical analysis shows the possibility to detect BSA levels down to less than 1 ng/cm² with the presented setup. Future development of handheld optical devices suitable for the detection or analysis of various compounds can be based on these results. A compact formalism is suggested that can be used to calculate the minimal concentration of a given organic contamination that can be detected with a certain measurement setup.     

Implementation of focused ion beam (FIB) system in characterization of nuclear fuels and materials

Beginning in 2007, a program was established at the Idaho National Laboratory to update key capabilities enabling microstructural and micro-chemical characterization of highly irradiated and/or radiologically contaminated nuclear fuels and materials at scales that previously had not been achieved for these types of materials. Such materials typically cannot be contact handled and pose unique hazards to instrument operators, facilities, and associated personnel. Over the ensuing years, techniques have been developed and operational experience gained that has enabled significant advancement in the ability to characterize a variety of fuel types including metallic, ceramic, and coated particle fuels, obtaining insights into in-reactor degradation phenomena not achievable by any other means. The following article describes insights gained, challenges encountered, and provides examples of unique results obtained in adapting dual beam FIB technology to nuclear fuels characterization.     

Raman-in-SEM,a multimodal and multiscale analytical tool: Performance for materials and expertise

The availability of Raman spectroscopy in a powerful analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM) allows morphological, elemental, chemical, physical and electronic analysis without moving the sample between instruments. This paper documents the metrological performance of the SEMSCA commercial Raman interface operated in a low vacuum SEM. It provides multiscale and multimodal analyses as Raman/EDS, Raman/cathodoluminescence or Raman/STEM (STEM: scanning transmission electron microscopy) as well as Raman spectroscopy on nanomaterials. Since Raman spectroscopy in a SEM can be influenced by several SEM-related phenomena, this paper firstly presents a comparison of this new tool with a conventional micro-Raman spectrometer. Then, some possible artefacts are documented, which are due to the impact of electron beam-induced contamination or cathodoluminescence contribution to the Raman spectra, especially with geological samples. These effects are easily overcome by changing or adapting the Raman spectrometer and the SEM settings and methodology. The deletion of the adverse effect of cathodoluminescence is solved by using a SEM beam shutter during Raman acquisition. In contrast, this interface provides the ability to record the cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrum of a phase. In a second part, this study highlights the interest and efficiency of the coupling in characterizing micrometric phases at the same point. This multimodal approach is illustrated with various issues encountered in geosciences.     

Methoden zur Herabsetzung des Einflusses von γ-Strahlung auf die Nachweisgrenze von Aktivitätsmeβeinrichtungen

Spezielle Aufgaben der Strahlenschutzmeβtechnik erfordern, den Einjluβfi einer hohen γ-Untergrundslrahlung bei der Kontaminationsmessung herabzusetzen. Ausgehend von der Nachiceisgrenze von Meβeinrichtungen werden verschiedene Methoden beschrieben und ihre Wirksamkeit zur Verbesserung der Nachweisgrenze eingeschätzt. Dazu gehören die Auswahl geeigneter Detektoren, die Anuwendung von Abschirmverfahren, von Koinzidenz- und Antikoinzidenzverfahren sowie die Auswahl optimaler Energiebereiche. Als Maβ für die Effektivitāt einer Methode wird das Verhältnis der Nachiceisgrenze ohne und mil Reduzierung des Einflusses von γ-Strahlung definiert.     

How acoustic cavitation can improve adhesion

In general, ultrasound is commonly used at low power level for non-destructive testing (NDT) and detection of delaminations in adhesive bonded structures. The present paper instead presents an approach where power ultrasound is used to improve interface formation prior to the bonding process and to ensure the quality of adhesive bonds by using acoustic cavitation in the liquid adhesive.Results from high-speed videos, rheological and thermal measurements and destructive testing of adhesive bonds with contaminated surfaces are presented and discussed. Power ultrasound can be used in general to improve adhesion and significantly to improve contamination tolerance and robustness of adhesive bonding processes.     

Robust algorithm for determining line centre within a video positional measuring system

The paper presents research into line centre detection using a video positioning system, as part of a measuring system for line scale calibration. In the described approach, the video positioning system processes an image taken by a CCD camera to estimate the position of the observed line's centre. An important part of this research is also an analysis of line scale contamination's influence (scratches, dirt, usage, etc.) on line position determination. The outcome of the research is mathematical models that can be used as a base for developing a positioning algorithm. This algorithm is simple and adaptable to different types of line scales. It also includes a module for increasing the basic scale factor of the positioning as defined by the number of pixels in the CCD sensor, and a module for reducing the influence of contamination on positioning.     

受污染胁迫玉米叶绿素含量微小变化的高光谱反演模型

通过野外实验测试和室内样品化验,获得3个不同污染状况农田样地自然环境下玉米的高光谱反射率、叶片的叶绿素含量、叶片和土壤的重金属含量等数据。对高光谱数据的可见光波段(400～800 nm)进行导数光谱计算和连续统去除处理,得到吸收谷位置、吸收深度、绿峰位置、绿峰处归一化反射值、红边位置、红边处归一化反射率、红肩位置、吸收宽度、光谱不对称度等光谱特征参数。分析上述参数的物理含义并将其和玉米叶绿素含量变化进行相关分析,选择并确定与玉米污染胁迫叶绿素微小变化有一定关系的参数,作为输入因子,建立BP神经网络模型,逐步增强并提取农田污染胁迫状态下玉米叶绿素含量的微小变化信息。     

蒙特卡罗法用于机械制冷机污染传输特性的仿真计算

为了优化结构设计和建立标准的污染控制体系来提高机械制冷机的运行寿命,需要深入研究污染气体在制冷机管道内的传输机理。采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)方法对污染气体的传质过程进行理论仿真,设计编写软件程序,计算了分子流状态下制冷机内污染气体分子通过圆管和环形管路等微通道的传输几率。得到关键管道的传输几率小于3%,并比较了不同结构尺寸管路的传输几率。     

ICP-MS测定自来水中的金属元素

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的高灵敏度、高准确性和多元素同时分析的特点,可以快速精确地测定自来水中的微量金属元素含量。由于自来水样品中的有害金属元素含量比较低,需要高灵敏度的分析方法,所以与其他元素分析技术相比ICP-MS优势明显,在自来水样品分析中已经得到了广泛的应用。本文用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)测定自来水中的金属元素,并对中国与日本自来水进行了取样分析和比较。     

熔石英表面铜膜污染物诱导损伤实验研究

 在熔石英元件表面溅射一层厚度小于10 nm的金属铜膜污染物,并测试元件的透过率。测试355 nm熔石英元件的激光损伤阈值,并用光学显微镜观测损伤形态。实验结果表明：污染后的熔石英元件的损伤阈值降低20%左右,元件表面的金属污染物薄膜经强激光辐照,在熔石英表面形成很多坑状微损伤,分布不均的热应力导致表面起伏,并有明显的烧蚀现象,导致基底损伤阈值下降。建立的光吸收和热沉积传输模型初步解释污染物膜层导致熔石英元件损伤的机理。     

Study on contamination of projection optics surface for extreme ultraviolet lithography

Ru-capped Mo/Si multilayer mirrors were irradiated by EUV in a vacuum atmosphere with ethanol or decane gas, and their reflectivity changes by contamination were investigated by changing the amount of introduced gas. The reflectivity hardly decreased by EUV irradiation in the ethanol-introduced atmosphere. On the other hand, the reflectivity decreased by about 5% in the decane-introduced atmosphere at a decane pressure of P_Decane = 1.3 × 10⁻⁴ Pa, an EUV power of about 200 mW/mm², and an EUV dose of 150 J/mm². EUV irradiation to the Ru-capped multilayer mirrors was also performed in the presence of water vapor and decane. The surface oxidation by EUV irradiation with a water vapor pressure of PH₂O=1.3×10⁻⁵ Pa was controlled by the introduction of decane at a pressure of P_Decane = 7.0 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.3 × 10⁻⁶ Pa.     

Modifications of He implantation induced cavities in silicon by MeV silicon implantation

Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS) coupled to a slow positron beam has been used to investigate the formation of He-cavities in the presence of high vacancy concentrations in Cz-Si (1 1 1). Si samples were first implanted with MeV Si ions in order to create a damaged Si layer. DBS measurements show the presence of divacancy (SV₂/SSi lattice=1.052,WV₂/WSi lattice=0.83) from the surface up to 4.2 μm depth with a concentration higher than 10¹⁸ cm⁻³. The thickness of this damaged layer was confirmed by spreading resistance measurements. In the second step, samples were implanted with 50 keV ³He with fluence of 10¹⁶ cm⁻². DBS results show that the apparent divancancy concentration decreases at ³He implantation depth ∼435 nm due to ³He passivation of vacancies that occurs during the implantation process. After 900 °C annealing, large defects are detected at depth up to 2 μm and (S, W) values suggest the detection of cavities at the implantation depth. We also report the possible presence of impurity complexes. The formation of these complexes is attributed to the gettering of metallic impurities present in the Si sample.     

温州河网沉积物中重金属分布特征与污染评价

为了调查温州河网沉积物中重金属的分布特征与污染程度,共采集了29个样,用AFS-9230原子荧光光度计和ICP-OES全谱直读电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定样品中重金属元素含量,克里格插值图反映重金属元素的空间分布,根据内梅罗指数法建立综合地累积指数进行污染评价,利用Pearson系数法,主成分分析法进行源分析。结果表明：在不同样点重金属含量差异明显,其中Cd和Zn含量最高点为主河道城市与工业集中区,As,Pb,Hg,Cu,Ni,Cr含量最高点为机械工业园区,沉积物受到Hg,Cd,Cu,Zn,Ni和Cr污染,区域污染程度机械工业园＞主河道城市区＞三垟湿地区＞城市周边区＞水源地区,Hg,Cd,Cu,Zn,Ni和Cr具有相似的源,且以人为源为主。     

FPXRF——偏最小二乘法定量分析土壤中的铅含量

在实验室条件下,利用NITON XLt920型便携式X射线荧光光谱(field portable X-ray fluorescence,FPXRF)仪获取土壤样品的X射线荧光光谱数据,并采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立土壤Pb含量的预测模型。模型所用的光谱范围为与土壤中Pb元素密切相关的两个波段:10.40～10.70 keV和12.41～12.80 keV;最佳主成分数为6。模型经交互验证,其预测结果与实测值之间的相关系数为0.966 6,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.873 2。另外为了与偏最小二乘法做比较,还分别利用仪器直接获取的Pb含量读数以及X射线荧光光谱数据中Pb的Lα和Lβ线的强度与ICP测定值进行一元线性和多元线性回归,相关系数分别为0.680 5和0.730 2,均低于PLS模型的预测结果。研究表明,相比较传统的原子吸收等测试方法,便携式XRF仪在保证一定测试精度基础上,具有方便、快速、无损和耗费少等优势,可作为进一步分析前有力的筛选手段。