Zeeman laser cooling of <Superscript>85</Superscript>Rb atoms in transverse magnetic field

The process of Zeeman laser cooling of ⁸⁵Rb atoms in a new scheme employing a transverse magnetic field has been experimentally studied. Upon cooling, the average velocity of atoms was 12 m/s at a beam intensity of 7.2×10¹² s^?1 and an atomic density of 4.7×10¹⁰ cm^?3.     

激光冷却获得高亮度的亚稳态惰性气体原子束和原子阱

高强度的亚稳态惰性原子束流在原子分子物理实验研究中具有广泛的应用.使用射频电离方法和激光横向冷却技术制备了高强度的亚稳态氪原子束流,并使用数值模拟方法对横向冷却激光场中的原子径迹进行了分析.通过激光诱导荧光光谱方法测量原子束的束流特性,结果显示,横向冷却后在束流源下游230 cm处的原子束流强度达1.6atoms/(s*sr),束流强度提高了两个量级.利用这种高强度原子束流,我们成功囚禁了1.3×10¹⁰个亚稳态⁸⁴Kr原子,同时冷原子装载速率达到了3.0×10¹¹atoms/s;并利用该装置成功地实现了高亮度的亚稳态氩原子束和原子阱. 关键词： 横向冷却 原子束 原子阱 惰性气体     

铬原子束横向一维激光冷却的蒙特卡罗方法仿真

激光汇聚铬原子沉积实验中,铬原子束准直度的好坏非常重要.利用蒙特卡罗随机思想选取原子轨迹初始条件,将⁵²Cr原子以外的其他同位素、纵向速度分布和横向发散角等因素综合考虑,对铬原子束横向一维激光冷却进行了优化分析.经过与均匀取值法比较,这种方法能够更好地体现原子运动的不确定性,挑选出不参与冷却过程的同位素,使考察界面内原子束的横向位置分布更好的符合实验结果.结果显示,冷却过程中其他同位素的存在使原子束横向位置分布的中心最大值减小9.3%,半高宽增加11%,并且增加轮廓曲线的基底. 关键词： 激光冷却 蒙特卡罗方法 铬原子束     

激光准直Cr原子束的实验研究

利用多普勒原理对Cr原子束进行横向准直.应用激光感生荧光技术稳定激光器的频率，把激光器的中心频率稳定在偏离Cr原子共振中心频率-5±0.26MHz的位置.根据理论计算出准直激光束的最小尺寸为13.7mm.根据实验数据选择合适的参数，实现利用多普勒原理横向准直Cr原子束，使原子束的横向分布缩小到原来的1/3. 关键词： 激光准直 激光感生荧光稳频 多普勒冷却     

Loading of a cold atomic beam into a magnetic guide

We demonstrate experimentally the continuous and pulsed loading of a slow and cold atomic beam into a magnetic guide. The slow beam is produced using a vapor loaded laser trap, which ensures two-dimensional magneto-optical trapping, as well as cooling by a moving molasses along the third direction. It provides a continuous flux larger than 10⁹ atoms/s with an adjustable mean velocity ranging from 0.3 to 3 m/s, and with longitudinal and transverse temperatures smaller than 100 μK. Up to 3×10⁸ atoms/s are injected into the magnetic guide and subsequently guided over a distance of 40 cm. Received 19 February 2002 Published online 28 June 2002     

应用于铯原子喷泉钟的二维磁光阱研制

理论模拟研究了二维磁光阱原子束流量与饱和蒸汽压、冷却光强、激光失谐量的关系, 构建了二维磁光阱(2D-MOT)装置, 实验上实现了大流量的慢速原子束, 其测量值为2.1× 10⁹/s.利用荧光法测量了各实验参数与流量的关系, 测量结果与数值模拟结果符合较好. 关键词： 2D-MOT 流量 慢速原子束 铯原子喷泉钟     

Laser ion beam formation for nanotechnologies

It is suggested to generate cold ion beams by laser collimation and subsequent laser ionization of a primary atomic beam. The primary beam, formed by a standard method, is collimated through transverse cooling by resonance laser radiation. Laser radiation is also used for the multistep ionization of atoms in the collimated beam. Advantages of the proposed method are a low scatter of the initial ion energy (below 10^?1 eV) and a high emittance in the region of the virtual source (～10^?6 cm rad at a beam current on the level of microamperes). The high monochromaticity of the obtained ion beam allows the chromatic aberration effect to be significantly suppressed, which implies good prospects for using such sources in ion beam lithography. The proposed method also allows the spectrum of elements used in ion beam sources to be expanded, which is an independent technological advantage.     

A hydrogen atom in a superstrong magnetic field and the Zeldovich effect

We consider the problem of a hydrogen atom in a superstrong magnetic field, B? B _a =2.35×10⁹ G. The analytical formulas that describe the energy spectrum of this atom are derived for states with various quantum numbers n_ρ and m. A comparison with available calculations shows their high accuracy for B?B _a . We note that the derived formulas point to a manifestation of the Zeldovich effect, i.e., a rearrangement of the atomic spectrum under the influence of strong short-range Coulomb potential distortion. We discuss the relativistic corrections to level energies, which increase in importance with magnetic field and become significant for B?10¹⁴ G. We suggest the parameters in terms of which the Zeldovich effect has the simplest form. Analysis of our precision numerical calculations of the energy spectrum for a hydrogen atom in a constant magnetic field indicates that the Zeldovich effect is observed in the spectrum of atomic levels for superstrong fields, B?5×10¹¹ G. Magnetic fields of such strength exist in neutron stars and, possibly, in magnetic white dwarfs. We set lower limits for the fields B_min required for the manifestation of this effect. We discuss some of the properties of atomic states in a superstrong magnetic field, including their mean radii and quadrupole moments. We calculated the probabilities of electric dipole transitions between odd atomic levels and a deep ground level.     

激光辐照非晶Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B 9微量晶化的穆斯堡尔谱研究

在激光功率为40—160W、扫描速度为10mm/s、激光光斑为20mm照射条件下,用CO ₂激 光辐照非晶Fe_73.5Cu₁Nb₃Si_13.5B_{9< /sub>产生微量晶化.利用透射穆斯堡尔谱 （TMS）技术分析了原始态和晶化后样品的超精细结构.确定了穆斯堡尔谱的基本参数——化 学位移(IS)、四极分裂(QS)、内磁场(Hhf)随激光功率变化的规律.分析表明，CO2关键词： 激光辐照 微量晶化 73.5Cu1Nb3 Si13.5B9')" href="#">非晶Fe73.5Cu1Nb3 Si13.5B9 穆斯堡尔谱}     

Development of an apparatus for cooling <Superscript>6</Superscript>Li-<Superscript>87</Superscript>Rb Fermi-Bose mixtures in a light-assisted magnetic trap

We describe an experimental setup designed to produce ultracold trapped gas clouds of fermionic ⁶Li and bosonic ⁸⁷Rb. This combination of alkali metals has the potential to reach deeper Fermi degeneracy with respect to other mixtures since it allows for improved heat capacity matching which optimizes sympathetic cooling efficiency. Atomic beams of the two species are independently produced and then decelerated by Zeeman slowers. The slowed atoms are collected into a magneto-optical trap and then transferred into a quadrupole magnetic trap. An ultracold Fermi gas with temperature in the 10^?3 T _F range should be attainable through selective confinement of the two species via a properly detuned laser beam focused in the center of the magnetic trap.     

激光冷却在原子束六极磁透镜技术中的应用

分析了由六极磁场构成了原子束磁透镜的原理及像差。在比较了热原子束和单色冷原子束的会聚效果后得出结论：影响它成像的主要因素是色差。应用激光冷却技术能使这一影响减小,从而使磁透镜在原子光学领域得到更广泛的应用。     

Lepton pair production in high-frequency laser fields

The production of electron-positron and muon-antimuon pairs in high-frequency laser fields via few-photon absorption is considered. It is assumed that an intense X-ray laser beam collides either with a relativistic ion beam or with a second, equally intense laser beam. We study the generation of free e ⁺ e ^? pairs, free μ⁺μ^? pairs, and bound-free e ⁺ e ^? pairs where in the latter case the electron is born in a low-lying atomic orbit of the projectile nucleus. Effects resulting from the finite nuclear size, the laser’s polarization state, and its magnetic field component are examined, which are testable experimentally by virtue of upcoming X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) devices.     

Pump-probe measurement of atomic parity violation in cesium with a precision of 2.6%

We present the atomic parity violation measurements made in Cs vapour using a pump-probe scheme. After pulsed excitation of the 6S -7S forbidden transition in the presence of a longitudinal electric field, a laser beam resonant with one of the 7S -6P transitions stimulates the 7S atom emission for a duration of 20ns. The polarisation of the amplified probe beam is analysed. A seven-fold signature allows discrimination of the parity-violating linear dichroism, and real-time calibration by a similar, known, parity-conserving linear dichroism. The zero-field linear dichroism signal due to the magnetic dipole transition moment is observed for the first time, and used for in situ determination of the electric field. The result, ImE ₁ ^pv = (- 808±21)×10^-14 ea ₀ , is in perfect agreement with the corresponding, more precise measurement obtained by the Boulder group. A transverse field configuration with large probe amplification could bring atomic parity violation measurements to the 0.1% accuracy level.     

利用激光冷却原子束测量氦原子精密光谱

⁴He原子2³S₁→2³P_0,1,2跃迁的精细结构分裂,目前在理论和实验上都能够达到10^-8水平的精度,并可被应用于测定精细结构常数α, 和对量子电动力学进行检验.该方面实验研究的关键, 是需要提高测量信噪比,并消除各种可能的系统偏差, 将这一精细结构分裂测量到亚kHz水平.在设计的这套实验方案中, 首次结合激光冷却原子技术,通过激光横向冷却来提高亚稳态氦原子束的束流强度,并对三态亚稳态氦原子进行偏折, 将其从原子束中分离,从而大幅降低测量背景,并利用频率锁定激光器的边带扫描的方式来进行光谱测量,以使得扫描测量中保持足够的频率精度. 在目前基本搭建成的实验装置上,实验方法的可行性已经获得验证,分析表明有望实现亚千赫兹水平的测量准确度.     

Continuously transferring cold atoms in caesium double magneto-optical trap

We have established a caesium double magneto-optical trap (MOT) system for cavity-QED experiment, and demonstrated the continuous transfer of cold caesium atoms from the vapour-cell MOT with a pressure of ～ 1×10^-6 Pa to the ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) MOT with a pressure of ～ 8×10^-8 Pa via a focused continuous-wave transfer laser beam. The effect of frequency detuning as well as the intensity of the transfer beam is systematically investigated, which makes the transverse cooling adequate before the atoms leak out of the vapour-cell MOT to reduce divergence of the cold atomic beam. The typical cold atomic flux got from vapour-cell MOT is ～2×10⁷ atoms/s. About 5×10⁶ caesium atoms are recaptured in the UHV MOT.     

A slow gravity compensated atom laser

We report on a slow guided atom laser beam outcoupled from a Bose–Einstein condensate of ⁸⁷Rb atoms in a hybrid trap. The acceleration of the atom laser beam can be controlled by compensating the gravitational acceleration and we reach residual accelerations as low as 0.0027 g. The outcoupling mechanism allows for the production of a constant flux of 4.5×10⁶ atoms per second and due to transverse guiding we obtain an upper limit for the mean beam width of 4.6 μm. The transverse velocity spread is only 0.2 mm/s and thus an upper limit for the beam quality parameter is M ²=2.5. We demonstrate the potential of the long interrogation times available with this atom laser beam by measuring the trap frequency in a single measurement. The small beam width together with the long evolution and interrogation time makes this atom laser beam a promising tool for continuous interferometric measurements.     

2D laser collimation of a cold Cs beam induced by a transverse <Emphasis Type="Italic">B</Emphasis> field

We describe transverse collimation of a continuous cold cesium beam (longitudinal temperature 75 μK) induced by a two-dimensional, blue-detuned near-resonant optical lattice. The mechanism described for a lin-‖-lin configuration is made possible by the application of a transverse magnetic field B_⊥. The phenomenon described differs from gray molasses, for which any small magnetic field degrades cooling, as well as from magnetically induced laser cooling in red-detuned optical molasses, where there are no dark states. The lowest transverse temperature is experimentally found to vary as B _⊥ ² . The collimated flux density shows a dip as a function of B_⊥, the width of which is proportional to the cube root of the laser intensity, general features predicted by our semiclassical model. This technique provides a sensitive tool for canceling transverse magnetic fields in situ at the milligauss level.     

利用蓝失谐激光诱导微型光学偶极阱中冷原子间的光助碰撞提高单原子制备概率

借助于微米尺度的远失谐光学偶极阱(FORT)中蓝失谐光的光助碰撞效应与反馈控制系统,文章在实验上实现了FORT中单个原子的高效制备.结合原子的势能曲线,分析了原子在红失谐光和蓝失谐光作用下的光助碰撞效应,并且在实验上得到红失谐光诱导下单原子的制备概率约50%,蓝失谐光诱导下单原子的制备概率约80%.通过反馈控制系统,当原子数目小于1时,反馈控制使磁场梯度减小以快速俘获原子,当原子数目大于1时,反馈控制开启蓝失谐光场,使得原子一个个逃逸出阱中,最终实现了FORT中单原子的制备概率约95%,为下一步偶极阱的二维扩展奠定了基础.通过HBT实验测量FORT中单原子发出光子的统计特性,得到二阶相干度g(2)(τ=0)=0.08.     

Bright thermal atomic beams by laser cooling: A 1400-fold gain in beam flux

Using a three-step transverse laser cooling scheme, a strongly diverging flow of metastable Ne(3s ³ P ₂] atoms is compressed into a well-collimated, small diameter atomic beam (e.g., 1.4 mrad HWHM divergence at 3.6 mm beam diameter) with an unmodified axial velocity distribution centered at 580 m/s. The maximum increase in beam flux 1.04 m downstream of the source is a factor 1400; the maximum increase in phase space density, i.e., brightness, is a factor 160. The laser power used is only 140 mW. The scheme is extendable to a large variety of atomic species and enables the application of bright atomic beams in many areas of physics.