A New Second Harmonic Cavity with Internal Grating

This paper describes a new second harmonic gyrotron cavity based on the concept of an internal Bragg-type grating which favors operation at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency rather than operation at the electron cyclotron frequency itself.     

Properties of a Second Harmonic Gyrotron Cavity with Internal Blazed Grating

Spectral domain analysis, scattering matrix analysis and PIC simulations are used here to design a second harmonic gyrotron cavity with an internal blazed grating which favors operation at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency rather than operation at the electron cyclotron frequency itself. Based on these simulations, the cavity design is optimized. The results show that a new gyrotron with higher power and higher frequency can be achieved by incorporating such a blazed grating.     

On the low-threshold parametric mechanism of the anomalous power absorption in electron cyclotron resonance heating experiments in toroidal devices

The experimental conditions that facilitate the excitation of parametric decay instabilities upon the electron cyclotron resonance heating of a plasma at the second harmonic extraordinary wave in tokamaks and stellarators and, as a result, make anomalous absorption of microwave power possible have been analyzed. It has been shown that, in the case of a nonmonotonic radial profile of the plasma density, when the beam of electron cyclotron waves passes near the equatorial plane of a toroidal device, the parametric excitation of electron Bernstein waves, as well as the generation of ion Bernstein waves propagating from the parametric decay region to the nearest ion cyclotron harmonic, where they efficiently interact with ions, is possible. The proposed theoretical model can explain the anomalous generation of accelerated ions observed upon electron cyclotron heating in small and moderate toroidal facilities.     

Propagation of electron cyclotron waves in the presence of anisotropic electron distributions

The effects of the anisotropy of the electron distribution on the propagation and the absorption of electron cyclotron waves propagating perpendicularly to the external magnetic field, are analyzed. Considerable variations of the absorption with the anisotropy are found for the ordinary mode at the fundamental cyclotron frequency and the extraordinary mode at the second harmonic.     

An Experimental Investigation of Second Harmonic Generation in a Cyclotron and Upper Hybrid Resonant Plasma

An experiment is described in which an electromagnetic wave (extraordinary mode) is propagated across a magnetized plasma and second harmonic generation is detected. The generation of the plasma and the second harmonic wave is associated with resonant conditions of electron cyclotron resonance and upper hybrid resonance. By adjusting the intensity of axial magnetic field, the second harmonic generation can be made solely due to the electron cyclotron resonance, the upper hybrid resonance or both. The experiment is qualitatively in agreement with previous similar experiments and can be explained in terms of the spatial variations of the magnetic field intensity and the electron number density. A technique for diagnosing peak number density is developed from the observed second harmonic power characteristics.     

Large-signal theory of gyro traveling wave tubes at cyclotronharmonics

A nonlinear theory of gyrotron traveling wave tubes (gyro-TWTs) at cyclotron harmonics has been developed taking into account the electron velocity spread and the possibility of operating with significant Doppler frequency up-shift (CARM operation). It is shown that the orbital efficiency of the relativistic gyro-TWT operating at the second cyclotron harmonic with large frequency up-conversion may exceed 60%. It is also shown that the influence of the axial inhomogeneity of the wave field on the relation between amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields of the wave causes small changes in the efficiency of gyro-TWTs. The results obtained demonstrate the sensitivity of the harmonic gyro-TWT efficiency with respect to electron velocity spread at different axial wave numbers. The expressions for the gain are derived and discussed,     

Design of the Upgraded TJ-II Quasi-optical Transmission Line

TJ-II plasma start-up and heating are made by electron cyclotron resonance waves at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency. Two quasi-optical transmission lines transmit the microwave power of the gyrotrons to the vacuum vessel. The first line launches the microwave power under fixed injection geometry, i.e. there is no possibility to change the launching angle and the wave polarization. The second line has a moveable mirror installed inside the TJ-II vessel. To get high absorption efficiency and a narrow energy deposition profile the internal mirror focuses the wave beam at plasma center.To get more flexibility in the experiments on heating and current drive the first transmission line needs to be upgraded. The design is presented in this paper. The new launching antenna includes an internal mirror to focus the beam and to change the injection angle. Both launchers are then symmetrical. A polarizer consisting of two corrugated mirrors is used to get any wave polarization. Two mirrors with an array of coupling holes and calorimetric measurements of the energy absorbed in the barrier window allow the estimation of the microwave power launched into the TJ-II.     

CT-6B托卡马克装置等离子体电子迴旋辐射中热辐射和非热辐射的观测

本文中利用在基波(35GHz)或二次谐波(70GHz)混频工作的等离子体微波辐射(PME)测量仪,进行了CT-6B托卡马克装置等离子体电子迴旋辐射的实验。实验结果表明:当装置低逃逸放电时,二次谐波混频接收到的信号是与电子温度有关的热辐射信号。装置逃逸放电时,基波混频接收到的信号是与逃逸电子行为有关的非热辐射信号。 关键词：     

Electrostatic Waves in the Warm Magnetoplasma at the Cyclotron Harmonic Frequencies

Mode conversion and collisionless absorption of electromagnetic wave at the cyclotron harmonic frequencies in an inhomogeneous non-Maxwellian magnetoplasma have been studied. Under suitable energy transfer condition the converted electrostatic wave (plasma wave) either grows or damps. The expressions for the growth/damping rates of this wave have been derived and studied at the cyclotron harmonic frequencies. The effect of the temperature anisotropy on the growth/damping rate of the electrostatic wave at the second cyclotron harmonic frequency has been shown. Growth of such electrostatic waves at ionospheric heights may explain the observed upper hybrid resonance (UHR) echoes and noise bands at the second cyclotron harmonic frequency.     

CT-6B托卡马克微波预电离实验

用迴旋管产生的大功率微波在电子迴旋频率的基频及二次谐波频率进行了托卡马克放电的预电离实验。实验证明,这种预电离方法比一般的预电离方法的击穿气压低,击穿电压及放电初期所耗费的变压器磁通也低得多。基频共振较二次谐波共振的效果好。 关键词：     

Submillimeter wave generation by second harmonic operation of tunable gyrotrons

The gyrotrons developed at the University of Sydney are tunable sources of millimetre and submillimetre radiation. The generation of submillimetre wavelengths requires operation at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency, or higher. Our latest gyrotron, GYROTRON IVA, has successfully achieved second harmonic operation and obtained frequencies up to 590 GHz (=0.51 mm). The experimental results and conditions for second harmonic operation will be presented. The design of a new gyrotron, GYROTRON V, which is especially optimised for the second harmonic, will also be included.     

简单磁镜中热电子等离子体的基本特性

本文叙述了简单磁镜中,热电子等离子体的实验结果。微波在基频共振层击穿气体产生等离子体,二次偕振加热产生热电子环。等离子体激发了低频交换模和漂移波,热电子环对等离子体的扰动有稳定作用。     

Phase-locking of a second-harmonic gyrotron oscillator using aquasi-optical circulator to separate injection and output signals

Phase-locking in a 34.5-GHz special complex cavity gyrotron oscillator operating at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency was studied. Injection of the locking power was made via a quasi-optical circulator connected to the gyrotron output. Locking bandwidth was measured by comparing the phase of the injection signal and output signal using a balanced mixer. Locking was observed with input power level as low as 40 dB below the gyrotron output power. The locking bandwidth is, however, narrower than in gyrotrons operating at the fundamental cyclotron frequency which may be attributed to the longer resonant cavity in the second harmonic gyrotron and the corresponding larger value of external quality factor. The measurements are roughly in agreement with predictions of Adler's phase-locking equation which is given for our system in terms of powers propagating in the output waveguide toward and away from the gyrotron cavity     

电子迴旋激射不稳定性

本文分析了下述情况下的电子迴旋波的激射不稳定性:当相对性的单能高能电子斜向注入具有背景等离子体的磁场区域内,并且在电子等离子体频率与电子迴旋频率可以比拟时,考虑了背景等离子体密度远大于单能的高能电子的密度,以及与前者相反的两种情况。当单能的高能电子具有弱相对论性效应时,在电子迴旋频率的基频和二次谐波附近,分别有ο模和χ模的不稳定性存在。文中计算了这两种模的增长率,并作了讨论。 关键词：     

Parametric Instability of Surface Waves on the Second Harmonic of Electron Cyclotron Frequency in a Plasma Layer

The parametric instability of surface waves on the second harmonic of electron cyclotron frequency (SWCF) in a plasma filled dielectric wave guide is examined in a kinetic approximation. The studied surface waves are extraordinary polarized modes and propagate across the external steady magnetic field. The amplitude of the electrical pump wave is assumed to be small. Simple expressions for increments of the parametric instability of the SWCF are calculated. The otained results can be used in controlled fusion researches in order to avoid undesirable regimes of plasma periphery heating in that fusion devices which use the resonance electron cyclotron heating method.     

Parametric Mechanism of Anomalous Microwave Power Absorption in Experiments on Electron Cyclotron Heating in Toroidal Magnetic Traps

The nonlinear stage of the parametric decay instability of an extraordinary wave is analyzed in the presence of a nonmonotonic density profile. The decay excites an electron Bernstein wave, which is localized in the vicinity of a local density maximum, and an ion Bernstein wave, which leaves a nonlinear interaction region and is absorbed by ions in the vicinity of the harmonics of the ion cyclotron frequency. The main mechanism of instability saturation is considered to be a cascade of decays of a primary daughter electron Bernstein wave, which leads to the excitation of localized secondary electron Bernstein waves and ion cyclotron (Bernstein) waves. The localization of electron Bernstein waves causes a significant decrease in the secondary- decay excitation threshold, which is thought to provide saturation of the primary instability at the lowest level. The saturation of the primary parametric decay instability of a pump wave and the anomalous absorption of the pump power are analytically estimated. A numerical simulation is performed using the parameters that are typical of the experiments on the electron cyclotron resonance heating of plasma at the second resonance harmonic in TCV tokamak.     

Mikrowellenabsorption in der Nähe der 2. Harmonischen der Elektronenzyklotronfrequenz

In plasmas produced by microwave power the electron density displays a dependence on the magnetic field strength obviously asymmetric with respect to the harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. In regions of the magnetic field strength just above the harmonics there are extremely high values of electron density, the density values dropping sharply off towards the other wing of the harmonics. Absorption experiments near the second harmonic at low microwave power — the plasma being produced by different means — reveal a resonant absorption structure in the magnetic field region above the harmonic. This can be attributed to excitation of geometrical eigenmodes of electrostatic. waves propagating perpendicular to the magnetic field (Bernstein waves).     

Measurement of the conduction electron Zeeman splitting in platinum

The cyclotron orbit g-factor in platinum has been investigated using the de Haas-van Alphen effect. Several new features of the spin splitting zero (SSZ) contours of the Γ-centered electron sheet have been established. Six closed spin splitting zero contours of the fundamental of this sheet have been mapped out together with several branches of spin splitting zero contours of the second harmonic. The results give an almost complete determination of the anisotropy of the cyclotron orbit g-factor of the Γ-centered electron sheet in platinum.     

Operation of cusptron at fundamental and harmonic cyclotronfrequencies

Microwave radiation at the fundamental and harmonic electron cyclotron frequencies generated by a cusptron oscillator is reported. A low-energy, axis-rotating beam of 28-30 kV, 0.8-3.5 A, 4 μs, and 60 pps interacts with a single RF mode, both in a circular cavity and in a six-vane circuit by the negative mass instability. In fundamental and second-harmonic frequency generation with a circular circuit, the independently excited modes are TE₁₁s and TE₂₁s, with radiation power of more than 1.8 kW and an electronic efficiency of approximately 7.5%. Employing a six-vane circuit, microwave radiation of 6.0 GHz (sixth harmonic) and 3.9 GHz (fourth harmonic) is also independently generated with more than 10.4 and 4.0 kW radiation power, respectively. Corresponding electronic efficiencies are approximately 10.0 and 9.5%     

Temporal Dynamics of Mode Interaction in Submillimeter-Wave Second-Harmonic Gyrotron

Competition of the operating modes at the second cyclotron harmonic with spurious modes at fundamental is studied numerically for the cases of gyrotron and traveling opposite spurious modes in the gyrotron FU II. This competition limits significantly the output power at the second harmonic. The results are in good agreement with experiments.