Defect recovery behavior of neutron irradiated molybdenum and tungsten of two purity levels

Abstract

The recovery behavior of radiation-induced defects during post-irradiation annealing was studied on molybdenum and tungsten specimens of two different purity levels. An electrical resistivity measurement technique at liquid nitrogen boiling temperature (～77°K) was used. Irradiation of both materials was conducted in Oak Ridge Research reactor at reactor ambient temperature (～70°C). The accumulative neutron fluence received was 7.3E+19 neutrons cm^?2 (E_n>l MeV) and 5.1E+20 neutrons cm^?2 (thermal). It was found that the number of recovery stages appeared to be independent of either the material or the impurity content. The stages are then believed to be due to the recovery of intrinsic defects and the recovery mechanisms are most likely the same for molybdenum and tungsten on the homologous temperature scale.     

New half-life measurement of 182Hf: improved chronometer for the early solar system

The decay of 182Hf, now extinct, into stable 182W has developed into an important chronometer for studying early solar system processes such as the accretion and differentiation of planetesimals and the formation of the Earth and the Moon. The only 182Hf half-life measurements available were performed 40 years ago and resulted in an imprecise half-life of (9+/-2)x10(6) yr. We redetermined the half-life by measuring the specific activity of 182Hf based on two independent methods, resulting in a value of t(1/2)(182Hf)=(8.90+/-0.09)x10(6) yr, in good agreement with the previous value, but with a 20 times smaller uncertainty. The greatly improved precision of this half-life now permits very precise intercalibration of the 182Hf-182W isotopic system with other chronometers.     

The new isotope 217U

The new neutron deficient isotope ²¹⁷U was produced in the bombardment of the ¹⁸²W target with ⁴⁰Ar ions and identified using a recoil-- correlation method. The -decay energy and the half-life of ²¹⁷U were determined to be 8005 ± 20 keV and 15.6 ^+21.3 _-5.7 ms, respectively. Received: 18 May 2000 / Accepted: 21 June 2000     

Direct neutron scattering from 182W and 184W

Differential elastic and inelastic neutron scattering cross sections for ¹⁸²W and ¹⁸⁴W have been measured at incident energies 4.87 and 6.00 MeV. Cross sections for the first (0⁺, 2⁺, 4⁺, 6⁺), second (0⁺, 2⁺), and some higher excitations are presented. Angular distributions exhibit direct reaction characteristics, suggesting that compound cross sections for these states are small. This is supported by statistical-model calculations. Coupled-channel calculations of cross sections are made using a phenomenological deformed optical potential. Quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations have been searched to optimize fits. The necessity of introducing a β₆ deformation is investigated. Electric multipole transition matrix elements, used in the coupled-channel analysis, are obtained from the rotation-vibration model and the dynamic-deformation theory.     

Investigation of laser ablated plumes using fast photography

Fast photography is used to investigate the expansion dynamics of the laser ablated plasmas in various ambient atmospheres and laser energies. Dependence of plasma parameters such as velocity, temperature, density, and pressure on time and ambient atmosphere is presented. The measured vapor pressure and temperature decrease with the increase in ambient gas pressure. The images of the expanding plumes are used to locate the shocked region and hence to estimate the plasma parameters in the shocked regime. The calculated plasma parameters are used to optimize target-substrate distance, a key parameter for laser ablation deposition of thin films     

闪光X射线衍射成像系统设计及实验方法

为实现材料在冲击加载下微观动力学响应测量,基于小型闪光X射线源开展衍射成像系统设计.利用直流X光机及高纯锗探测器实现系统衍射光路的精确调节,克服了闪光X射线瞬时强度高及连续辐射本底强导致的衍射角度确定困难,并采用Scandiflash AB公司TD-450S和成像板建立了衍射成像系统.应用该系统在冲击加载实验中获得了LiF单晶单脉冲的Mo-Kα线静态及动态衍射图像.该闪光X射线衍射系统时间分辨率可达25ns,为冲击压缩实验中材料瞬时结构变化测量提供了新的实验方法.     

羟基磷灰石团聚体的冲击波活化与烧结研究

 研究了经冲击波处理的羟基磷灰石粉末团聚体的活性及其烧结性能。X射线衍射（XRD）及扫描电镜（SEM）分析表明，冲击波对羟基磷灰石团聚体粉末具有明显的均化与细化作用，并产生了一定程度的晶格畸变，可促进羟基磷灰石陶瓷的烧结。粉体中储存的缺陷能在烧结过程中释放，使受冲击试样比未受冲击试样达到最大线收缩率时的温度降低70 ℃，羟基磷灰石陶瓷的强度和密度明显提高。     

Plasma-facing materials for fusion devices

In a future D/T fusion reactor the walls of the vessel containing the magnetically confined hot plasma have to stand simultaneously very high power, particle and neutron loads. In today’s high temperature plasma experiments at the areas of the highest load, i.e. the divertor and the limiters, W, Mo and Carbon (CFC) are used and Be, W, Mo, Inconel and stainless steel are at the other wall areas. These materials are also envisaged for future bigger fusion experiments, such as ITER [1–3]. The resistance of these materials to the different expected higher loads in a fusion reactor is only partly known and more investigations are needed with respect to find better materials and/or a modification of the divertor.     

Theg-factor of the 2+ state of180W and quadrupole moment ratios observed for180W and180Hf by the Mössbauer technique

By Mössbauer absorption experiments the magnetic hyperfine splitting has been observed for the 2+ states of¹⁸⁰W and¹⁸²W in a tungsten iron alloy (3.6 at%W). Since theg-factor of the 2+ state of¹⁸²W is known the measured splitting of the¹⁸²W line could be used for the calibration of the magnetic hyperfine field and the measurement with¹⁸⁰W gave then for the unknowng ₂₊-factor of¹⁸⁰W: $$g_{2 + } (^{180} W) = 0.260 \pm 0.017.$$ By use of a WO₃ absorber the electric quadrupole splittings in the same states were measured. The ratio of the quadrupole moments was derived $$\frac{{Q_{2 + } (^{180} W)}}{{Q_{2 + } (^{182} W)}} = 0.983 \pm 0.022.$$ This ratio is somewhat smaller, but more accurate than the weighted means of previous results and in disagreement with the theoretical prediction. A similar measurement with¹⁷⁸Hf and¹⁸⁰Hf and a HfO₂ absorber gave $$\frac{{Q_{2 + } (^{178} Hf)}}{{Q_{2 + } (^{180} Hf)}} = 1.052 \pm 0.021.$$ This result is larger than the average of previous measurements and agrees with theory. The isomer shifts of the Mössbauer lines of¹⁸⁰W and¹⁸²W were measured for sources in a tantalum metal environment and for absorbers of metallic tungsten. Different signs were observed which indicate that the mean squared charge radius of the 2+ state of¹⁸²W is larger than that of the ground state whereas for¹⁸⁰W the ground state has the larger 〈r ²〉-value.     

Research on Measurement of 182Hf with HI-13 AMS System

¹⁸²Hf with half-life of about (8.90±0.09) Ma is an extinct radionuclide and can only be produced by a supernova explosion in nature. Therefore ¹⁸²Hf is an ideal candidate nuclide for the study on possible supernova explosions in the vicinity of the earth within the last 100 million years. In addition, ¹⁸²Hf is a long-lived radionuclide of particular interest for nuclear engineering. Accurate measurement of ultra-trace ¹⁸²Hf is very important for reactor design,studies on nuclear cosmo-physics and other fields. With an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), it is possible to detect the trace amounts of ¹⁸²Hf. In this paper, the detection method of ¹⁸²Hf with HI-13 AMS system at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) and the chemical procedures to reduce ¹⁸²W interference are presented. The energy and TOF two-dimension spectra of ¹⁸²Hf and ¹⁸³W for blank and a series of standard samples have been obtained, respectively. The ¹⁸²W contribution to the counts in ¹⁸²Hf peak was corrected by ¹⁸³W normalization. The detection sensitivity of this AMS facility for ¹⁸²Hf/¹⁸⁰Hf ratio measurement is about 4.15±10^－11 at present.     

Neutron single-particle structure of molybdenum isotopes within the dispersive optical model

The evolution of neutron single-particle spectra in molybdenum isotopes was calculated on the basis of the dispersive optical model over the region extending from stable isotopes to the neutron drip line. The question of how the dependence of surface absorption on the neutron–proton asymmetry and the weakening of spin–orbit interaction affect the single-particle spectra in question is studied. The results agree with the concept according to which the shell effect becomes weaker near the neutron drip line.     

激光加热等离子体研究

本文研究了上升时间为毫微秒的万兆瓦量级的钕玻璃激光脉冲与多种含氘材料平板靶之间的相互作用。重点测量了等离子体的中子产额、电子温度和后向反射激光的各种特性(包括反射率、空间、时间及光谱结构)。 关键词：     

Axial Neutron Flux Evaluation in a Tokamak System: a Possible Transmutation Blanket Position for a Fusion–Fission Transmutation System

A sub-critical advanced reactor based on Tokamak technology with a D–T fusion neutron source is an innovative type of nuclear system. Due to the large number of neutrons produced by fusion reactions, such a system could be useful in the transmutation process of transuranic elements (Pu and minor actinides (MAs)). However, to enhance the MA transmutation efficiency, it is necessary to have a large neutron wall loading (high neutron fluence) with a broad energy spectrum in the fast neutron energy region. Therefore, it is necessary to know and define the neutron fluence along the radial axis and its characteristics. In this work, the neutron flux and the interaction frequency along the radial axis are evaluated for various materials used to build the first wall. W alloy, beryllium, and the combination of both were studied, and the regions more suitable to transmutation were determined. The results demonstrated that the best zone in which to place a transmutation blanket is limited by the heat sink and the shield block. Material arrangements of W alloy/W alloy and W alloy/beryllium would be able to meet the requirements of the high fluence and hard spectrum that are needed for transuranic transmutation. The system was simulated using the MCNP code, data from the ITER Final Design Report, 2001, and the Fusion Evaluated Nuclear Data Library/MC-2.1 nuclear data library.     

Neutron skin effect of some Mo isotopes in pre-equilibrium reactions

The neutron skin effect has been investigated for even isotopes of molybdenum at 25.6 MeV ^{94 − 100}Mo(p, xn) reaction using the geometry-dependent hybrid model of pre-equilibrium nuclear reactions. Here the initial neutron/proton exciton numbers were calculated from the neutron/ proton densities obtained from an effective nucleon–nucleon interaction of the Skyrme type. Initial exciton numbers from different radii of even Mo isotopes were used to obtain the corresponding neutron emission spectra. In this investigation the calculated results are compared with the experimental data as also with each other. The results using central densities in the geometry-dependent hybrid model are in better agreement with the experimental data.     

Study on ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation for preparing graphene-like molybdenum disulfide nanosheets

Nanomaterials with graphene-like structures have many excellent properties different from bulk materials and have become one of the most popular international frontiers in recent years. In this paper, graphene-like molybdenum disulfide materials are prepared by ultrasonic exfoliation method assisted with 1-Dodecanethiol. Double solvent ultrasonic exfoliation is realized by introducing chloroform. In addition, the optimal preparation conditions for the preparation of graphene-based molybdenum disulfide are investigated from the aspects of ultrasonic processing time and volume ratio of 1-Dodecanethiol and chloroform. Ultrasonic cleaning instrument is used in the experiment, it’s type is KQ3200E (40KHz, 150 W). Results show that the prepared graphene-like molybdenum disulfide has the highest concentration when the volume ratios of 1-Dodecanethiol and chloroform is 1:1 and ultrasonic processing time is 12 h. The dispersion of graphene-like molybdenum disulfide in low-boiling organic solvents, such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), isopropanol (IPA), acetone, acetonitrile (CH₃CN) and ethanol, is realized by solvent exchange method. Characterized by transmission electron microscopy, a relatively thin sheet material is obtained. In addition, the latest methods for preparing graphene-like molybdenum disulfide nanosheet are discussed in view of micromechanical exfoliation, lithium ion intercalation, chemical vapor deposition and chemical synthesis, the advantages and limitations of various preparation methods are compared, the applications of graphene-like molybdenum disulfide nanosheets are also investigated.     

补偿中子测井中与温度相关轻水热中子散射数据库的研制与应用

补偿中子测井受到环境温度的影响,利用数值模拟计算来进行修正,但目前的理论计算程序MCNP缺乏水的精细温度相关的热中子散射数据库。为了解决蒙特卡罗模拟热中子散射S(α,β)模型只能求解特定温度条件下中子输运问题的局限性,基于热中子散射的S(α,β)原理,采用内插法得到不同温度下水的频谱分布、振动;在最新的ENDFB-VII.1数据库上,利用NJOY99程序制作了ACE格式的轻水热中子散射截面数据库。利用系列次临界基准题对数据的准确性进行了验证,不同数据库之间的计算结果及基准题的结果符合得很好。自制的数据应用于测井仪器中的温度效应修正,取得了较好的效果。     

Levels in182W populated in the decay of182Ta

Theγ-rays emitted in theβ-decay of¹⁸²Ta have been reinvestigated with improved statistics in attempting to clarify the reported new levels at 1460.41, 1592.98, 1620.36, 1712.29 and 1762.91 keV in¹⁸²W observed in theβ-decay of¹⁸²Ta. The present study demonstrated that the fifteen newγ-rays, which were used to support the existence of the five new levels, are not relevant to theγ-decay of¹⁸²Ta. Therefore the five new levels are not populated in this decay. Additionally, theγ-ray with an energy of 1035.6 keV (0 ₂ ⁺ →2 ₁ ⁺ ) deexciting theβ-band head in¹⁸²W is observed for the first time in the present decay study and the previous tentative placement of the 351.0 keVγ-ray in the level scheme is confirmed by the present coincidence measurements.     

Estimation of 14 MeV neutron rate from triton burn-up in future W7-X deuterium plasma campaigns

Fast ion confinement is of major importance for the ignition of a burning fusion plasma. In future deuterium plasma campaigns of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, W7-X, the amount of triton burn-up is one possible measure for fast ion confinement. A well-established technique to observe triton burn-up is the 14 MeV neutron rate. In this paper, it is estimated whether an existing scintillating fibre neutron detector is also suited to measure triton burn-up in W7-X with sufficient accuracy. An estimation is presented, which can be applied to any tokamak or stellarator design and is one-dimensional in the minor radius. The inputs are profiles of density, temperature, and differential volume element as well as the triton slowing-down time. The estimation calculates the thermal deuteron fusion rate and the associated deuteron-triton fusion rate; thus, the triton burn-up generated 14 MeV neutron rate. It neither takes triton diffusion nor explicit losses into account. This thermally generated fusion rate is compared to the neutral beam injection heating induced beam-plasma fusion rate.     

Shallow water analogue of the standing accretion shock instability: experimental demonstration and a two-dimensional model

Despite the sphericity of the collapsing stellar core, the birth conditions of neutron stars can be highly nonspherical due to a hydrodynamical instability of the shocked accretion flow. Here we report the first laboratory experiment of a shallow water analogue, based on the physics of hydraulic jumps. Both the experiment and its shallow water modeling demonstrate a robust linear instability and nonlinear properties of symmetry breaking, in a system which is one million times smaller and about one hundred times slower than its astrophysical analogue.     

Measurement of transient Raman spectrum on gas-gun loading platform and its application in liquid silane

Combining a low temperature liquidizing system with a transient Raman spectroscopy, a new experimental technique is established for the first time on a two-stage light-gas gun, and it is employed to study shock-compressed fluid silane. With this experimental technique, we first obtain a Raman peak shift relating to the Si–H stretching vibration mode of molecular liquid silane under shock loading conditions. The Raman peak of 2184 cm~(-1) at an initial state of 0 GPa and 85 K moves to 2223.4 cm~(-1) at a shocked state of 10.5 GPa and 950 K, and its full width of half maximum broadens from 33 cm~(-1) to 118 cm~(-1). The shocked temperature, calculated by the thermodynamic equation of state, is well consistent with that estimated by the Doppler broadening function.