Synthesis and Evaluation of a Synthetic Polymeric Chiral Stationary Phase for LC Based on the N, N′-[(1R,2R)-1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-Ethanediyl]bis-2-Propenamide Monomer

A synthetic polymeric chiral stationary phase for liquid chromatography based on N, N′-[(1R,2R)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediyl]bis-2-propenamide monomer was prepared via a simple solution initiated radical polymerization. This stable chiral stationary phase showed enantioselectivities for a large number of racemates in polar organic and normal phase modes and high sample loading ability. However, none of the generated data has been optimized in terms of column performance. Different enantioselectivities were observed on this new chiral stationary phase compared with the commercial polymeric chiral stationary phase based on N-(2-acryloylamino-(1R,2R)-cyclohexyl)-acrylamine monomer. Consequently, these two chiral stationary phases are considered complementary to one another. Furthermore they utilize the same mobile phase and optimization procedures. This polymeric chiral stationary phase appears to be useful for preparative separations since high amounts of analyte can be injected without loosing enantioselectivity.     

Preparation and evaluation of a new synthetic polymeric chiral stationary phase for HPLC based on the trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-(11S,12S)-11,12-dicarboxylic acid bis-4-vinylphenylamide monomer

A new synthetic polymeric chiral stationary phase for liquid chromatography was prepared via free-radical-initiated polymerization of trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-(11S,12S)-11,12-dicarboxylic acid bis-4-vinylphenylamide. The new polymeric chiral stationary phase (CSP) showed enantioselectivity for many chiral compounds in multiple mobile phases. High stability and sample capacities were observed on this polymeric chiral stationary phase. Mobile phase components and additives affected chiral separation greatly. This new synthetic chiral stationary phase is complementary to two other related commercially available CSPs: the P-CAP and P-CAP-DP columns. Interactions between the chiral stationary phase and analytes that lead to retention and chiral recognition include hydrogen bonding, dipolar, and π–π interactions. Repulsive (steric) interactions also contribute to chiral recognition. Figure LC chromatograms showing the analytical (blue) and preparative (red) separations of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoylleucine) enantiomers on a new synthetic polymeric chiral stationary phase     

Improved chiral stationary phase for ß-blocker enantioseparations

The previously described -Burke 1 chiral stationary phase (CSP) was designed for the chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of ß-blockers. Difficulties with the reproducibility of the free radical addition reaction, used in the attachment of the chiral selector to the chromatographic support, have required the development of an alternative silane immobilization process (-Burke 2 CSP). While the enantioselectivity afforded by this new CSP is generally equivalent to that of the original CSP, the -Burke 2 CSP demonstrates longer analyte retention, necessitating the use of mobile phases of greater eluotropic strength. The increased retention of the new CSP presumably results from a greater surface density of functional selectors, an interpretation which is supported by the observation that the preparative capacity of the -Burke 2 CSP is greater than that of the original. Some of the factors influencing the retention and separation of a group of 23 ß-blockers on the -Burke 2 CSP are discussed.     

Improvement of proline chiral stationary phases by varying peptide length and linker

Seven new stationary phases with different number of proline units and/or different linkage to silica gel were prepared and evaluated in order to improve the performance of proline chiral stationary phases. The average separation factor achieved with the 53 analytes increases with the number of proline units in the stationary phases. When the proline peptides are directly attached to the 3-methylaminopropyl silica gel without using the 6-methylaminohexanoic acid linker, the stationary phases perform better overall. For decaproline chiral stationary phase 8, the separation also depends on the mobile phase system used. For this stationary phase, the CH2Cl2/hexanes/2-propanol system significantly outperforms the 2-propanol/hexanes system. For the 53 analytes tested, the separation factors achieved with this stationary phase compare well with those for three commercial columns.     

N-苄氧甲酰基-α-氨基膦酸二苯酯有机磷化合物高效液相 色谱保留和手性识别 机理的研究

在正相条件下,首次对一系列N-苄氧甲酰基-α-氨基膦酸二苯酯化合物在环糊精类固定相CYCLOBONDISN和Pirkle型固定相SumichiralOA4700上实现了高效液相色谱手性折分,探索运用定量结构-对映异构体选择性保留关系的方法,将对映异构体的色谱保留和溶质分子描述参数相关性联系建立定量方程,结比研究了这二种不同类型的手性固定相对该系列有机磷化合物的色谱保留和手性识别机理,结果表明：对该系列化合物而言,Pirkle型手性因定相SumichiralOA4700的色谱手性折分能力明显优于在β-环糊精上衍生引入了额外的与前者类同的Pirkle型不对称中心的环糊精类固定相CYCLOBONDISN;环糊精类固定相CYCLOBONDISN在正相色谱条件下,包结机理不起主要作用,其作用方式更接近"Pirkle"型手性固定相;虽然二者具有类同的Pirkle型不对称中心,但是,手性识别机理差异显著,在CYCLOBONDISN手性固定相上,对N-苄氧甲酰基-α-氨基膦酸二苯酯化合物色谱折分贡献较大的是其logP和Angle参数相应的相互作用,环糊精提供的不对称性环境对手性识别有重要影响;而SumichiralOA4700对该系列化合物的手性识别与locD和TE相应的作用力相关。     

Evaluation of triproline and tri-α-methylproline chiral stationary phases: Retention and enantioseparation associated with hydrogen bonding

In this study, to demonstrate preparation strategy and improve understanding of chiral recognition mechanisms, triproline chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were evaluated with a series of analytes classified as having none, one, two or three H-bond donors. The average retention factors and mobile phase strength generally followed none < one < two < three hydrogen bond donors. The average solvent volume ratio (H_r stands for average hexane volume ratio in the mobile phase, Hp_r for heptane, ACN_r for acetonitrile, or H₂O_r for water) normalized chromatographic parameters calculated for di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and decaproline CSPs facilitated the characterization of properties associated to the H-bond donor categorization. The H_r of triproline CSP were 1.0, 0.96 and 0.88 for analyte of none, one and two hydrogen bond donors with hexane/2-propanol mobile phase, respectively. The number of hydrogen bond donors in an analyte was found to be a primary factor in influencing the retention and enantioseparation in the normal-phase and polar organic modes. Two H-bond acceptor solvents methyl tert-butyl ether and ethyl acetate increased chiral separation on oligoproline CSPs for some compounds. The role of carbon-donor hydrogen bonding at the H atom of proline asymmetric center was implied through testing a tri-α-methylproline stationary phase. On oligoproline CSPs, three factors including adjacent hydrogen bond acceptor and carbon-donor, and a rigid proline residue chain were recognized as important for contributing to the broad enantioselectivity. The α hydrogen atom on chiral center of stationary phase was found to play a crucial role in enantiomeric discrimination.     

Chiral recognition: design and preparation of chiral stationary phases using selectors derived from ugi multicomponent condensation reactions and a combinatorial approach

Combinatorial approaches together with high-throughput screening have been used to develop highly selective stationary phases for chiral recognition. Libraries of potential chiral selectors have been prepared by the Ugi multicomponent condensation reactions and screened for their enantioselectivity using the reciprocal approach involving a chiral stationary phase with immobilized model target compound N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-alpha-l-leucine. The best candidates were identified from the library of phenyl amides of 2-oxo-azetidineacetic acid derivatives. This screening also enabled specification of the functionalities of the selector desired to achieve the highest level of chiral recognition. The substituents of the phenyl ring adjacent to the chiral center of the selector candidates exhibited the most profound effect on the chiral recognition. The best candidate was then synthesized on a larger scale, resolved into single enantiomers using preparative enantioselective HPLC, and attached to porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) beads via an ester linkage to afford the desired stationary phase. Selectivities alpha as high as 3.2 were found for the separation of a variety of amino acid derivatives.     

流动相组成对有机硒手性化合物拆分的影响

 在自制的涂敷型纤维素 三 (3,5 二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯 ) (CDMPC)手性固定相上拆分了一些结构相似的有机硒手性化合物 ,详细考察了三元流动相对手性拆分的影响 ,并探讨了溶质分子与手性固定相相互作用的模式。实验结果表明 :在二元流动相中加入极少量的质子性改性剂 (醇 )或非质子性改性剂 (乙腈 ) ,可使溶质的保留和手性拆分发生较大的变化。     

The influence of end-capping on the enantioselectivity of a chiral phase

Summary The effect of end-capping chiral stationary phases (CSP's) derived fromN-(2-naphthyl)alanine undecyl ester has been examined using either trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), or bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) as end-capping reagents. The separation factor () and capacity factor (k) of the enantiomers ofN-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine octadecyl amide andN-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)alanine butyl ester were evaluated on three columns all packed with material from the same batch of stationary phase. These columns were essentially identical before, but not after end-capping with the above reagents. TMCS and HMDS were found to be superior to BSTFA, which appears to cause a significant loss of bonded phase from the silica surface. It seems that residual silanols affect the retention either by interacting with the analyte or by interacting with strands of stationary phase. End-capping usually increases enantioselectivity, sometimes by decreasing k for the first enantiomer and increasing k for the second enantiomer. The enhancement in enantioselectivity is greatest in relatively nonpolar mobile phases and occurs to a greater extent for phases having incomplete surface coverages.     

Preparation and enantiomer separation behavior of selectively methylated β-cyclodextrin-bonded stationary phases for high performance chromatography

Native and three selectively methylated β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-bonded stationary phases without an unreacted spacer arm for liquid chromatography were prepared, where heptakis(2-O-methyl)-β-CD, heptakis(3-O-methyl)-β-CD and heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl)-β-CD were used as the methylated β-CDs. The enantiomer separation abilities of the resulting β-CD stationary phases for 12 pairs of dansylamino acid enantiomers and six pairs of N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl amino acid methyl esters as model solutes were investigated. The effects of pH and methanol content of the mobile phase on the retention and resolution were examined to optimize the mobile phase conditions. The optimum resolution for the dansylamino acids was achieved using a mobile phase consisting of 1.0% triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.0)–methanol (v/v 4/6) on the β-CD stationary phase. Heptakis(3-O-methyl)- and heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl)-β-CD-bonded stationary phases showed little enantiomer separation abilities for the dansylamino acids. The heptakis(2-O-methyl)-β-CD-bonded stationary phase exhibited no enantioselectivities for those solutes.

For the N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl amino acid methyl esters, the optimum resolution was achieved using a mobile phase consisting of 1.0% triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.0)–methanol (v/v 9/1) on a heptakis(2-O-methyl)-β-CD stationary phase. The heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl)-β-CD-bonded stationary phases exhibited no enantioselectivities for the N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl amino acid methyl esters. β-CD and heptakis(3-O-methyl)-β-CD-bonded stationary phases had no enantiomer separation abilities for those solutes except for the N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl phenylalanine methyl ester.     

Triazolo-linked cinchona alkaloid carbamate anion exchange-type chiral stationary phases: Synthesis by click chemistry and evaluation

Immobilization strategy based on Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (click chemistry) of 10,11-didehydrocinchona tert-butylcarbamates to azido-grafted silica gels has been evaluated for preparation of novel chiral stationary phases (CSP 1-3). The resultant 1,2,3-triazole-linked CSPs were tested under various mobile phase conditions (polar organic and reversed phase mode) with a representative set of structurally diverse racemic acids including N-protected aminoacids, aromatic and aryloxycarboxylic acids as well as binaphthol phosphate. The chiral recognition performance of the C3-triazole-linked CSPs was found to mirror largely that of the known C3-thioether-linked CSP in terms of elution order, enantioselectivity and retention behavior. In an effort to assess the non-specific binding expressed as retention increment of these triazole-linked CSPs, the parent azidopropyl- and triazole-modified silica materials (thus not containing the chiral head ligand) were studied independently. Compared with the corresponding CSPs, the analyte retention on the azidopropyl control column was very low, and practically negligible on the corresponding triazole-modified reference column. Only minor losses in analyte retention behavior (<5%) were observed with triazole-linked CSPs after two month of continuous use with polar-organic and reversed-phase-type mobile phases, highlighting the excellent stability of the 1,2,3-triazole linker.     

Sulfated and sulfonated polysaccharide as chiral stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography and capillary electrochromatography–mass spectrometry

The applications of polysaccharide phenyl carbamate derivatives as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are often hindered by longer retention times, especially using a normal-phase (NP) eluent due to very low electroosmotic flow (EOF). Therefore, in this study, we propose an approach for the aforementioned problems by introducing two new types of negatively charged sulfate and sulfonated groups for polysaccharide CSPs. These CSPs were utilized to pack CEC columns for enantioseparation with a NP eluent. Compared to conventional cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) or CDMPC CSPs, the sulfated CDMPC CSP (sulfur content 4.25%, w/w) shortened the analysis time up to 50% but with a significant loss of enantiomeric resolution (∼60%). On the other hand, the sulfonated CDMPC CSP (sulfur content 1.76%, w/w) not only provided fast throughput but also maintained excellent resolving power. In addition, its synthesis is much more straightforward than the sulfated one. Furthermore, we studied several stationary phase parameters (CSP loading and silica gel pore size) and mobile phase parameters (including type of mobile phase and its composition) to evaluate the throughput and enantioselectivity. Using the optimized conditions, a chiral pool containing 66 analytes was screened to evaluate the enantioselectivity under three different mobile phase modes (i.e., NP, polar organic phase (POP) and reversed-phase (RP) eluents). Among these mobile phase modes, the RP mode showed the highest success rate, whereas some degree of complementary enantioselectivity was observed with NP and POP. Finally, the feasibility of applying this CSP for CEC–MS enantioseparation using internal tapered column was evaluated with NP, POP and RP eluents. In particular, the NP-CEC–MS provided significantly enhanced sensitivity when methanol was replaced with isopropanol in the sheath liquid. Using aminoglutethimide as model chiral analyte, all three modes of CEC–MS demonstrated excellent durability as well as excellent reproducibility of retention time and enantioselectivity.     

NMR and computational studies of chiral discrimination by amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)

Proton NMR and simulations were combined to study the origin of chiral selectivity by a polysaccharide used in a commercial chromatographic stationary phase: amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). This material has unusually high enantioselectivity for p-O-tert-butyltyrosine allyl ester, which is activated by the presence of an acid. Proton NMR spectra agreed with the HPLC in showing that the l-enantiomer interacts much more strongly with the polysaccharide and that acidity switches on the selectivity. 2D NOESY spectra revealed which protons of each enantiomer and the polysaccharide were in proximity, and these spectra revealed folding of the l-enantiomer. Computations generated energy-minimized structures for the polysaccharide-enantiomer complexes, independently predicting folding of the l-enantiomer. Molecular dynamics simulations 2 ns in duration, repeated for three different energy-minimized structures, generated pair distribution functions that are in excellent agreement with the 2D NOESY spectra. The modeling studies revealed why acidity switches on chiral selectivity and minimally affects the chromatographic retention time of the unfavored d-enantiomer. The results comprise the first case of a chiral separation by a commercial polysaccharide stationary phase being explained using a combination of 2D NOESY and simulations, providing excellent agreement between experiment and computation and lending detailed molecular insight into enantioselectivity for this system.     

Thermodynamic enantioseparation behavior of phenylthiohydantoin‐amino acid derivatives in supercritical fluid chromatography on polysaccharide chiral stationary phases

Thirteen pairs of enantiomers belonging to the same structural family (phenylthiohydantoin‐amino acids) were analyzed on two polysaccharide chiral stationary phases, namely, tris‐(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) of amylose (Chiralpak AD‐H) or cellulose (Chiralcel OD‐H) in supercritical fluid chromatography with a carbon dioxide/methanol mobile phase (90:10 v/v). Five different temperatures (5, 10, 20, 30, 40°C) were applied to evaluate the thermodynamic behavior of these enantioseparations. On the cellulose stationary phase, the retention, and separation trends were most similar among the set of probe analytes, suggesting that the chiral cavities in this stationary phase have little diversity, or that all analytes accessed the same cavities. Conversely, the retention and separation trends on the amylose phase were much more diverse, and could be related to structural differences among the set of probe analytes (carbon chain length in the amino acid residue, secondary amine in proline, existence of covalent rings, or formation of pseudo‐rings via intramolecular hydrogen bonds). The large variability of behaviors on the amylose phase suggests that the chiral‐binding sites in this chiral stationary phase have more variety than on the cellulose phase, and that the analytes did access different cavities.     

Analytical and semipreparative separation of the enantiomers of new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors by high-performance liquid chromatography

Summary The resolution of the enantiomers of new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was investigated on stationary phases containing cellulose tris-(3,5 methylphenylcarbamide) (Chiralcel OD). The effects of the mobile phase on retention, enantioselectivity and resolution were also studied. Ethanol and isopropanol were tested as organic modifiers and the influence of diethylamine was investigated. The effect of temperature on chiral separations was also studieded.     

Reversal of the enantiomeric elution order of some aromatic amino acids using reversed-phase chromatographic supports coated with the teicoplanin chiral selector

In this paper, two chiral stationary phases were prepared by coating the surface of both C8 and C18 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) supports with the teicoplanin chiral selector. The hydrophobic C11 acyl side chain, attached to the d-glucosamine group of teicoplanin, served as anchor moiety for the immobilization of the chiral selector on the apolar support material. The retention and enantioselectivity of these coated stationary phases were studied using some aromatic amino acids as probe solutes and an aqueous solution as mobile phase. It was found that the enantiomer elution order on the modified C8 and C18 stationary phases was reversed (l > d) relatively to that classically observed with a teicoplanin covalently immobilized on a silica support (d > l). Such a dynamic coating on the reversed-phase supports was found to be of interest since the apparent enantioselectivity was not significantly changed by the use during an extended period of time or following a long-term storage of the columns.     

Enantioseparation of selected chiral sulfoxides using polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases and polar organic, polar aqueous-organic and normal-phase eluents

HPLC enantioseparation of selected chiral sulfoxides was studied using cellulose and amylose phenylcarbamate derivatives as chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The contributions of various functional groups of a chiral analyte as well as the polysaccharide derivatives in the analyte retention and chiral recognition were evaluated. A very high enantioseparation factor exceeding 110 was observed in the enantioseparation of 2-(benzylsulfinyl)benzamide (BSBA) on cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) (CDCPC) CSP by using 2-propanol as a mobile phase. The enantiomer elution order was opposite on cellulose and amylose phenylcarbamates. For the polysaccharide-type CSPs, pure alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol represent a valuable alternative to more common alcohol-hydrocarbon and reversed-phase eluents.     

流动相组成对外消旋阿苯达唑亚砜对映体拆分的影响

涂敷直链淀粉-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)(ADMPC)于自制的球形氨丙基硅胶上,制备了一种手性固定相。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),在正相条件下用该固定相直接拆分了广谱驱虫药物阿苯达唑的代谢产物阿苯达唑亚砜(albendazole sulfoxide, ABZSO)的外消旋对映体。系统地选用了多种二元及三元流动相体系对样品进行拆分,结果表明,流动相中不同种类的醇改性剂及其含量的不同对样品的保留时间和立体选择性有不同程度的影响,甲醇、乙醇等作改性剂用于拆分样品的效果较好;采用三元流动相体系正己烷-     

禾草灵对映体在纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)手性固定相上的拆分

将纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)(CDMPC)涂敷于自制的球形氨丙基硅胶上,制备了手性固定相.在正相条件下,用高效液相色谱法在该固定相上直接拆分了农药禾草灵的外消旋体,并系统地选用了多种二元及三元流动相体系对样品进行拆分.实验结果表明,流动相中不同的醇类改性剂及其含量的不同对样品保留时间和立体选择性有不同程度的影响,选用异丙醇改性剂时样品的拆分效果较好,在三元流动相体系正己烷/异丙醇/乙醇中可以实现对禾草灵外消旋体快速有效的拆分.     

A new single‐urea‐bound 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamoylated β‐cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase and its enhanced separation performance in normal‐phase liquid chromatography

A new single‐urea‐bound chiral stationary phase based on 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamoylated β‐cyclodextrin was prepared through the Staudinger reaction of mono (6^A‐azido‐6^A‐deoxy)‐per(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamoylated) β‐cyclodextrin and 3‐aminopropyl silica gel under CO₂ atmosphere. The new phase exhibited good enantioseparation performance for 33 analytes using normal‐phase HPLC conditions; 19 of them were baseline separated. Effects of structure of analytes, alcoholic modifiers, and acidic/basic additives on separation performances of this new cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase have been studied in detail. The results showed that the retention and resolution of acidic and basic analytes on the CSP were greatly affected by the additives. Peak symmetry for some analytes could be improved by simultaneously adding acidic and basic additives to the mobile phase. This work expands the potential applications of the cyclodextrin‐based chiral stationary phases in the normal‐phase HPLC.