Computing singular solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations with the Chebyshev‐collocation method

The solution of fluid flow problems exhibits a singular behaviour when the conditions imposed on the boundary display some discontinuities or change in type. A treatment of these singularities has to be considered in order to preserve the accuracy of high‐order methods, such as spectral methods. The present work concerns the computation of a singular solution of the Navier–Stokes equations using the Chebyshev‐collocation method. A singularity subtraction technique is employed, which amounts to computing a smooth solution thanks to the subtraction of the leading part of the singular solution. The latter is determined from an asymptotic expansion of the solution near the singular points. In the case of non‐homogeneous boundary conditions, where the leading terms of the expansion are completely determined by the local analysis, the high accuracy of the method is assessed on both steady and unsteady lid‐driven cavity flows. An extension of this technique suitable for homogenous boundary conditions is developed for the injection of fluid into a channel. The ability of the method to compute high‐Reynolds number flows is demonstrated on a piston‐driven two‐dimensional flow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A posteriori pointwise error estimation for compressible fluid flows using adjoint parameters and Lagrange remainder

The pointwise error of a finite‐difference calculation of supersonic flow is discussed. The local truncation error is determined by a Taylor series with the remainder being in a Lagrange form. The contribution of the local truncation error to the total pointwise approximation error is estimated via adjoint parameters. It is demonstrated by numerical tests that the results of the numerical calculation of gasdynamics parameter at an observation point may be refined and an error bound may be estimated. The results of numerical tests for the case of parabolized Navier–Stokes are presented as an illustration of the proposed method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A distributed Lagrange multiplier/fictitious domain method for flows around moving rigid bodies: Application to particulate flow

This article discusses the application of a Lagrange multiplier‐based fictitious domain method to the numerical simulation of incompressible viscous flow modeled by the Navier–Stokes equations around moving rigid bodies; the rigid body motions are due to hydrodynamical forces and gravity. The solution method combines finite element approximations, time discretization by operator splitting and conjugate gradient algorithms for the solution of the linearly constrained quadratic minimization problems coming from the splitting method. The study concludes with the presentation of numerical results concerning four test problems, namely the simulation of an incompressible viscous flow around a NACA0012 airfoil with a fixed center but free to rotate, then the sedimentation of 200 and 1008 cylinders in a two‐dimensional channel, and finally the sedimentation of two spherical balls in a rectangular cylinder. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

结合材料界面端的三维应力奇异性

本文利用特殊有限元方法，开发了一个用来求解结合材料界面端三维应力奇异性问题的数值分析程序。该方法只需对界面端的角度方向进行离散即可求得应力奇异性。结合材料的应力奇异性取决于两种材料的材料常数和界面端形状。选用三个材料参数作为变量，用来研究结合材料三维应力奇异性随材料常数的变化规律。文中计算了几种重要而且常见的情况，并以此为基础建立了数据库。同时，还分析了应力奇异性随界面端形状的变化规律，并得到了应力函数的分布图。     

Numerical implementation of the Crank–Nicolson/Adams–Bashforth scheme for the time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations

This article considers numerical implementation of the Crank–Nicolson/Adams–Bashforth scheme for the two‐dimensional non‐stationary Navier–Stokes equations. A finite element method is applied for the spatial approximation of the velocity and pressure. The time discretization is based on the Crank–Nicolson scheme for the linear term and the explicit Adams–Bashforth scheme for the nonlinear term. Comparison with other methods, through a series of numerical experiments, shows that this method is almost unconditionally stable and convergent, i.e. stable and convergent when the time step is smaller than a given constant. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Calculation of three‐dimensional turbulent flow with a finite volume multigrid method

A numerical method for the efficient calculation of three‐dimensional incompressible turbulent flow in curvilinear co‐ordinates is presented. The mathematical model consists of the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the k–ε turbulence model. The numerical method is based on the SIMPLE pressure‐correction algorithm with finite volume discretization in curvilinear co‐ordinates. To accelerate the convergence of the solution method a full approximation scheme‐full multigrid (FAS‐FMG) method is utilized. The solution of the k–ε transport equations is embedded in the multigrid iteration. The improved convergence characteristic of the multigrid method is demonstrated by means of several calculations of three‐dimensional flow cases. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simple and efficient error analysis for multi‐step solution of the Navier–Stokes equations

A simple error analysis is used within the context of segregated finite element solution scheme to solve incompressible fluid flow. An error indicator is defined based on the difference between a numerical solution on an original mesh and an approximated solution on a related mesh. This error indicator is based on satisfying the steady‐state momentum equations. The advantages of this error indicator are, simplicity of implementation (post‐processing step), ability to show regions of high and/or low error, and as the indicator approaches zero the solution approaches convergence. Two examples are chosen for solution; first, the lid‐driven cavity problem, followed by the solution of flow over a backward facing step. The solutions are compared to previously published data for validation purposes. It is shown that this rather simple error estimate, when used as a re‐meshing guide, can be very effective in obtaining accurate numerical solutions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Penalty finite element method for Navier–Stokes equations with nonlinear slip boundary conditions

The penalty finite element method for Navier–Stokes equations with nonlinear slip boundary conditions is investigated in this paper. Since this class of nonlinear slip boundary conditions include the subdifferential property, the weak variational formulation is a variational inequality problem of the second kind. Using the penalty finite element approximation, we obtain optimal error estimates between the exact solution and the finite element approximation solution. Finally, we show the numerical results which are in full agreement with the theoretical results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A projection scheme for incompressible multiphase flow using adaptive Eulerian grid: 3D validation

A three‐dimensional finite element method for incompressible multiphase flows with capillary interfaces is developed based on a (formally) second‐order projection scheme. The discretization is on a fixed (Eulerian) reference grid with an edge‐based local h‐refinement in the neighbourhood of the interfaces. The fluid phases are identified and advected using the level‐set function. The reference grid is then temporarily reconnected around the interface to maintain optimal interpolations accounting for the singularities of the primary variables. Using a time splitting procedure, the convection substep is integrated with an explicit scheme. The remaining generalized Stokes problem is solved by means of a pressure‐stabilized projection. This method is simple and efficient, as demonstrated by a wide range of difficult free‐surface validation problems, considered in the paper. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Approximation of generalized Stokes problems using dual‐mixed finite elements without enrichment

In this work a finite element method for a dual‐mixed approximation of generalized Stokes problems in two or three space dimensions is studied. A variational formulation of the generalized Stokes problems is accomplished through the introduction of the pseudostress and the trace‐free velocity gradient as unknowns, yielding a twofold saddle point problem. The method avoids the explicit computation of the pressure, which can be recovered through a simple post‐processing technique. Compared with an existing approach for the same problem, the method presented here reduces the global number of degrees of freedom by up to one‐third in two space dimensions. The method presented here also represents a connection between existing dual‐mixed and pseudostress methods for Stokes problems. Existence, uniqueness, and error results for the generalized Stokes problems are given, and numerical experiments that illustrate the theoretical results are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Iterative solution techniques for the stokes and Navier-Stokes equations

The linear system arising from a Lagrange-Galerkin mixed finite element approximation of the Navier–Stokes and continuity equations is symmetric indefinite and has the same block structure as a system arising from a mixed finite element discretization of a Stokes problem. This paper considers the iterative solution of such a system, comparing the performance of the one-level preconditioned conjugate residual method for indefinite matrices with that of a more traditional two-level pressure correction approach. Asymptotic estimates for the amount of work involved in each method are given together with the results of related numerical experiments.     

Solution of the planar Newtonian stick–slip problem with the singular function boundary integral method

A singular function boundary integral method (SFBIM) is proposed for solving biharmonic problems with boundary singularities. The method is applied to the Newtonian stick–slip flow problem. The streamfunction is approximated by the leading terms of the local asymptotic solution expansion which are also used to weight the governing biharmonic equation in the Galerkin sense. By means of the divergence theorem the discretized equations are reduced to boundary integrals. The Dirichlet boundary conditions are weakly enforced by means of Lagrange multipliers, the values of which are calculated together with the singular coefficients. The method converges very fast with the number of singular functions and the number of Lagrange multipliers, and accurate estimates of the leading singular coefficients are obtained. Comparisons with the analytical solution and results obtained with other numerical methods are also made. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A high‐order mass‐lumping procedure for B‐spline collocation method with application to incompressible flow simulations

This paper presents new developments of the staggered spline collocation method for cost‐effective solution to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Maximal decoupling of the velocity and the pressure is obtained by using the fractional step method of Gresho and Chan, allowing the solution to sparse elliptic problems only. In order to preserve the high‐accuracy of the B‐spline method, this fractional step scheme is used in association with a sparse approximation to the inverse of the consistent mass matrix. Such an approximation is constructed from local spline interpolation method, and represents a high‐order generalization of the mass‐lumping technique of the finite‐element method. A numerical investigation of the accuracy and the computational efficiency of the resulting semi‐consistent spline collocation schemes is presented. These schemes generate a stable and accurate unsteady Navier–Stokes solver, as assessed by benchmark computations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parallel‐in‐time simulation of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible flow

In this paper, we present an application of a parallel‐in‐time algorithm for the solution of the unsteady Navier–Stokes model equations that are of parabolic–elliptic type. This method is based on the alternated use of a coarse global sequential solver and a fine local parallel one. A standard finite volume/finite differences first‐order approach is used for discretization of the unsteady two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. The Taylor vortex decay problem and the confined flow around a square cylinder were selected as unsteady flow examples to illustrate and analyse the properties of the parallel‐in‐time method through numerical experiments. The influence of several parameters on the computing time required to perform a parallel‐in‐time calculation on a PC cluster was verified. Among them we have analysed the influence of the number of processors, the number of iterations for convergence, the resolution of the spatial domain and the influence of the time‐step sizes ratio between the coarse and fine grids. Significant computer time saving was achieved when compared with the single processor computing time, particularly when the spatial dimension of the problem is low and the temporal scale is large. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A posteriori bounds for linear functional outputs of Crouzeix–Raviart finite element discretizations of the incompressible Stokes problem

A finite element technique is presented for the efficient generation of lower and upper bounds to outputs which are linear functionals of the solutions to the incompressible Stokes equations in two space dimensions. The finite element discretization is effected by Crouzeix–Raviart elements, the discontinuous pressure approximation of which is central to this approach. The bounds are based upon the construction of an augmented Lagrangian: the objective is a quadratic ‘energy’ reformulation of the desired output, the constraints are the finite element equilibrium equations (including the incompressibility constraint), and the inter‐sub‐domain continuity conditions on velocity. Appealing to the dual max–min problem for appropriately chosen candidate Lagrange multipliers then yields inexpensive bounds for the output associated with a fine‐mesh discretization. The Lagrange multipliers are generated by exploiting an associated coarse‐mesh approximation. In addition to the requisite coarse‐mesh calculations, the bound technique requires the solution of only local sub‐domain Stokes problems on the fine mesh. The method is illustrated for the Stokes equations, in which the outputs of interest are the flow rate past and the lift force on a body immersed in a channel. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of boundary vorticity discretization on explicit stream‐function vorticity calculations

The numerical solution of the time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations in terms of the vorticity and a stream function is a well tested process to describe two‐dimensional incompressible flows, both for fluid mixing applications and for studies in theoretical fluid mechanics. In this paper, we consider the interaction between the unsteady advection–diffusion equation for the vorticity, the Poisson equation linking vorticity and stream function and the approximation of the boundary vorticity, examining from a practical viewpoint, global iteration stability and error. Our results show that most schemes have very similar global stability constraints although there may be small stability gains from the choice of method to determine boundary vorticity. Concerning accuracy, for one model problem we observe that there were cases where the boundary vorticity discretization did not propagate to the interior, but for the usual cavity flow all the schemes tested had error close to second order. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of super compact finite difference method and application to simulation of vortex–shock interaction

Turbulence and aeroacoustic noise high‐order accurate schemes are required, and preferred, for solving complex flow fields with multi‐scale structures. In this paper a super compact finite difference method (SCFDM) is presented, the accuracy is analysed and the method is compared with a sixth‐order traditional and compact finite difference approximation. The comparison shows that the sixth‐order accurate super compact method has higher resolving efficiency. The sixth‐order super compact method, with a three‐stage Runge–Kutta method for approximation of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations, is used to solve the complex flow structures induced by vortex–shock interactions. The basic nature of the near‐field sound generated by interaction is studied. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polygonal finite elements for incompressible fluid flow

We discuss the use of polygonal finite elements for analysis of incompressible flow problems. It is well‐known that the stability of mixed finite element discretizations is governed by the so‐called inf‐sup condition, which, in this case, depends on the choice of the discrete velocity and pressure spaces. We present a low‐order choice of these spaces defined over convex polygonal partitions of the domain that satisfies the inf‐sup condition and, as such, does not admit spurious pressure modes or exhibit locking. Within each element, the pressure field is constant while the velocity is represented by the usual isoparametric transformation of a linearly‐complete basis. Thus, from a practical point of view, the implementation of the method is classical and does not require any special treatment. We present numerical results for both incompressible Stokes and stationary Navier–Stokes problems to verify the theoretical results regarding stability and convergence of the method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parallel solution of three‐dimensional Marangoni flow in liquid bridges

This paper describes the implementation and performances of a parallel solver for the direct numerical simulation of the three‐dimensional and time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations on distributed‐memory, massively parallel computers. The feasibility of this approach to study Marangoni flow instability in half zone liquid bridges is examined. The results indicate that the incompressible, non‐linear Navier–Stokes problem, governing the Marangoni flows behavior, can effectively be parallelized on a distributed memory parallel machine by remapping the distributed data structure. The numerical code is based on a three‐dimensional Simplified Marker and Cell (SMAC) primitive variable method applied to a staggered finite difference grid. Using this method, the problem is split into two problems, one parabolic and the other elliptic A parallel algorithm, explicit in time, is utilized to solve the parabolic equations. A parallel multisplitting kernel is introduced for the solution of the pseudo pressure elliptic equation, representing the most time‐consuming part of the algorithm. A grid‐partition strategy is used in the parallel implementations of both the parabolic equations and the multisplitting elliptic kernel. A Message Passing Interface (MPI) is coded for the boundary conditions; this protocol is portable to different systems supporting this interface for interprocessor communications. Numerical experiments illustrate good numerical properties and parallel efficiency. In particular, good scalability on a large number of processors can be achieved as long as the granularity of the parallel application is not too small. However, increasing the number of processors, the Speed‐Up is ever smaller than the ideal linear Speed‐Up. The communication timings indicate that complex practical calculations, such as the solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations for the numerical simulation of the instability of Marangoni flows, can be expected to run on a massively parallel machine with good efficiency. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Weak imposition of boundary conditions for the Navier–Stokes equations by a penalty method

We prove convergence of the finite element method for the Navier–Stokes equations in which the no‐slip condition and no‐penetration condition on the flow boundary are imposed via a penalty method. This approach has been previously studied for the Stokes problem by Liakos (Weak imposition of boundary conditions in the Stokes problem. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 1999). Since, in most realistic applications, inertial effects dominate, it is crucial to extend the validity of the method to the nonlinear Navier–Stokes case. This report includes the analysis of this extension, as well as numerical results validating their analytical counterparts. Specifically, we show that optimal order of convergence can be achieved if the computational boundary follows the real flow boundary exactly. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.