Synthesis of Zeaxanthin Esters

Six new zexanthin esters with 4-methylbenzoic, phenylglycolic, 2-hydroxybenzoic (salicylic), and nicotinic acids, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen, as well as benzoic acid ester, have been synthesized in anhydrous medium at 40°C in the presence of biocatalysts, Amano Lipase PS and Novozyme 435.     

Separation and Identification of Lutein Derivatives in Processed Foods

In the present work, we show that in processed sorrel, the lutein (1) can convert to 3’-epilutein (2) – 3’-stereoisomer of lutein – by epimerisation reaction, as well as to anhydrolutein I (3) and II (4) by dehydration reaction. The newly formed anhydrolutein I (3) and II (4) were detected and identified by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS techniques and co-chromatography with authentic samples. The compounds 1 and 2 were also isolated from cooked sorrel by column chromatography and characterized by NMR spectroscopy.     

Synthesis of Lutein and Astaxanthin Esters and Their In Silico Activity

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - Esters of individual natural carotenoids lutein and astaxanthin with benzoic, 4-methylbenzoic, nicotinic, and mandelic acids have been synthesized. The...     

Confirmation of the Biomethylation of Antimony Compounds

We have evidence that an organic and an inorganic salt of antimony were reduced and methylated biologically by microorganisms in laboratory experiments. The organoantimony compound produced was trimethylstibine [(CH₃)₃Sb] and was detected in a culture headspace. This was confirmed by matching the compound's retention time in capillary gas chromatography, as detected by fluorine-induced chemiluminescence, with a com- mercial standard and by its mass spectrum determined with gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC–MS). (CH₃)₃Sb was detected in the headspace of soil samples amended with either potassium antimonyltartrate or potassium hexahydroxyantimonate and augmented with any one of three different nitrate-containing growth media. The identity of the microorganisms in soil that accomplished this are as yet unknown. Of 48 soil samples amended with these two compounds, 24 produced trimethylstibine. Bioreduction of trimethyldibromoantimony was also detected in a liquid monoculture of Pseudomonas fluorescens K27 which also produced tri- methylstibine. This headspace production of (CH₃)₃Sb was determined to be linked to the culture's cell population as measured by optical density. This microbe, however, did not biomethylate either potassium antimonyltartrate or potassium hexahydroxyantimonate in any experiments we performed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

克伦特罗残留的GC-MS确证分析及应注意事项

克伦特罗(clenduterol,C12H18Cl2N2O)属β兴奋剂类,俗称为瘦肉精,畜牧业上可作为生长促进剂,其药物残留对人类健康有危害,我国农业部将其列为食品动物禁止使用的兽药。对于动物组织、尿中盐酸克伦特罗残留的测定,一般是先用酶联免疫检测法进行筛选,由于酶联法存在假阳性问题,对检测结果呈阳性的样品需再用气相色谱-质谱法进行确汪检测。本文建立并验证了与酶联免疫检测法相配套使用的猪尿和猪肝中克伦特罗残留的GC-MS确证方法,并对来自全国抽检的猪肝样和尿样中的酶联阳性样品进行了确证检测,结果报道如下。     

Identification of Newly Zeaxanthin-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Sponges in the Gulf of Thailand and their Zeaxanthin Production

Sponge-associated bacteria have been found to produce a variety of bioactive compounds including natural pigments. Here, we report the molecular identification of zeaxanthin-producing sponge-associated bacteria isolated from sponges in the Gulf of Thailand and the effect of environmental factors on zeaxanthin production from a bacterium. Three colorful sponge-associated bacteria (CHOB06-6, KODA19-6, and MAKB08-4) were identified based on the 16S rDNA profile. The 16S rDNA sequence-based analyses revealed that CHOB 06-6 and MAKB 08-4 were the closest relatives to Sphingomonas phyllosphaerae FA2^T, and KODA19-6 was a relative of Shingomonas (Blastomonas) natatoria DSM 3183^T. After all bacteria were cultivated in a modified Zobell medium, S. natatoria KODA19-6 was found to produce the highest zeaxanthin at 0.62?mg/l. pH and temperature considerably affected its zeaxanthin production. Its optimal condition for zeaxanthin production was found at a pH of 7 and 30?°C. The bacterium had a maximum specific growth rate (?? _max) of 0.06?1/h with zeaxanthin productivity (Q _p) of 6.27???g/l·h. Therefore, this newly zeaxanthin-producing bacterium has a potential to produce natural zeaxanthin for the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.     

电色谱塔板高度方程的考察

对电色谱塔板高度方程正确与否进行了验证。对于电色谱塔板高度方程的若干影响因素如色谱柱结构参数、毛细管内半径r0、保留因子k、扩散系数Dm以及脱附速率常数kd对柱效率的影响进行了实验考察,并将实验数据与借助计算机计算的结果加以对比。从而得出结论:我国色谱理论工作者提出的电色谱塔板高度方程成立。由于该方程合理地考虑到各种影响溶质谱带展宽的因素,因此可以为毛细管电色谱过程的柱型设计、条件优化提供理论上的指导。     

Zeaxanthin Production by Novel Marine Isolates from Coastal sand of India and its Antioxidant Properties

Zeaxanthin carotenoids are class of commercially important natural products and diverse biomolecules produced by plants and many microorganisms. Bacteria often produce a cocktail of polar and nonpolar carotenoids limiting their industrial applications. Marine members of the family Flavobacteriaceae are known to produce potential carotenoids such as astaxanthin and zeaxanthin. A few bacterial species have been reported for the predominant production zeaxanthin. Here, we report the molecular identification of the zeaxanthin as a major carotenoid produced by two novel bacteria (YUAB-SO-11 and YUAB-SO-45) isolated from sandy beaches of South West Coast of India and the effect of carbon sources on the production of zeaxanthin. The strains were identified based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing as a member of genus Muricauda. The closest relatives of YUAB-SO-11 and YUAB-SO-45 were Muricauda aquimarina (JCM 11811^T) (98.9 %) and Muricauda olearia (JCM 15563^T) (99.2 %), respectively, indicating that both of these strains might represent a novel species. The highest level of zeaxanthin production was achieved (YUAB-SO-11, 1.20?±?0.11 mg g^?1) and (YUAB-SO-45, 1.02?±?0.13 mg g^?1) when cultivated in marine broth supplemented with 2 % NaCl (pH 7) and incubated at 30 °C. Addition of 0.1 M glutamic acid, an intermediate of citric acid cycle, enhanced the zeaxanthin production as 18 and 14 % by the strains YUAB-SO-11 and YUAB-SO-45 respectively. The zeaxanthin showed in vitro nitric oxide scavenging, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl scavenging activities higher than the commercial zeaxanthin. The results of this study suggest that two novel strains YUAB-SO-11 and YUAB-SO-45 belonging to genus Muricauda produce zeaxanthin as a predominant carotenoid, and higher production of zeaxanthin was achieved on glutamic acid supplementation. The pigment showed good in vitro antioxidant activity, which can be exploited further for commercial applications.     

一种新西地那非类似物的结构确证

采用核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(13C NMR)、梯度场氢氢相关化学位移相关谱(1H-1H COSY)、梯度场质子检测异核单量子化学位移相关谱(HSQC)、梯度场质子检测异核多重键化学位移相关谱(HMBC)等多种NMR分析方法,结合红外光谱分析和元素分析,确证了5-[2-丙氧基-5-(3,5-二甲基哌嗪-1-基磺基)苯基]-1-甲基-3-正丙基-1,6-二氢-7H-吡唑并[4,3-d]嘧啶-7-酮的分子结构,为鉴定西地那非类似物提供了重要依据。     

Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Reported Structures of (-)-9-epi-Presilphiperfolan-1-ol and (-)-Presilphiperfolan-1-ol: Structural Confirmation and Reassignment and Biosynthetic Insights

When epi isn't! The first total synthesis of the reported structures of 9-epi-presilphiperfolan-1-ol and presilphiperfolan-1-ol has been achieved. Key steps are a catalytic asymmetric alkylation of a novel diene-containing electrophile followed by a two-carbon ring contraction and an intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition to form the stereochemically dense tricyclic core. The synthetic work has resulted in the structural revision of presilphiperfolan-1-ol.     

Confirmation of the structure of ceriperol and its related sesterterpenes by the total synthesis

The dl-synthesis of the revised formula of ceriferol and ceriferol-I was achieved, leaving no doubt that the revised structure has been correctly formulated.     

Confirmation of the aerobic production of trimethylstibine by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis

The filamentous fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces volatile trimethylstibine, found in the culture headspace, when grown in an antimony(III)‐rich medium under aerobic conditions. The trimethylstibine was purged from cultures using a continuous flow of compressed air and trapped in a U‐shaped tube containing Supelcoport SP 2100 at −78 °C. The trap contents were determined by using GC–ICP–MS methodology. Typically between 60 and 500 pg of trimethylstibine was trapped during sampling (12 h) from cultures containing 1000 g Sb ml⁻¹ as potassium antimony tartrate. The total production of trimethylstibine over 18 days of growth was estimated at 10 ng. Trimethylarsine was produced in greater quantities than trimethylstibine, even though no arsenic compounds were added to the medium. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Confirmation of 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethyleicosane in methanogenic bacteria and sediments

A C₂₅ alkane (1) proposed previously to occur in $\text{Methanobacterium barkeri}$ and $\text{M. thermoautotrophicum}$¹ and to be a sedimentary biological marker for methanogenic bacteria⁹, has been synthesised and its occurrence confirmed.     

The Hypoglycemic,Hypolipidemic, and Anti-Diabetic Nephritic Activities of Zeaxanthin in Diet-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats

Zeaxanthin (ZA), an important compound found in Lycium barbarum, shows various pharmacodynamic effects. In our present study, a high-fat, high-sucrose diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model was used to investigate the antidiabetic activities of ZA. After a 4-week administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg of ZA and 100 mg/kg of metformin hydrochloride, various blood biochemical indexes were detected. ZA strongly normalized the reduced bodyweight and enhanced fasting blood glucose in diabetic rats. The positive data obtained from the oral glucose tolerance test further confirmed its antidiabetic effects. ZA displayed significant hypolipidemic activities indicated by its modulation of serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. The antidiabetic nephropathy of ZA was confirmed by its regulation of pathological kidney structures, urine levels of n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and albuminuria, and serum levels of urea nitrogen. ZA inhibited the serum levels of inflammatory factors including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor kappa B, further confirming its renal protection. Moreover, the serum imbalances in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde, and catalase were normalized by ZA, suggesting its antioxidant properties. Altogether, ZA produced hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antidiabetic nephritic effects in a diet-STZ-induced diabetic rat model.     

Confirmation of the cation radicals of hexamethylethane and hexamethyldisilane by ESR and other spectroscopy

Unambiguous ESR spectra of cation radicals of hexamethylethane and hexamethyldisilane were obtained for γ-irradiated solutions in CCl₃F at 77 and 140 K. INDO calculations, optical measurements, and comparison with photoelectron spectra are consistent with the observed ESR spectra.     

Dietary Lutein and Cognitive Function in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Emerging literature suggests that dietary lutein may have important functions in cognitive health, but there is not enough data to substantiate its effects in human cognition. The current study was intended to determine the overall effect of lutein on the main domains of cognition in the adult population based on available placebo randomized-controlled trials. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, AGRICOLA, Scopus, MEDLINE, and EMBASE on 14 November 2020. The effect of lutein on complex attention, executive function and memory domains of cognition were assessed by using an inverse-variance meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) (Hedge’s g method). Dietary lutein was associated with slight improvements in cognitive performance in complex attention (SMD 0.02, 95% CI −0.27 to 0.31), executive function (SMD 0.13, 95% CI −0.26 to 0.51) and memory (SMD 0.03, 95% CI −0.26 to 0.32), but its effect was not significant. Change-from-baseline analysis revealed that lutein consumption could have a role in maintaining cognitive performance in memory and executive function. Although dietary lutein did not significantly improve cognitive performance, the evidence across multiple studies suggests that lutein may nonetheless prevent cognitive decline, especially executive function. More intervention studies are needed to validate the role of lutein in preventing cognitive decline and in promoting brain health.