器件质量级微晶硅薄膜光稳定性研究

利用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积（RFPECVD）技术,通过改变SiH4浓度制备了一系列不同晶化率（Xc）的本征Si薄膜材料。通过测量其Raman谱和光、暗电导率（σph、σd）研究了工艺变化对材料结构的影响及材料光电特性同微观结构的关系,然后对样品进行老化实验,测量其光照前后的吸收系数α及量子效率、迁移率和寿命的乘积nμτ。分析其光照前后光电性能的变化规律结果表明,相变域附近的微晶硅（μc-Si：H）薄膜材料适合制备μc-Si2H太阳电池;结合退火实验的结果发现,μc-Si：H材料中的非晶成分是导致微晶材料光电特性衰退的主要原因。     

高压高功率VHF-PECVD的微晶硅薄膜高速沉积

采用高压高功率(hphP)甚高频等离子体强强化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)法对微晶硅(μc-Si:H)进行高速沉积,在最优沉积条件参数下对hphP和低压低功率(lplP)两组样品沉积速率、光电导、暗电导及光敏性等性能参数进行测试,得到了1.58 nm/s的较高沉积速率、光电性能优秀和更适合薄膜太阳能电池的μc-Si...     

衬底温度对微晶硅薄膜沉积与结构特征的影响

采用甚高频等离子体化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)技术在不同衬底温度条件下沉积了氢化微晶硅(μc—Si：H)薄膜,并通过光发射谱(OES)测量技术对沉积过程中硅烷(SiH4)等离子体进行了原位监测。结合对样品的沉积速率测量与结构表征,研究了衬底温度对薄膜沉积过程与结构特征的影响。实验结果表明：随着衬底温度的增加,μc—Si：H薄膜结晶体积分数与晶粒的平均尺寸单调增大,而沉积速率则呈现出先增后减的变化。对于当前的沉积系统,优化生长的衬底温度约为210℃,相应的μc-Si：H薄膜沉积速率为0．8nm／s,结晶体积分数与晶粒平均尺寸分别为60％和9nm。     

应用高压高功率的微晶硅薄膜高速沉积

应用高压高功率(hphP)甚高频等离子增强化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)法对微晶硅(μc-Si:H)进行高速沉积,确定了hphP VHF-PECVD法沉积μc-Si:H的最优条件参数,在此参数下对hphP和低压低功率(IplP)两组样品沉积速率、光电导、暗电导及光敏性等性能参数进行测试,得到了1.58 nm的较高沉...     

温度对高速微晶硅薄膜沉积速率及其特性的影响

采用超高频(VHF)结合高压(HP)的技术路线,在较高SiH4浓度(SC)下实现了微晶硅(μc-Si:H)薄膜的高速沉积,考察了衬底温度在化学气相沉积(CVD)过程中对薄膜的生长速率以及光电特性的影响.结果表明:薄膜微结构特性随衬底温度变化是导致薄膜电学特性随衬底温度变化的根本原因;HP与低压条件下沉积的μc-Si:H薄膜的特性随温度变化的规律不同,在试验温度范围内,HP高速沉积的μc-Si:H薄膜生长速率不同于低压时随温度升高而下降的趋势,而是先增大后趋于平稳,晶化率随温度升高也不是单调增加,而是先增加后减小.     

流量对高速沉积的微晶硅电池性能的影响

采用超高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)技术研究微晶硅(μc-Si)薄膜的高速沉积过程发现:分别采用100和500 sccm流量制备本征μc-Si材料,将其应用在μc-Si电池i层,电池的电流-电压(I-V)特性有明显的差异.通过微区Raman、原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试发现:尽管μc-Si薄膜的晶化率相似,但是小流量情况下制备的薄膜具有较厚的非晶孵化层,晶粒尺寸不一;大流量下制备的材料沿生长方向的纵向均匀性相对较好,晶粒尺寸较小、分布均匀,而且具有〈220〉晶相峰强度高于〈111〉和〈311〉晶相峰强度的特点.因此得出:在高压高速沉积μc-Si薄膜过程中,反应气体流量对μc-Si的纵向结构有很大影响,选择适合的反应气流量能够调节适宜的气体滞留时间,从而减小薄膜的纵向不均匀性.     

微晶硅薄膜制备中等离子体功率的调制作用

对甚高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)法制备氢化微晶硅(μc-Si:H)薄膜中等离子体功率的影响进行了研究.原位光发射谱(OES)监测表明,SiH4等离子体中特征发光峰ISiH、Ihα、Ihβ和IH/ISiH均随等离子体激发功率的增加而增大,并且变化趋势因功率区间的不同而异.由厚度与Raman光谱测量可知,随着等离子体功率的增加,μc-Si:H薄膜的平均晶粒尺寸单调减小,而沉积速率与结晶体积分数则呈现出先增后减的变化,等离子体功率对薄膜的沉积速率与结构特征具有"调制作用".光暗电导率测量进一步得到,μc-Si:H薄膜的电导随等离子体功率增大而减小,暗电导率的变化与之相反,材料的光敏特性在较高功率条件下激剧恶化.研究结果表明,当前的沉积条件下,等离子体功率的优化值界于35～40 W间.     

P-nc-si:H薄膜材料及在微晶硅薄膜太阳电池上应用

对RF PECVD技术沉积p nc Si:H薄膜材料进行了研究。随着功率的增大材料的晶化率增大。B的掺杂可以提高材料的电导率,同时会抑制材料的晶化,在纳米Si薄膜材料中B的掺杂效率很高,少量的B即可获得高的电导率,而对材料晶化影响不大。用比较高沉积功率和少量B的方法获得了高电导率、宽光学带隙和高晶化率的P型纳米Si薄膜材料(σ=0.7S/cm,Eopt>2.0eV)。将这种材料应用于微晶硅(μc Si)薄膜太阳能电池中,电池结构为:glass/SnO2/ZnO/p nc Si:H/I μC Si:H/n Si:H。首次获得效率η=4.2%的μC Si薄膜太阳能电池(Voc=0.399V,Jsc=20.56mA/cm2,FF=51.6%)。     

单室沉积本征微晶硅薄膜及其在电池中的应用

为获得单室沉积高效微晶硅(μc-Si)太阳电池,首先采用甚高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)技术制备了不同沉积条件下的本征μc-Si薄膜.通过对材料的结构和电学输运特性的研究,借鉴分室沉积的器件质量级μc-Si材料的经验,选取合适的本征层和P种子层处理B污染的技术,在单室中制备出光电转换效率为6.23%(1 cm2)的单结μc-Si电池.     

高速沉积μc-Si:H薄膜生长机制及其微结构的研究

采用高压高功率的超高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)技术,在腐蚀后的7059玻璃、低晶化和高晶化的微晶硅(μc-Si:H)p型材料3种衬底上,通过改变沉积时间的方法,高速(沉积速率约为1 nm/s)沉积了不同厚度的μc-Si:H薄膜材料.测试其表面形貌及晶化率,比较了不同衬底上高速生长的μc-Si:H薄膜生长机制及微结构的差异,最后得到适于高速沉积pin μc-Si:H太阳电池的μc-Si:H p型材料应具备的条件.     

引入微晶硅底电池的PIN型三结Si基薄膜太阳电池的制备

为充分利用太阳光谱能量,在玻璃衬底的PIN型a-Si/a-SiGe电池中直接引入了微晶硅(μc-Si:H)底电池.从透明导电氧化物(TCO)衬底的光透过率估算了PIN型a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/μc-Si:H三结电池实现高转化效率的可行性.通过调整μc-Si:H底电池厚度考察三结电池的性能变化,结果发现,受中间电...     

Steady-state solution growth of microcrystalline silicon on nanocrystalline seedlayers on glass

The growth of polycrystalline silicon layers on glass from tin solutions at low temperatures is presented. This approach is based on the steady-state solution growth of Si crystallites on nanocrystalline seed layers, which are prepared in a preceding process step. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy investigations reveal details about the seed layer surfaces, which consist of small hillocks, as well as about Sn inclusions and gaps along the glass substrate after solution growth. The successful growth of continuous microcrystalline Si layers with grain sizes up to several ten micrometers shows the feasibility of the process and makes it interesting for photovoltaics.     

IWO缓冲层对MOCVD-ZnO:B薄膜性能的影响研究

金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)技术生长的绒面ZnO透明导电(ZnO-TCO)薄膜应用于Si基薄膜太阳电池上能够形成"陷光结构",以提高薄膜太阳电池效率和稳定性。本文将电子束反应蒸发技术生长的掺W的In2O3(In2O3:W,(IWO)薄膜作为缓冲层,应用于MOCVD-ZnO:B薄膜与玻璃之间,可促进ZnO:B薄膜的生长,并且有效提升薄膜的光散射特性。当IWO缓冲层厚度为20nm时,获得的IWO/ZnO:B薄膜的电阻率为2.07×10-3Ω.cm,迁移率为20.9cm2.V-1.s-1,载流子浓度为1.44×1020 cm-3;同时,薄膜具有的透过率大于85%,且在550nm处绒度较ZnO:B薄膜提高了约9.5%,在800nm处绒度较ZnO:B薄膜提高了约4.5%。     

WZO薄膜生长及氧流量对其特性的影响

采用直流脉冲反应磁控溅射方法生长W掺杂ZnO(ZnO:W,即WZO)透明导电氧化物(TCO)薄膜并研究了氧气流量对薄膜微观结构、组分、表面形貌以及光电性能的影响。实验结果表明,WZO薄膜具有良好的(002)晶面择优取向生长,且适当的氧气流量是制备优质WZO薄膜的关键因素。WZO薄膜表面形貌受薄膜结晶质量的影响。当氧气流量为2.08×10-7 m3/s时,WZO薄膜在400～1 500nm透过率达到84.5%,电阻率为4.61×10-3Ω.cm,迁移率为20.5cm2v-1s-1。XPS测试表明WZO薄膜中Zn和W均处于氧化态,其中W元素呈现W6+价态。     

Enhanced infrared transmission of GZO film by rapid thermal annealing for Si thin film solar cells

Ga doped ZnO (GZO) films prepared by sputtering at room temperature were rapid thermal annealed (RTA) at elevated temperatures. With increasing annealing temperature up to 570°C, film transmission enhanced significantly over wide spectral range especially in infrared region. Hall effect measurements revealed that carrier density decreased from ∼8 × 10²⁰ to ∼ 3 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³ while carrier mobility increased from ∼15 to ∼28 cm²/Vs after the annealing, and consequently low film resistivity was preserved. Hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (µc‐Si:H) and microcrystalline Si_1‐xGe_x (µc‐Si_1‐xGe_x:H, x = 0.1) thin film solar cells fabricated on textured RTA‐treated GZO substrates demonstrated strong enhancement in short‐circuit current density due to improved spectral response, exhibiting quite high conversion efficiencies of 9.5% and 8.2% for µc‐Si:H and µc‐Si_0.9Ge_0.1:H solar cells, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural analyses of seeded thin film microcrystalline silicon solar cell

This contribution investigates the effect of seeding the growth of thin film microcrystalline silicon (µc‐Si : H) deposited by radio frequency plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition on the material properties of µc‐Si : H film and the device performance of p‐i‐n and n‐i‐p µc‐Si : H solar cells. By means of Raman measurement, x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we investigate the structure of seeded µc‐Si : H. In particular, the effect of seed layers on the crystallinity development is investigated. Measurements of the depth profile of the crystalline mass fraction using Raman spectroscopy show that seed layers lead to a more rapid and uniform crystallinity development in growth direction. The amorphous incubation layer is suppressed and crystallization begins directly from onset of film growth without evolving through the intermediate growth phases. From TEM analyses, we observe that crystal sizes are not affected by seed layers. Horizontal cracks are however observed to dominate the early growth of µc‐Si : H in p‐i‐n solar cell and this is reduced upon seeding. For the n‐i‐p cells, these cracks are not affected by seeding. XRD results also indicate that the use of seed layers does not affect the crystal sizes but affects the direction of preferential orientation. Solar cell external parameters show that seeding of p‐i‐n solar cells leads mainly to increase in short‐circuit current density, J_sc with a slight drop in open‐circuit voltage, V_oc. For the n‐i‐p cells, a reverse effect is observed. In this case, the V_oc increases and the J_sc decreases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低温生长ITO薄膜及其在太阳电池中的应用

氧化铟锡(ITO)同时结合了可见光范围内高透过率和高电导率等特性,被广泛应用于Si基薄膜太阳电池中。本文侧重研究了采用反应热蒸发(RTE)技术低温(约160℃)生长ITO透明导电薄膜过程中不同Sn掺杂含量对薄膜微观结构以及光电性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着Sn掺杂含量的增加,ITO薄膜微观结构稍有变化,薄膜的电子迁移率呈现先增大后减小的趋势,薄膜的光学带隙一定程度上呈现展宽趋势;对于较高的Sn掺杂含量,在低温条件下电离杂质散射和中性杂质散射成为影响电子迁移率降低的重要因素。经过薄膜生长优化,较佳的Sn掺杂含量为6.0wt.%,ITO薄膜电阻率为3.74×10-4Ω·cm,电子迁移率为47cm2/Vs,载流子浓度为3.71×1020cm-3,且在380~900nm波长范围内的平均透过率约87%。将其应用于结构为SS/Ag/ZnO/nip aSiGe:H/nipa-Si:H/ITO/Al的n-i-p型a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H叠层太阳电池,取得的光电转化效率达10.51%(开路电压Voc=1.66V,短路电流密度Jsc=9.31mA/cm2,填充因子FF=0.68)。     

Additional coating effects on textured ZnO : Al thin films as transparent conducting oxides for thin‐film Si solar cells

ZnO : Al films were additionally deposited on textured transparent conducting oxide thin films to improve the surface morphologies formed in the etching process. The efficiency of the µc‐Si : H cell was enhanced from 7.0% (uncoated) to 8.0% (150‐nm‐coated) because of the additional coating. The quantum efficiency evaluation with a reverse bias voltage showed that the additional coating suppressed the carrier recombination problem. To systematically analyze the change of the i‐layer quality, the changes of (μτ)_eff and fill factor (FF) were analyzed using a variable illumination measurement technique, and the results clearly confirmed the enhancement of i‐layer quality due to the additional coating. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.