CeO2陶瓷的介电频响研究

研究了CeO_2陶瓷室温下低频和射频的介电谱,并给出了介电常数和介质损耗及其与温度的关系。测量结果表明,此种陶瓷存在弛豫极化,其偶极子的弛豫时间约为5×10~(-9)S。在330℃以下,CeO_2陶瓷的介电常数和介质损耗具有良好的温度特性。在室温下,CeO_2陶瓷在500kHz～50MHz频率范围内具有良好的介电特性。     

La0.6Ce0.4Mn1-yFeyO3微波吸收特性

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了La0.6Ce0.4Mn1-yFeyO3 (y=0.00, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18)样品. 用微波矢量网络分析仪测试了该样品在2～18 GHz微波频率范围的复介电常数、复磁导率, 根据测量数据计算了电磁损耗角正切及微波反射率与频率的关系. 结果表明, 当B位掺入铁元素时, 样品吸收峰值增大, 有效吸收频带增宽, 在y=0.14时, 样品微波吸收效果最好. 当样品厚度为2.00 mm, y=0.14时, 吸收峰值为38 dB, 10 dB以上频带宽度达4.1 GHz. 初步探讨了该材料的电磁损耗机理, 发现损耗吸收来自磁损耗和介电损耗的共同作用, 吸收峰所在频率介于介电损耗角正切最大值与磁损耗角正切最大值对应的频率之间, 即在12.7 GHz附近. 对样品的电阻率测试表明, 其室温范围内电导在半导体范围内, 有利于降低微波在样品表面的反射率.     

2.45GHz下常用有机试剂复介电常数的测量与研究

1986年加拿大的R．Gedye和R．J．Giguere等发现了微波可以显著加快有机合成,他们发现用微波辐射可使反应速率和产率有不同程度的提高。由于微波作用机理的特殊性,微波化学对很多化学领域带来了冲击。但是,微波与化学反应体系之间相互作用的一些重大问题还未得到解决,如微波加热过程中化学反应系统的非线性反射、非均匀加热等。解决这类问题,首先必须了解化学反应过程中混合物的电学性质与磁学性质,而物质的宏观电学和磁学性质都用其介电常数和磁导率来描述。对于大部分是非磁性材料的有机试剂,微波与反应体系相互作用的特性集中体现在体系的等效复介电常数上。了解各种常用试剂的复介电常数,可以进一步了解各种化学试剂对微波的吸收和反射的情况。而很多试剂的复介电常数无法从现有文献中得到。本文利用谐振腔微扰法测定了在2．45GHz室温下各类常用有机试剂的复介电常数,结果显示：醇类试剂复介电常数实部与虚部都较大;酮类试剂复介电常数实部相对较大,而虚部较小;酸类试剂复介电常数实部和虚部都较小;烷烃和苯类试剂实部,虚部更小。同时,随着碳链增加,所有试剂的复介电常数的实部与虚部均有下降趋势。这些测试和分析结果将为微波辅助有机合成提供了有益参考。     

Co/C微波吸收性能及Co/C-聚氨酯相变复合材料的微波-热转换性能

通过热解金属有机骨架ZIF-67的方法成功制备了具有优异微波吸收性能的Co/C碳基复合材料。 在600 ℃热解温度下获得的吸收剂质量分数为35% 的样品,最小反射损耗可达到-54.30 dB,其厚度仅为1.75 mm。 通过分析样品的损耗能力和阻抗匹配等微波吸收特性,发现复合材料中的骨架结构等对其阻抗匹配性能有非常大的影响。 并通过原位复合的方法制备了分散均匀的Co/C-PU相变复合材料,初步研究了其微波-热转换性能。 实验表明,微波吸收剂的添加量对其微波-热转换性能影响显著,发热效率随添加量成倍升高。 本文研究的Co/C-PU相变复合材料在电磁屏蔽、雷达红外兼容隐身等方面具有很大的应用潜力。 此外,固固相变材料结合微波热效应的快速高效等特点,用于储能或者其他热应用也有独特的优势。     

锂离子电池负极硅-热解碳-石墨复合材料的制备及性能

以沥青为碳前驱物,通过加热分解法制备了具有不同热解碳含量的硅-热解碳-石墨复合材料,并测试及分析了材料的形貌、结构及电化学性能。结果表明,沥青质量在320～560℃的温度区间内迅速减小,沥青质量的减小是由于氢元素的去除。经过高温分解制得的热解碳与沥青的质量比率为65%。在硅-热解碳-石墨复合材料中,硅颗粒分散在石墨表面,热解碳覆盖在硅颗粒表面,热解碳增强了硅颗粒与石墨间的界面结合力。适当含量的热解碳增大了复合材料的放电比容量且改善了循环稳定性;过量的热解碳不能进一步提升复合材料的放电容量。     

碱及碱土金属对准东煤热解特性及动力学影响分析

利用程序升温热重(TG)技术对准东原煤(R-form)和酸洗煤(H-form)样品的热解过程进行了研究,同时,采用分布活化能模型(DAEM)法对两者的热解动力学参数进行了计算。结果表明,准东煤在热解过程中保持了丰富的孔隙结构;碱及碱土金属(AAEM)的存在不会对准东煤大分子网络结构造成显著影响,但会提高准东煤的平衡水分含量及二次脱气阶段挥发分释放速率,降低其主热解阶段挥发分释放速率及热解最终失重率;DAEM法可以在较宽的温度范围内对准东煤的热解过程进行准确的描述,R-form和H-form煤样品的热解活化能均随转化率的增大而升高;相同转化率下R-form煤样品的活化能高于H-form,前者活化能分布函数的最大值出现在261.85kJ/mol处,而后者出现在264.51kJ/mol处;AAEM的存在使准东煤的热解活化能升高且分布更加集中,使其热解反应活性降低;准东煤热解的频率因子与活化能之间呈现明显的动力学补偿效应。     

洋葱状富勒烯电磁特性的研究

采用水下直流电弧放电法(DC arc-discharge in water)和化学气相沉积法(CVD)分别制备了单纯和内包金属纳米Fe颗粒的纳米洋葱状富勒烯(NOLFs). 用XRD、FESEM和HRTEM对两种产物的结构进行了表征和分析；用HP8722ES矢量网络分析仪测试了两种不同的NOLFs在2～18 GHz频率范围内的复介电常数和复磁导率, 并与石墨和活性炭进行了对比. 结果表明, 两种NOLFs都有较高的复介电常数和介电损耗; 内包金属纳米Fe颗粒的NOLFs有磁损耗.     

神府煤热解的结构变化及煤焦加氢反应性研究

将煤加氢过程分解为原煤热解和焦加氢两个过程,在固定床反应器内研究了煤热解和焦加氢反应。采用红外气体分析仪、拉曼光谱仪和X射线衍射仪,分析研究了煤热解过程中气体组分含量与煤焦微观结构变化的相互关系以及煤焦微观结构对其加氢反应特性的影响。结果表明,热解温度对煤焦的微观结构和加氢反应性有较大影响,400-800℃,随着温度升高,煤焦拉曼分峰面积比A_(D1)/A_G、A_(D2)/A_G、A_(D3)/A_G、A_(D4)/A_G均上升,A_G/A_(All)减小。800-900℃,A_G/A_(All)增大,无序碳的相对含量增加,石墨化进程明显。煤焦的XRD分析与拉曼光谱分析结果一致。400-800℃,随着温度升高,煤焦中碳结构晶面间距d_(002)先增加后减小,堆垛高度L_(002)增加,晶面间距与堆垛高度比d_(002)/L_(002)减小,煤焦中石墨碳结构的含量增加。800-900℃,d_(002)减小,L_(002)明显增大。采用拉曼分峰比(aA_(D1/G)+bA_(D2/G)+cA_(D3)/G+dA_(D4/G))与加氢反应性特征参数τ_(0.5)进行线性拟合,得到代表碳微晶结构加氢反应性的拟合因子,且拟合因子越大,相应碳微晶的加氢反应性越好。     

(K_(0.485)Na_(0.485)Li_(0.03))NbO_3-Pb(Zr_(0.53)Ti_(0.47))O_3陶瓷的介电铁电性能

采用传统电子陶瓷工艺制备新型钙钛矿体系(1-x)(K_(0.485)Na_(0.485)Li_(0.03))NbO_3-Pb(Zr_(0.53)Ti_(0.47))O_3陶瓷,研究了该体系陶瓷的介电铁电性能.X射线衍射分析表明:所有陶瓷样品都具有单一的钙钛矿结构,在0.65≤x≤0.75时,出现明显的正交相和四方相的准同型相界区.测试结果表明:陶瓷具有高介电常数.低介质损耗,良好的温度稳定性;获得了饱和的电滞回线,显示了优良的铁电性能.尤其在x=0.75时各项性能达到最佳,其中介电常数ε_r=1590,介电损耗tan δ=0.017,居里温度T_c=295℃,剩余极化强度P,=28.6 μC·cm~(-1),矫顽场强E_c=0.89 kV·mm~(-1).     

La1-xSrxMnO3氧化物磁导率和介电常数的频率特性研究

采用溶胶．凝胶法制备了钙钛矿型La1-xSrxMnO3（x=0，0．2，0．4，0．6）氧化物多晶样品，样品粉料的平均粒径为70nm左右。对不同Sr含量的样品磁导率μr（μr=μ＇r＋iμ＂r）和介电常数εr（εr=ε＇r＋iε＂r）的频谱（50～1800MHz）的研究表明，不掺Sr时，LaMnO3氧化物的复磁导率不随着频率变化，其实部近似为0．8，而虚部近似为1．0，复介电常数却随着频率增加而单调下降，实部从33降到19，虚部从65降到5。掺入Sr后，复磁导率和复介电常数频谱曲线都为典型的弛豫型谱线，磁导率的共振频率随着掺杂增加从1420MHz减小到810MHz，而复介电常数的共振频率却随着Sr含量增加从231MHz增加到580MHz，并对相关动态磁化和电极化机制进行了讨论。     

Sintered Silicon Carbide: A New Ceramic Vessel Material for Microwave Chemistry in Single‐Mode Reactors

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a strongly microwave absorbing chemically inert ceramic material that can be utilized at extremely high temperatures due to its high melting point and very low thermal expansion coefficient. Microwave irradiation induces a flow of electrons in the semiconducting ceramic that heats the material very efficiently through resistance heating mechanisms. The use of SiC carbide reaction vessels in combination with a single‐mode microwave reactor provides an almost complete shielding of the contents inside from the electromagnetic field. Therefore, such experiments do not involve electromagnetic field effects on the chemistry, since the semiconducting ceramic vial effectively prevents microwave irradiation from penetrating the reaction mixture. The involvement of electromagnetic field effects (specific/nonthermal microwave effects) on 21 selected chemical transformations was evaluated by comparing the results obtained in microwave‐transparent Pyrex vials with experiments performed in SiC vials at the same reaction temperature. For most of the 21 reactions, the outcome in terms of conversion/purity/product yields using the two different vial types was virtually identical, indicating that the electromagnetic field had no direct influence on the reaction pathway. Due to the high chemical resistance of SiC, reactions involving corrosive reagents can be performed without degradation of the vessel material. Examples include high‐temperature fluorine–chlorine exchange reactions using triethylamine trihydrofluoride, and the hydrolysis of nitriles with aqueous potassium hydroxide. The unique combination of high microwave absorptivity, thermal conductivity, and effusivity on the one hand, and excellent temperature, pressure and corrosion resistance on the other hand, makes this material ideal for the fabrication of reaction vessels for use in microwave reactors.     

Silicon carbide passive heating elements in microwave-assisted organic synthesis

Microwave-assisted organic synthesis in nonpolar solvents is investigated utilizing cylinders of sintered silicon carbide (SiC)--a chemically inert and strongly microwave absorbing material--as passive heating elements (PHEs). These heating inserts absorb microwave energy and subsequently transfer the generated thermal energy via conduction phenomena to the reaction mixture. The use of passive heating elements allows otherwise microwave transparent or poorly absorbing solvents such as hexane, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or toluene to be effectively heated to temperatures far above their boiling points (200-250 degrees C) under sealed vessel microwave conditions. This opens up the possibility to perform microwave synthesis in unpolar solvent environments as demonstrated successfully for several organic transformations, such as Claisen rearrangements, Diels-Alder reactions, Michael additions, N-alkylations, and Dimroth rearrangements. This noninvasive technique is a particularly valuable tool in cases where other options to increase the microwave absorbance of the reaction medium, such as the addition of ionic liquids as heating aids, are not feasible due to an incompatibility of the ionic liquid with a particular substrate. The SiC heating elements are thermally and chemically resistant to 1500 degrees C and compatible with any solvent or reagent.     

先驱体聚合物粘结法制备SiC纳米多孔陶瓷

采用SiC纳米粉体与聚碳硅烷(PCS)为原料低压成型低温烧结制备SiC纳米多孔陶瓷,研究了PCS含量对烧成纳米多孔陶瓷性能的影响。SEM和AFM微观形貌分析表明,PCS裂解产物将SiC纳米颗粒粘结起来,烧成陶瓷内部有大量的纳米孔存在。烧成SiC纳米多孔陶瓷孔径分布呈单峰分布、孔径分布范围窄,随着PCS含量的增大烧成多孔陶瓷强度增大,但孔隙率降低、烧结过程中坯体尺寸线收缩率增大。PCS含量为20wt%时三点弯折强度为36.8MPa,孔隙率为39.5%,平均孔径为49.3 nm。     

微波介质材料BaEu2Ti4O12的交流阻抗谱表征

采用交流阻抗谱技术对微波介质材料BaEu2Ti4O12进行了表征。分析了lgε/lgf, Z″/Z′和Y′/lgf等图谱的特征与材料性能的关系.研究结果表明：1）阻抗谱测试得到的介电常数与所发表的微波测试结果有很好的一致性,高频下得到的介电常数实际上是晶粒和晶界的净结果,高质量烧结的材料应具有薄的晶界，因而应表现出较大的介电常数; 2）如果将材料从高温下缓慢降温或在O2气氛中退火，材料的导电性都会下降，其原因可以理解为这样处理的材料氧空位浓度降低，进而可以推测这有利于降低材料的介电损失.     

New trend of radiation application to polymer modification — irradiation in oxygen free atmosphere and at elevated temperature

Polycarbosilane (PCS) fiber as a precursor for ceramic fiber of silicon carbide was cured by electron beam (EB) irradiation under oxygen free atmosphere. Oxygen content in the cured PCS fiber was scarce and the obtained silicon carbide (SiC) fiber with low oxygen content showed high heat resistance up to 1973 K and tensile strength of 3 GPa. Also, the EB cured PCS fiber with very low oxygen content could be converted to silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) fiber by the pyrolysis in NH₃ gas atmosphere, which was the new processing to produce Si₃N₄ fiber. The process of SiC fiber synthesis was developed to the commercial plant.

The other application was the crosslinking of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE, which had been recognized to be a typical chain scission polymer, could be induced to crosslinking by irradiation at the molten state in oxygen free atmosphere. The physical properties such as crystallinity, mechanical properties, etc. changed much by crosslinking, and the radiation resistance was much improved.     

The microwave cavity perturbation technique for contact-free and in situ electrical conductivity measurements in catalysis and materials science

We have developed a noncontact method to probe the electrical conductivity and complex permittivity of single and polycrystalline samples in a flow-through reactor in the temperature range of 20-500 °C and in various gas atmospheres. The method is based on the microwave cavity perturbation technique and allows the simultaneous measurement of microwave conductivity, permittivity and of the catalytic performance of heterogeneous catalysts without any need for contacting the sample with electrodes. The sensitivity of the method towards changes in bulk properties was proven by the investigation of characteristic first-order phase transitions of the ionic conductor rubidium nitrate in the temperature range between 20 and 320 °C, and by studying the temperature dependence of the complex permittivity and conductivity of a niobium(V)-doped vanadium-phosphorous-oxide catalyst for the selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride. Simultaneously, the catalytic performance was probed by on line GC analysis of evolving product gases making the technique a real in situ method enabling the noninvasive investigation of electronic structure-function relationships.     

Investigating the existence of nonthermal/specific microwave effects using silicon carbide heating elements as power modulators

The use of passive heating elements made out of chemically inert sintered silicon carbide (SiC) allows microwave transparent or poorly absorbing reaction mixtures to be heated under microwave conditions. The cylindrical heating inserts efficiently absorb microwave energy and subsequently transfer the generated thermal energy via conduction phenomena to the reaction mixture. In the case of low to medium microwave absorbing reaction mixtures, the addition of SiC heating elements results in significant reductions (30-70%) in the required microwave power as compared to experiments performed without heating element at the same temperature. The method has been used to probe the influence of microwave power (electromagnetic field strength) on chemical reactions. Six diverse types of chemical transformations were performed in the presence or absence of a SiC heating element at the same reaction temperature but at different microwave power levels. In all six cases, the measured conversions/yields were similar regardless of whether a heating element was used or not. The applied microwave power had no influence on the reaction rate, and only the attained temperature governed the outcome of a specific chemical process under microwave conditions.     

三维有序多孔图案化SiC陶瓷的制备

结合毛细管微模塑技术、模板技术和先驱体转化技术, 以图案化聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)弹性体为模具,以氧化硅凝胶小球为模板, 以液态聚碳硅烷(PCS)为先驱体, 经过氧化硅凝胶小球图案化模板的形成, 先驱体的渗入, 模板中先驱体的交联, 弹性模具的去除, 图案化先驱体的无机化和模板的去除, 制备了图案化多孔SiC 陶瓷.研究结果表明：所制备的图案化多孔陶瓷中, 图案的尺寸受图案化PDMS 弹性模具的控制, 球形孔的孔径可由氧化硅凝胶小球来调节. 图案化陶瓷中球形孔不仅三维有序排列, 而且由于模板中小球的相互接触形成的“窗 口”使球形孔三维贯通.     

聚碳硅烷纤维的热交联研究

在无氧的情况下对PCS纤维进行热交联时 ,发现在热交联前纤维必须有一个最低的预氧化程度 ,然后通过PCS纤维自身热交联实现预氧化 ,这样可降低纤维 1 3的氧含量 ,制备性能优良的SiC纤维 .研究了低预氧化PCS纤维热交联反应的机理 ,并对引入氧在热交联中所起的作用进行了分析 .研究结果表明 ,PCS纤维能够进行热交联处理所需的最低预氧化程度为纤维氧增重 9% ;热交联的过程主要是消耗了PCS中的SiH键 ,生成SiCH2 Si键 ,形成分子间交联 ;引入的少量氧预氧化时生成SiOH键 ,热交联中发生脱水反应生成SiOSi键 ,在纤维表层形成保护层 ,保证了纤维的热交联顺利进行     

Electromagnetic interference shielding and radiation absorption in thin polypyrrole films

Results of permittivity measurements, electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness, and heat generation due to microwave absorption in conducting polymer coated textiles are reported and discussed. The intrinsically conducting polymer, polypyrrole, doped with anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (AQSA) or para-toluene-2-sulfonic acid (pTSA) was applied on textile substrates and the resulting materials were investigated in the frequency range 1-18 GHz. The 0.54 mm thick conducting textile/polypyrrole composites absorbed up to 49.5% of the incident 30-35 W microwave radiation. A thermography station was used to monitor the temperature of these composites during the irradiation process, where absorption was confirmed via visible heat losses. Samples with lower conductivity showed larger temperature increases caused by microwave absorption compared to samples with higher conductivity. A sample with an average sheet resistivity of 150 Ω/sq. showed a maximum temperature increase of 5.27 °C, whilst a sample with a lower resistivity (105 Ω/sq.) rose by 3.85 °C.