A DFT study on the mechanism of hydrosilylation of unsaturated compounds with neutral hydrido(hydrosilylene)tungsten complex

Recently, Tobita et al. reported stoichiometric hydrosilylation reactions of acetone and acetonitrile with neutral hydrido(hydrosilylene)tungsten complexes Cp'(CO)2(H)W=Si(H)[C(SiMe(3))(3)] (Cp' = Cp*, C(5)Me(4)Et). The mechanisms of the hydrosilylation reactions of unsaturated compounds (ketone and nitrile) with the tungsten complexes have been investigated with the B(3)LYP density functional theory method. Four possible reaction mechanisms were studied. The results of the calculations indicate that the hydrosilylation of acetone proceeds via a metal hydride migration mechanism proposed by Tobita et al., while the hydrosilylation of nitrile occurs through a silyl migration mechanism, analogous to the modified Chalk-Harrod mechanism. The [2(sigma)+2(pi)] additions of various CX (CX = C=O or CN) multiple bonds with the Si-H bonds in the neutral complexes have very high barriers although similar additions were found feasible in other related cationic complexes. All the hydrosilylation reactions studied here give stable tungsten-silylene or tungsten-silyl products, which are not easily converted into the starting hydrido(hydrosilylene)tungsten complexes when reacting with a hydrosilane substrate molecule. Therefore, we predict that hydrosilylation of acetonitrile and acetone catalyzed by these tungsten complexes is difficult to achieve.     

Stoichiometric hydrosilylation of nitriles with hydrido(hydrosilylene)tungsten complexes: formation of W-Si-N three-membered ring complexes and their unique thermal behaviors

Reactions of hydrido(hydrosilylene)tungsten complexes, Cp'(CO)2(H)W=Si(H)[C(SiMe3)3], with nitriles (MeCN, tBuCN) at 60 degrees C gave hydrosilylation products, Cp'(CO)2W[kappa2(N,Si)-Si(H)(N=CHR'){C(SiMe3)3}] (R' = Me, tBu), with a novel W-Si-N three-membered ring structure. The product of the hydrosilylation of tBuCN underwent reversible rearrangement at 70 degrees C to a silylene complex, Cp'(CO)2(H)W=Si(N=CHtBu)[C(SiMe3)3], which was a major component in equilibrium. A reaction mechanism for the hydrosilylation involving coordination of nitriles to the silylene ligand and subsequent migration of the hydrido ligand to the nitrile carbon was proposed.     

Hydrido(hydrosilylene)tungsten Complexes: Dynamic Behavior and Reactivity Toward Acetone

Reaction of a labile tungsten nitrile complex, [(Cp*)W(CO)₂(NCMe)Me] (Cp*=η⁵‐C₅Me₅), with H₃SiC(SiMe₃)₃ gave the hydrido(hydrosilylene) complex [(Cp*)(CO)₂(H)W?Si(H){C(SiMe₃)₃}] ( 1a ). The hydrido(silylene) complex [(η⁵‐C₅Me₄Et)(CO)₂(H)W?SiMes₂] ( 2 ) (Mes=2,4,6‐Me‐C₆H₂) was synthesized by a similar reaction with H₂SiMes₂. There is a strong interligand interaction between the hydrido and silylene ligands of these complexes; this was confirmed by a neutron diffraction study of [D₂] 1b , that is, the deuterido and η⁵‐C₅Me₄Et derivative of 1a . The exchange between the W? H and the Si? D groups was observed in the deuterido complex [D] 1a . This H/D exchange proceeded slowly at room temperature, but very rapidly under UV irradiation. Variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy measurements show the dynamic behavior of carbonyl ligands in 1a . Complex 1a reacted with acetone at room temperature to give mainly a hydrosilylation product, [(Cp*)(CO)₂(H)W?Si(OiPr){C(SiMe₃)₃}] ( 3a ), along with a siloxy complex, [(Cp*)(CO)₂WO(Si(H)iPr{C(SiMe₃)₃})] ( 4a ). At low temperature, a different reaction, namely, α‐H abstraction, proceeded to give an equilibrium mixture of 1a and a dihydrido(silyl) complex, [(Cp*)(CO)₂(H)₂W(Si(H){OC(?CH₂)Me}{C(SiMe₃)₃})] ( 5 ).     

Reactions of an amphoteric terminal tungsten methylidyne complex.

Treatment of [Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--PPh(3)][PF(6)] (Tp' = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolylborate)) with Na[HBEt(3)] in THF forms the methylidyne complex Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--H via formyl and carbene intermediates Tp'(CO)(C(O)H)W triple bond C- PPh(3) and Tp'(CO)(2)W=C(PPh(3))(H), respectively. Spectroscopic features reported for Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--H include the W triple bond C stretch (observed by both IR and Raman spectroscopy) and the (183)W NMR signal (detected by a (1)H, (183)W 2D HMQC experiment). Protonation of the Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--H methylidyne complex with HBF(4).Et(2)O yields the cationic alpha-agostic methylidene complex [Tp'(CO)(2)W=CH(2)][BF(4)]. The methylidyne complex Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C-H can be deprotonated with alkyllithium reagents to provide the anionic terminal carbide Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--Li; a downfield resonance at 556 ppm in the (13)C NMR spectrum has been assigned to the carbide carbon. The terminal carbide Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C-Li adds electrophiles at the carbide carbon to generate Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--R (R = CH(3), SiMe(3), I, C(OH)Ph(2), CH(OH)Ph, and C(O)Ph) Fischer carbynes. A pK(a) of 28.7 was determined for Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--H in THF by titrating the terminal carbide Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--Li with 2-benzylpyridine and monitoring its conversion to Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--H with in situ IR spectroscopy. Addition of excess Na[HBEt(3)] to neutral Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--H generates the anionic methylidene complex [Na][Tp'(CO)(2)W=CH(2)]. The synthetic methodology for generating an anionic methylidene complex by hydride addition to neutral Tp'(CO)(2)W triple bond C--H contrasts with routes that utilize alpha-hydrogen abstraction or hydride removal from neutral methyl precursors to generate methylidene complexes. Addition of PhSSPh to the anionic methylidene complex in solution generates the saturated tungsten product Tp'(CO)(2)W(eta(2)-CH(2)SPh) by net addition of the SPh(+) moiety.     

Synthesis and Reactions of Functionally Substituted 2-(Adamantan-1-yl)oxiranes

Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry - Functionally substituted oxiranes were synthesized by epoxidation of unsaturated compounds of the adamantane series with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid....     

Synthesis and crystal and molecular structure of a hydrido tetraamine cobalt(III) complex

A moderately stable hydrido complex of a tetraaminecobalt(III) complex has been synthesised, a first, and the crystal structure and properties are reported.     

Reactions of oxiranes with alkali metals: intermediacy of radical-anions

Reaction of oxiranes with alkali metals in aprotic solvents yields a variety of products depending on the nature of the metal and the structure of the oxirane. Deoxygenation to olefins is the major reaction in case of lithium. Rearrangement to carbonyl compounds, reduction to alcohols and formation of dimeric products occur when oxiranes are treated with sodium. All the reactions could be rationalised by a mechanism involving an initial single electron transfer leading to the formation of a radical-anion intermediate.     

Reactions of pentaborane(9) with electron-rich molybdenum and tungsten phosphine polyhydrides

Reaction of [W(PMe₂Ph)₃H₆] with pentaborane(9) gives nido-2-[W(PMe₂Ph)₃H₂B₄H₈] (1) as well as nido-2-[W(PMe₂Ph)₃HB₅H₁₀] (2). The crystal structure of (2) has been determined. Compound (2) has a novel metallaborane structure containing an edge-bridging {BH₃} group between the tungsten atom and one of the basal boron atoms in a “nido-WB₄” pyramid. Reaction of [W(PMe₃)₄(η²-CH₂PMe₂)H] with pentaborane(9) gives nido-2-[W(PMe₃)₃H₂B₄H₈] (3) whilst reaction of [Mo(L)₄H₄] with pentaborane(9) gives nido-2-[Mo(L)₃H₂B₄H₈] [L = PMe₃ (4), PMe₂Ph (5)]. Treatment of [Mo(PMe₃)₄H₄] with excess BH₃ · thf gives the known borohydride [Mo(PMe₃)₄H(η²-BH₄)].     

Reactions of tungsten(VI) and molybdenum(V) chlorides,and tungsten(VI) and molybdenum(VI) oxychlorides,with azoxybenzene

Reactions of W^VI and Mo^V chlorides with azoxybenzene yield ionic species of W^VI and Mo^VI oxychlorides in which the cation is a protonated azobenzene. The reaction between MoCl₅ or MoOCl₄ and azoxybenzene gives, after extraction with methylene chloride—ethanol mixture, the complex [trans-MoOCl₄(OC₂H₅)]^? [C₁₂H₁₀N₂H]⁺. In contrast, WOCl₄ reacts with azoxybenzene to give a stable non-ionic adduct in which the organic moiety is coordinated through its oxygen atom trans to the WO bond. Several complexes of substituted azoxybenzene having similar structures are described.     

Reactions of organic halides with a trigonal pyramidal nickel(0) complex

The nickel(0) comlex [Ni(np₃)], np₃  tris(2-diphenylphinoethyl)amine, which has a trigonal pyramidal geometry in the solid state, readily reacts in solution with organic halides (CH₃I, C₂H₅Cl, C₃H₇Cl, C₆H₅Cl, C₆H₅Br, C₆H₅I and C₆H₅CH₂Cl) to give nickel(I) species with formula [NiX(np3)], (X  Cl, Br, I). Benezene, biphenyl, o-, m-, p-chlorobiphenyl are the other products from the reaction between the title complex and chlorobenzene.     

Application of a ternary complex of tungsten(VI) with 4-nitrocatechol and thiazolyl blue for extraction-spectrophotometric determination of tungsten

A new ternary ion-association complex of tungsten(VI), 4-nitrocatechol (NC), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (Thiazolyl Blue, MTT) was obtained and studied using an extraction-spectrophotometric method. The optimum pH, reagent concentrations, and extraction time were determined. The composition of the complex was found to be W(VI): NC: MTT = 1: 2: 2. The extraction process was investigated quantitatively and the key constants were calculated. The molar absorptivity of the chloroform extract at λ_max = 415 nm was 2.8 × 10⁴ dm³ mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, and the Beer’s law was obeyed up to 8.8 μg cm⁻³ tungsten(IV). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated to be 0.27 μg cm⁻³ and 0.92 μg cm⁻³, respectively. The effect of foreign ions and reagents was studied and a competitive method for determination of tungsten in products from ferrous metallurgy was developed. The residual standard deviation and the relative error were 0.53 % and 0.2 %, respectively.     

Synthesis of a base-stabilized silanone-coordinated complex by oxygenation of a (silyl)(silylene)tungsten complex

Base-stabilized silanone complex Cp*(OC)(2)W(SiMe(3)){O═SiMes(2)(DMAP)} (2) was synthesized by the reaction of (silyl)(silylene)tungsten complex Cp*(OC)(2)W(SiMe(3))(═SiMes(2)) (1) with 1 equiv of pyridine-N-oxide (PNO) in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP). Further oxygenation of 2 with 3 equiv of PNO at 80 °C resulted in the formation of a W-O-Si-O-Si framework to give disiloxanoxy complex Cp*(O)(2)W{OSiMes(2)(OSiMe(3))} (3). Complex 3 was also obtained by the direct reaction of complex 1 with 4 equiv of PNO at 80 °C.     

Reactions of a 2-picolyl-bridged palladium(ii) complex with some pyrazole derivatives

A 2-picolyl-bridged dinuclear complex, [Pd(2-picolyl)Cl(PPh₃)₂] (I) reacted with alkali metal salts of poly(1-pyrazolyl)borates, Na(BPz₄) (Pz = 1-pyrazolyl), Na(HBPz₃),and K(H₂BPz₂) to afford the complexes, [Pd(2-picolyl)(BPz₄)₂] (II), [Pd(2-picolyl)(HBPz₃)(PPh₃)] (III), and [Pd(2-picolyl)(H₂BPz₂)₂] (V), respectively. Complexes II and V retained the 2-picolyl bridge, whereas III was mononuclear without the bridge. Complex I was treated with hydrated silver perchlorate in the presence of tris(1-pyrazolyl)methane to give [Pd(2-picolyl)(OH₂)(PPh₃)₂](ClO₄)₂ (VI) without incorporating the neutral ligand.