Generalized variational principles of the viscoelastic body with voids and their applications

From the Boltzmann‘ s constitutive law of viscoelastic materials and the linear theory of elastic materials with voids, a constitutive model of generalized force fields for viscoelastic solids with voids was given. By using the variational integral method, the convolution-type functional was given and the corresponding generalized variational principles and potential energy principle of viscoelastic solids with voids were presented. It can be shown that the variational principles correspond to the differential equations and theinitial and boundary conditions of viscoelastic body with voids. As an application, a generalized variational principle of viscoelastic Timoshenko beams with damage was obtained which corresponds to the differential equations of generalized motion and the initial and boundary conditions of beams. The variational principles provide a way for solving problems of viscoelastic solids with voids.     

带孔隙损伤的弹性固体的广义变分原理

应用弹性微结构理论,建立了具广义力场带孔隙损伤线弹性固体的基本模型．应用变积方法,同时分别建立了带孔隙损伤弹性固体四类和两类变量的广义变分原理,这些变分原理对应着带孔隙损伤弹性固体微分方程和初值边值条件．应用弹性微结构理论,建立了带孔隙损伤的弹性Timoshenko 梁的基本方程,得到带孔隙损伤的弹性Timoshenko 梁两类变量的广义变分原理．这些广义变分原理为近似求解带孔隙损伤的弹性问题提供了有效途径．     

Kinematic analysis of the general spatial 7R mechanism

The displacement. velocity and acceleration analysis of the general spatial 7R mechanism is discussed in this paper. Based on the method proposed in Ref. [2], an input-output algebra equation of the 16th degree in the tan-half-angle of the output angular displacement is derived. The derivation process and computation are considerably simple. A program written in AI language is used to derive the coefficients of displacement equations: therefore the amount of manual work is greatly decreased. The results are verified by a numerical example. The researches of this paper and Ref.[5] found a base for establishing an expert system of spatial mechanism analysis in the future.     

粘弹性Timoshenko梁的变分原理和静动力学行为分析

从线性、各向同性、均匀粘弹性材料的Boltzmann本构定律出发,通过Laplace变换及其反变换,由三维积分型本构关系给出了Timoshenko梁的本构关系,并由此建立了小挠度情况下粘弹性Timoshenko梁的静动力学行为分析的数学模型,一个积分-偏微分方程组的初边值问题.同时,采用卷积,建立了相应的简化Gurtin型变分原理.给出了两个算例,考查了梁的厚度h与梁的长度l之比β对梁的力学行为的影响.     

具有广义力场损伤粘弹性梁-柱的广义变分原理及应用

本文从考虑损伤的粘弹性材料的卷积型本构关系出发,建立了在小变形下损伤粘弹性梁-柱的控制方程。提出了以卷积形式表示的梁-柱弯曲问题的泛函,并给出了损伤粘弹性梁-柱的广义变分原理。应用这个广义变分原理,可分别给出梁-柱位移和损伤满足的基本方程,以及相应的初始条件和边界条件。应用Galerkin截断和非线性动力学的数值分析方法,分析了两端简支损伤粘弹性梁柱的动力学行为,给出了不同的材料参数对系统响应的影响。     

分析力学初值问题的一种变分原理形式

明确了分析力学初值问题的控制方程,按照广义力和广义位移之间的对应关系,将 各控制方程卷乘上相应的虚量,代数相加,进而在 原空间中建立了分析力学初值问题的一种变分原理形式,即建立了分析力学初值问题的卷积 型变分原理和卷积型广义变分原理. 推导了分析力学初值问题卷积型变分原理和卷积型广义 变分原理的驻值条件. 在建立分析力学初值问题的一种变分原理形式的同时, 将变积方法推广为卷变积方法.     

On the method of Lagrange multiplier and others

The fundamentals for the correct use of the method of Lagrange multiplier are presented and illustrated by examples. Some misunderstandings of the method are clarified. Equivalent variational principles are defined. It is pointed out that for a given problem of mechanics, there may be many equivalent and unequivalent variational principles. The functional of the so called generalized variational principles of elasticity with more general forms^[16] are linear combinations of the well known functionals given by Reissner and Hu-Washizu.     

COUPLING EFFECTS OF VOID SHAPE AND VOID SIZE ON THE GROWTH OF AN ELLIPTIC VOID IN A FIBER-REINFORCED HYPER-ELASTIC THIN PLATE

The growth of a prolate or oblate elliptic micro-void in a fiber reinforced anisotropic incompressible hyper-elastic rectangular thin plate subjected to uniaxial extensions is studied within the framework of finite elasticity. Coupling effects of void shape and void size on the growth of the void are paid special attention to. The deformation function of the plate with an isolated elliptic void is given, which is expressed by two parameters to solve the differential equation. The solution is approximately obtained from the minimum potential energy principle. Deformation curves for the void with a wide range of void aspect ratios and the stress distributions on the surface of the void have been obtained by numerical computation. The growth behavior of the void and the characteristics of stress distributions on the surface of the void are captured. The combined effects of void size and void shape on the growth of the void in the thin plate are discussed. The maximum stresses for the void with different sizes and different void aspect ratios are compared.     

变截面Timoshenko梁的单元刚度矩阵

变截面构件在工程中应用广泛,在对变截面梁进行数值计算时,需要建立变截面梁单元的刚度矩阵。该文采用势能驻值原理,考虑了轴力引起的几何非线性和剪切变形的影响,将梁截面刚度的变化率作为小量,得到了近似到二阶的单元刚度矩阵。在构造位移模式时,从梁的微分平衡方程出发,得到同样近似到二阶、分别以三次和五次多项式表示的剪切和弯曲位移模式。该文还证明了单元刚度矩阵的奇异性,给出了轴压刚度的表达式,定量论证了与某些精确解的误差,表明在一定范围内,该文的结果具有足够的精度。最后以一个计算实例说明该文的单元刚度矩阵具有较快的收敛性。     

基于弹性地基梁计算的Daubechies条件小波Ritz法研究

在现有的Daubechies小波Ritz法中,为方便边界条件的引入,借助于位移转换矩阵将Daubechies小波待定系数转换为节点位移。但该方法会降低计算精度,并且计算结果是多个离散的单点位移,不利于进一步解得弯矩、剪力、荷载集度。为寻求更为高效精确的弹性地基梁计算方法,对现有的Daubechies小波Ritz法进行改进,以避免位移转换矩阵的出现,从而提高了计算精度。结合广义变分原理,采用Lagrange乘子法,将边界条件作为附加条件引入自然变分条件下的泛函表达式,构造新的修正泛函。以该修正泛函的驻值条件建立求解矩阵方程组,进而解得未知场函数。此法称为Daubechies条件小波Ritz法。该法计算结果直接是小波基函数待定系数,单元内部任意点的位移均可通过小波基函数得到,也可进一步解得弯矩、剪力、荷载集度,因此比原有方法更为有效。最后,采用受均布荷载的两端铰支弹性地基梁算例,将Daubechies条件小波Ritz法计算结果与基于弹性地基梁理论的解析解进行比较,挠度值（保留小数点后6位小数）与解析解完全一致,弯矩值的相对误差为0.03%,说明Daubechies条件小波Ritz法具有较高计算精度。     

Vibration analysis of a planar multilink manipulator using a reduced-order matrix formulation

The main scope of this paper is both to provide an efficient formulation for deriving natural frequencies and mode shapes of a multilink flexible manipulator in an arbitrary posture and discuss the importance of introducing axial deformations along with transversal ones in the same postures. The free vibration problem is solved through a global transfer matrix formulation, which is obtained by opportunely assembling the transfer matrices of links and joints associated with the desired configuration of the robot. The formulation has been chosen in order to keep the same matrix order of the problem, regardless of the number of links of the manipulator. Manipulator links are treated as Timoshenko beams by accounting for both axial loading capability and mass/inertial effects due to the joint actuators. Numerical comparisons between the solutions derived herein and those obtained through existing formulations highlight the importance of the proposed model within the frame of multilink flexible manipulators. A forced vibration analysis is finally presented for a two-link manipulator.     

Reissner板问题的有限元广义混合法

用一般弹性体的广义混合变分原理,导出了适合Ｒｅｉｓｓｎｅｒ板弯曲问题的广义混合变分原理及其有限元广义混合法。算例说明,该有限元模式的刚度可以改变,比常规位移法的精度高,同时还能克服常规Ｒｅｉｓｓｎｅｒ板位移元用于计算薄板时所出现的“剪切自锁”现象,计算结果稳定,最后分析该法能够克服“剪切自锁”现象的原因。     

一种新型的薄板弯曲单元

本文将薄板弯曲问题的4阶微分方程,化为两个2阶微分方程,并提出了一个与之相应的三变量广义变分原理,然后从这个原理出发,进行有限元求解。该方法不但成功地将C~1连续性条件降为C~0问题,而且降低了板单元的自由度数目,同时单元的精度也是令人满意的。     

Computation of super-convergent nodal stresses of timoshenko beam elements by EEP method

The newly proposed element energy projection (EEP) method has been applied to the computation of super-convergent nodal stresses of Timoshenko beam elements. Generalformul as based on element projection theorem were derived and illustrative numerical examples using two typical elements were given. Both the analysis and examples show that EEP method also works very well for the problems with vector function solutions. The EEP method gives super-convergent nodal stresses, which are well comparable to the nodal displacements in terms of both convergence rate and error magnitude. And in addition, it can overcome the “ shear locking“ difficulty for stresses even when the displacements are badly affected. This research paves the way for application of the EEP method to general onedimensional systems of ordinary differential equations.     

波导本征问题分析的比例边界有限元方法

引入了一种求解波导本征值问题的高效而精确算法-比例边界有限元方法SBFEM (Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method).该方法的一个特点是只需在边界上进行离散,问题降低一维,使计算工作量大大减少;另一特点是所建立的控制方程为二阶常微分方程,可以解析地求解,使计算精度得到了保证.论文利用变分原理并通过比例边界坐标变换,推导了TE波和TM波波导的比例边界有限元频域方程以及波导动剐度方程,同时给出了波导动刚度矩阵的连分式解形式,通过引入辅助变量进一步得出波导特征值方程并求出波导本征值.以矩形、L形波导和叶型加载矩形波导的本征问题分析为例,通过与解析解及其他数值方法比较,结果表明,此方法具有精度高、计算工作量小的优点,而且随着连分式阶数增加收敛速度快.进一步分析了一类角切四脊正方形波导的传输特性.     

由结构力学的平面问题例说最小势能原理

最小势能原理作为结构力学的提高部分,很少在该课程中看到关于它的完整介绍。本文以等刚度连续梁为研究对象,在只考虑弯曲变形的情况下,讨论了位移法典型方程的适用条件。在此基础上,分析了势能法和位移法之间的对偶关系。得出：等刚度连续梁在平面载荷与支座反力构成的平衡力系作用下,可能的小位移状态由虚力方程控制。若真实位移还能利用叠加原理进行求解,则可能位移状态下的总势能在真实位移处取极小值。等刚度连续梁弯曲变形的分析验证了最小势能原理,有助于对一般情况下最小势能原理的深刻认识。

     

A modified Hellinger-Reissner variational functional including only two independent variables for large displacement of thin shallow shell

I.IntroductionThemathematicalbasisofthefiniteelementmethodisthevariationalprinciple,andthedevelopmentofthefiniteelementmethodimpelsthevariationalprincipleitselftogetanewdevelopment.ThevariationalprincipIepresentedbyT.H.H.PianandP.Tongistheonethatthecontin…     

Fully coupled flow-induced vibration of structures under small deformation with GMRES method

Lagrangian-Eulerian formulations based on a generalized variational principle of fluid-solid coupling dynamics are established to describe flow-induced vibration of a structure under small deformation in an incompressible viscous fluid flow. The spatial discretization of the formulations is based on the multi-linear interpolating functions by using the finite element method for both the fluid and solid structures. The generalized trapezoidal rule is used to obtain apparently non-symmetric linear equations in an incremental form for the variables of the flow and vibration. The nonlinear convective term and time factors are contained in the non-symmetric coefficient matrix of the equations. The generalized minimum residual （GMRES） method is used to solve the incremental equations. A new stable algorithm of GMRES-Hughes-Newmark is developed to deal with the flow-induced vibration with dynamical fluid-structure interaction in complex geometries. Good agreement between the simulations and laboratory measurements of the pressure and blade vibration accelerations in a hydro turbine passage was obtained, indicating that the GiViRES-Hughes-Newmark algorithm presented in this paper is suitable for dealing with the flow-induced vibration of structures under small deformation.     

PARAMETRIC VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE BASED ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS WITH VORONOI FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The Voronoi cell finite element method (VCFEM) is adopted to overcome the limitations of the classic displacement based finite element method in the numerical simulation of heterogeneous materials. The parametric variational principle and quadratic programming method are developed for elastic-plastic Voronoi finite element analysis of two-dimensional problems. Finite element formulations are derived and a standard quadratic programming model is deduced from the elastic-plastic equations. Influence of microscopic heterogeneities on the overall mechanical response of heterogeneous materials is studied in detail. The overall properties of heterogeneous materials depend mostly on the size, shape and distribution of the material phases of the microstructure. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the method developed.     

基于区域分解的环肋圆柱壳-圆锥壳组合结构振动分析

提出了一种区域分解法来分析不同边界条件下环肋骨圆柱壳-圆锥壳组合结构的振动特性.首先把组合壳体分解为自由的圆柱壳、圆锥壳段;视环肋骨为离散元件,根据肋骨与圆柱壳段之间的变形协调条件,将肋骨的动能和应变能附加于圆柱壳段能量泛函中.然后基于分区广义变分和最小二乘加权残值法将所有分区界面的位移协调方程引入到组合壳体的能量泛函中.圆柱壳段、圆锥壳段位移变量的周向和轴向分量分别采用Fourier级数和Chebyshev多项式展开.以自由-自由、自由-固支和固支-固支边界条件的环肋骨组合壳体为例,采用区域分解法分析了其自由振动及在不同激励下的振动响应.通过与有限元软件ANSYS结果进行对比,发现两种方法计算结果非常吻合,验证了区域分解方法的计算精度和高效性.