Progress of coherent optical fibre communication systems

The recent progress of coherent optical fibre communication systems is reviewed. System constituent technologies, such as coherent optical modulation-demodulation, optical direct amplification for repeaters and single polarization fibre transmission are outlined. Several important optical device technologies, such as frequency stabilization of semiconductor lasers, AM and FM quantum noise and their reduction, and integrated opto-electronic devices, are also described. Finally, on the basis of the current state of the art in these technological areas, the expected system performance and future problems are discussed.     

New phase and polarization-insensitive receivers for coherent optical fibre communication systems

We propose new phase- and polarisation-insensitive receivers for coherent optical fibre communication systems which have the following characteristic features: (a) insensitivity to LO excess noise in addition to phase- and polarization-insensitivity; (b) absence of optical PLL and polarization control devices; (c) a smaller detector bandwidth requirement than for heterodyne systems; (d) the same source linewidth requirement as for heterodyne systems with non-coherent demodulation; (e) the possibility of a complete optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) version in the future.     

Wide-band optical fibre local distribution systems

The concept of a wide-band optical local network is presented and the technical aspects are discussed in detail. The types of service are outlined and grouped according to the requirements for transmission capacity. The components available and their characteristics are presented. The modulation characteristics of the semiconductor laser are scrutinized and show that the laser is unfit for high-quality analogue intensity modulation. The aspects of digital and analogue transmission of television are examined and compared. Analogue transmission can provide transmission of only a few TV channels at the present level of quality whereas digital transmission can provide improved quality with a comfortable system margin. However, none of the schemes are suited for simultaneous transmission of many TV channels, which shows that the direct optical equivalent of a conventional CATV network cannot yet be constructed. The concepts of central switching and customer switching are outlined together with the options for multiplexing and network structure. Finally a review is made of known activities. The review covers eleven studied, planned and implemented experimental networks. Nearly all of the networks employ central switching. The older experiments use exclusively analogue transmission whereas there is a growing tendency to use digital transmission in recently planned networks.     

The Bayes' optimal receiver for digital fibre optic communication systems

A rigorous treatment of the optimal receiver for digital fibre optic systems is presented. Starting from physical and theoretical considerations, a signal-plus-noise model is obtained for the input stage of an optical receiver. The model is used to set up a hypothesis-testing problem for a transmitted sequence of binary independent and identically distributed information symbols. The Bayes optimal receiver is next derived using the Karhunen-Loève expansion, and upper bounds of the Chernoff type are obtained for its performance. The derived formulae are applied to a typical system and numerical results are obtained which show an improvement of at least 4 db in favour of the optimal receiver when compared to its conventional counterpart at a 10^–9 error rate.     

Investigation of bending loss in a single-mode optical fibre

Loss of optical power in a single-mode optical fibre due to bending has been investigated for a wavelength of 1550 nm. In this experiment, the effects of bending radius (4–15 mm, with steps of 1 mm), and wrapping turns (up to 40 turns) on loss have been studied. Twisting the optical fibre and its influence on power loss also have been investigated.     

Endless polarization stabilization control for optical communication systems

An endless polarization stabilization control system is proposed in this letter. The system is independent of transmission data rate and modulation format, and it does not need high-speed circuit to track fast polarization change. Adaptive inertia weight particle swarm optimization algorithm is used and the effectiveness of polarization stabilization control is experimentally verified.     

Improved planar optical branching elements for multimode fibre transmission systems

The optical tapping and fan-out elements which we had previously fabricated for multimode fibre transmission systems all suffered from the serious drawback that the aging of the light-sensitive foil used in our simple planar technology resulted in a deterioration in the performance of structures using such foil as a planar waveguide. This paper introduces improved optical structures in which this drawback has been avoided while stil retaining the simple technique by which high fibre positioning accuracy is assured. In addition the overall insertion loss of the structures has been reduced to about 2 dB for the fan-out structure and 1.2 dB–1.5 dB for the access coupler.     

Fiber optical parametric amplifiers in optical communication systems

The prospects for using fiber optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) in optical communication systems are reviewed. Phase‐insensitive amplifiers (PIAs) and phase‐sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) are considered. Low‐penalty amplification at/or near 1 Tb/s has been achieved, for both wavelength‐ and time‐division multiplexed formats. High‐quality mid‐span spectral inversion has been demonstrated at 0.64 Tb/s, avoiding electronic dispersion compensation. All‐optical amplitude regeneration of amplitude‐modulated signals has been performed, while PSAs have been used to demonstrate phase regeneration of phase‐modulated signals. A PSA with 1.1‐dB noise figure has been demonstrated, and preliminary wavelength‐division multiplexing experiments have been performed with PSAs. 512 Gb/s have been transmitted over 6,000 km by periodic phase conjugation. Simulations indicate that PIAs could reach data rate x reach products in excess of 14,000 Tb/s × km in realistic wavelength‐division multiplexed long‐haul networks. Technical challenges remaining to be addressed in order for fiber OPAs to become useful for long‐haul communication networks are discussed.

     

移动通讯用声表面波器件发展近况

本文首先回顾了民用声表面波器件的最新发展概况．随着移动通讯的发展，声表面波器件的最大应用市场将是通讯，而低插损声表面波滤波器成为新的研究高潮．本文因此随后简要介绍了几种主要的低插损结构的研究情况及其在移动通讯中的应用．最后，展望了声表面波器件的发展趋势．     

Polarization modulated coherent optical communication systems

Polarization modulated coherent optical communication systems are interesting for low-phase noise-induced penalty and insensitivity to the fluctuations of the field state of polarization if a suitable tracking is adopted. In this paper, sever kinds of binary and multilevel polarization modulated systems are presented based c Stokes parameters detection. Quantum limit performance is determined and phase noise-induced penalty is evaluated both in the presence of a sample and hold decision device and in case of postdetection filtering.     

Polarization modulated coherent optical communication systems

Abstract

Polarization modulated coherent optical communication systems are interesting for low-phase noise-induced penalty and insensitivity to the fluctuations of the field state of polarization if a suitable tracking is adopted. In this paper, sever kinds of binary and multilevel polarization modulated systems are presented based c Stokes parameters detection. Quantum limit performance is determined and phase noise-induced penalty is evaluated both in the presence of a sample and hold decision device and in case of postdetection filtering.     

Timing error tolerant waveforms in optical fibre systems

The problem of pulse shaping and sensitivity to timing errors in optical fibre data communication is considered. The performance of the overall transmission system is the average probability of error, which is computed for intersymbol interference, thermal noise, and shot noise in avalanche photodiodes. An analysis of the immunity to small sampling errors of various Nyquist pulses indicates useful design criteria.     

Placement of hybrid optical amplifier in fiber optical communication systems

In this paper, we investigated the post-, pre- and symmetrical power compensation methods for a different position of hybrid optical amplifier RAMAN–EDFA in fiber link. The effect of increase in signal input power for three power compensation methods is compared in terms of bit error rate, eye closure penalty and output received power. It is found that the post power compensation method is superior to pre- and symmetrical power compensation methods. Further, the effect of variation in length of the standard single mode fiber and dispersion-compensated fiber for three power compensation configurations has also been observed. We observed that RAMAN–EDFA as post power compensation method provides least bit error rate (10^?40) and high output power (12 dBm) at ?15 dBm signal input power at fiber link.     

Long-range optical fibre backscatter loss signatures using t wo-point processing

The ability of the two-point technique to obtain accurate backscatter loss signatures for fibre systems with long repeater spacing is investigated. A systematic analysis of the attenuation range capability of two-point processing is presented and a predicted measurement range of 40 dB one-way fibre attenuation verified by measurement. The analysis takes into account the effect of receiver bandwidth, quantization noise and A–D converter nonlinearity.     

Improved analysis of dispersion penalty in optical fibre systems

Based on the model presented by Campbell [1], simple and convenient formulae are developed for calculating the dispersion penalty with consideration of the system pulse shaping, the laser diode spectrum and the different statistics of mode partition noise within and between baud periods. Numerical calculations show that they are good approximations of the complex expressions given by Campbell. Furthermore, we show that Ogawa's mode partition noise expressions in [2] should be corrected by a factor of about 2 and the wave shape at decision should be carefully designed to minimize the mode partition noise.     

Effect of four-wave mixing in WDM optical fibre systems

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) can both significantly enhance transmission capacity and provide more flexibility in optical network design. Through the use of erbium-doped fibre amplifiers (EDFAs), it is possible to build long-distance transparent optical transmission links without electrical regenerators. In such systems, fibre nonlinearities are likely to impose a transmission limit due to increased total interaction length. There are a number of optical nonlinear effects in optical fibres, such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), carrier-induced phase modulation and four-wave mixing (FWM). Out of these SRS and FWM are the dominant effects. In this paper, an algorithm has been suggested to study the effect of FWM in the total system noise considering the combined effect of SRS and FWM in the presence of amplified spontaneous noise (ASE). It has been found from the study that to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of the transmitted signal in a WDM system FWM noise needs to be reduced as this is the dominant noise factor.     

Improving performance of optical fibre chaotic communication by dispersion compensation techniques

This paper numerically investigates the effects of dispersion on optical fibre chaotic communication, and proposes a dispersion compensation scheme to improve the performance of optical fibre chaotic communication system. The obtained results show that the transmitter-receiver synchronization progressively degrades and the signal-to-noise ratio of the recovered message deteriorates as the fibre length increases due to the dispersion accumulation. Two segments of 2.5-km dispersion-compensating fibres are symmetrically placed at both ends of a segment of 245-km nonzero dispersionshifted fibre with low dispersion in one compensation period. The numerical results show that the signal-to-noise ratio of the extracted 1 GHz sinusoidal message is improved from -2.92 dB to 15.38 dB by this dispersion compensation for the transmission distance of 500 km.     

Structure optimisation of modern GaAs-based InGaAs/GaAs quantum-dot VCSELs for optical fibre communication

Room-temperature (RT) continuous-wave (CW) performance of modern 1300-nm oxide-confined In(Ga)As/GaAs quantum-dot (QD) vertical-cavity surface-emitting diode lasers (VCSELs) taking advantage of many QD sheets is investigated using our comprehensive self-consistent simulation model to suggest their optimal design. Obviously, quantum dots should be as uniform as possible and as dense as possible to ensure high enough optical gain. Besides, our simulation reveals that efficient and uniform current injection into VCSEL active regions necessary to enhance excitation of the desired fundamental LP₀₁ mode is accomplished in the VCSEL configuration with the broad-area bottom contact and the ring upper one as well as with the oxide aperture localized within the first period of the upper p-type DBR. The doping of the DBR mirrors is chosen as a compromise between their high enough electrical conductivity and low enough free-carrier absorption. The oxide aperture is additionally introducing the radial optical waveguiding. Moreover, our analysis has been concluded that VCSEL active regions should be composed of at least 9 QD sheets to acquire efficient RT CW operation. Furthermore, rather longer optical cavities are recommended in this case because localization of QD sheets should be adjusted to the anti-node positions of the optical cavity standing wave.     

Bit-rate adaptive optical performance monitoring method for fiber communication systems

A novel bit-rate adaptive method, by varying the optical sampling rates alternatively, is proposed in this paper for optical performance monitoring. Firstly, the theoretical model and the differential software-synchronized algorithm are developed. Then, the results verify that different channel bit-rate can be estimated with high precision irrespective of the modulation formats and signal distortion caused by chromatic dispersion and nonlinearity along the fiber link. Employing the proposed bit-rate adaptive method, the eye diagrams and Q values of 10 Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s and even higher bit-rate signal can be monitored by a single optical performance monitoring system without any prior knowledge about bit-rate or signal period. The method we propose in this paper has the advantage that different channel bit-rates can be adaptively estimated and the differential software-synchronized algorithm is much simpler.