Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Salvia officinalis L

After preparation of medicine tinctures from the herbal plant Salvia officinalis by classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction with aqueous ethanol, the insoluble plant residues were subsequently treated with hot water and dilute alkali to isolate polysaccharide cell wall components. The yields of the hot water extract as well as total extracted polysaccharides were higher in the case of the ultrasound-treated plant in both laboratory and pilot plant experiments. The water-extractable polysaccharide fractions, in all cases, contained glucose, galactose and arabinose as main sugar components, whereas the alkali-extractable fractions were rich in xylans. The fractions also contained considerable amounts of proteins. The water-soluble polysaccharides may contribute to the biological activity of the plant decoction. The results indicate that the addition of a subsequent extraction step during the preparation of the herbal tincture might contribute to a better exploitation of the raw material.     

超声波强化提取对茯苓水溶性多糖结构影响的研究

以茯苓菌核为原料,采用正交实验法确定超声波辅助热水浸提茯苓水溶性多糖的最佳提取条件,并对超声波辅助提取中药多糖的机理进行初步研究。用苯酚硫酸法测定糖含量,傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析糖类官能团,气相色谱法测定单糖组成,原子力显微镜观察多糖结构,并将测定结果与传统热水法浸提所得茯苓多糖进行对比。实验结果表明:采用超声波辅助热水浸提可以使水溶性茯苓多糖的提取率达到2.71%(传统热水浸提法提取率为1.49%),传统热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPTH)与超声波辅助热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPUH)具有相同的单糖组成,都包含核糖、木糖、甘露糖、果糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,二者的红外吸收谱也基本相同,原子力显微镜扫描分析显示,PPTH整体呈现网状结构,而PPUH主要以长短不一的近棒状结构存在。     

南北五味子多糖的提取及清除自由基作用的对比分析

采用水提醇沉法提取五味子中多糖并用分光光度法在620nm波长下测定药物中总多糖的含量,并采用可见分光光度法测定其清除自由基的活力,对比分析南北五味子中多糖与清除自由基作用的相关性.结果显示,五味子中含有丰富的多糖,南北五味子多糖和清除自由基作用存在差异(P＜0.05).测定结果为分析中药抗衰老的药效提供参考资料.     

胡萝卜多糖含量的测定

采用热水浸提、乙醇分级沉淀和洗涤等步骤提取胡萝卜中的多糖,通过苯酚-硫酸比色法测定多糖的含量,选择490nm作为检测波长,在5-60μtg范围内葡萄糖质量浓度和吸光度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r为0.9997,相对标准偏差RSD为1.86％,平均回收率为99.61％,胡萝卜中多糖含量为6.02％.本方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,可作为胡萝卜多糖含量的测定方法,对于综合开发利用胡萝卜及提高胡萝卜品质的研究能提供一定参考依据.     

蒙成药沏其日甘-5中多糖的测定

介绍了提取沏其日甘-5中水溶性多糖、碱溶性多糖的提取方法,并用硫酸-苯酚法测定了沏其日甘-5中总糖、水溶性多糖、碱溶性多糖、不溶性多糖和游离糖的含量.平均回收率为103.2%,RSD为0.91%.     

大花红景天多糖RCPS分离纯化及单糖组成分析

采用水提醇沉方法提取大花红景天粗多糖RCP(rhodiola crenulata polysaccharide),并通过乙醇分级沉淀,Sevag法脱除蛋白,葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱纯化等手段,得到一种多糖RCPS。采用苯酚-硫酸法测定了总糖含量,UV和IR等方法考察了多糖性质,凝胶渗透色谱-示差检测法测定多糖的纯度及分子量范围及分布,GC法鉴定单糖组成及其摩尔比值。结果表明,多糖RCPS为淡黄色粉末状物质,易溶于水,总糖含量为99.11%。紫外光谱分析显示,在195 nm 波长处有明显吸收峰,在260和280 nm等处无吸收峰,说明被测物为多糖,且不含核酸及蛋白质;红外吸收光谱分析表明,在3 424.83,2 934.10,1 742.11,1 438.96,1 261.40, 1 103.54,832.86 cm-1处均有明显的多糖特征吸收,主要由鼠李糖,阿拉伯糖,木糖,甘露糖,葡萄糖,半乳糖和半乳糖醛酸组成,其摩尔比值为1∶2.96∶0.21∶0.26∶0.08∶0.58∶0.15。     

Ultrasound-assisted polysaccharide extraction from Cercis chinensis and properites,antioxidant activity of polysaccharide

The purpose of the study was to improve the extraction of polysaccharide from the leaves of Cercis chinensis Bunge using ultrasound, and compare the difference between boiling and ultrasound extraction in terms of polysaccharide content, monosaccharide compounds, and evaluate how the factors affected the bioactivity. The best conditions, according to the single factor experiments and the Box-Bohnken design (BBD), were an intensity of ultrasound of 180 W, duration of extraction of 40 min, proportion of water to material of 15:1 (g/g), and a higher polysaccharide yield of 20.02 ± 0.55 (mg/g) than in boiling extraction (16.09 ± 0.82 mg/g). The antioxidative experiment suggested the polysaccharide by ultrasound exhibited higher DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities, and reducing power at 1.2–1.4 mg/mL, which was superior to the boiling polysaccharide. Further analysis showed that the ultrasonic purified polysaccharides like Gla, N-Glu, and GluA contained more total sugar and uronic acids than the boiling method did. This may indicate that the ultrasonic isolation of the polysaccharides increase the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides.     

Ultrasound irradiation alters the spatial structure and improves the antioxidant activity of the yellow tea polysaccharide

In this study, the impact of ultrasound irradiation on the structural characteristics and antioxidant properties of yellow tea polysaccharides with different molecular weights (Mw) were investigated. Native yellow tea polysaccharide containing YTPS-3N, YTPS-5N and YTPS-7N were prepared through precipitation with ethanol at various concentrations of 30%, 50%, and 70%, respectively, and irradiated with high intensity ultrasound (20 kHz) for 55 min to yield yellow tea polysaccharide including YTPS-3U, YTPS-5U and YTPS-7U. The molecular weight (Mw) of YTPS-3N (from 37.7 to 15.1 kDa) and YTPS-5N (from 14.6 to 5.2 kDa) sharply decreased upon ultrasound irradiation, coincidentally particle size (Zavg) was also significantly reduced for YTPS-3N (40%), YTPS-5N (48%) and YTPS-7N (54%). The high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed a partial degradation of native yellow tea polysaccharide treated with ultrasound, though the monosaccharide composition was not altered. Furthermore, changes in morphology and the breakdown of native yellow tea polysaccharide upon irradiation was confirmed with the circular dichroism spectrum, atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. As a consequence, irradiation of yellow tea polysaccharide increased free radical scavenging activity with YTPS-7U exhibiting the highest levels of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity. These results suggest that the alteration of the spatial structure of yellow tea polysaccharide can enhance its antioxidant activity which is an important property for functional foods or medicines.     

The ultrasonic-enhanced factor of mass-transfer coefficient in the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Based on several hypotheses about the process of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, the onflow around the solute granule is figured out by the Navier-Stocks equation. In combination with the Higbie’s solute infiltration model, the link between the mass-transfer coefficient and the velocity of flow is found. The mass-transfer coefficient with the ultrasonical effect is compared with that without the ultrasonical effect, and then a new parameter named the ultrasonic-enhanced factor of mass-transfer coefficient is brought forward, which describes the mathematical model of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction process enhanced by ultrasonic. The model gives out the relationships among the ultrasonical power, the ultrasonical frequency, the radius of solute granule and the ultrasonic-enhanced factor of mass-transfer coefficient. The results calculated by this model fit well with the experimental data, including the extraction of Coix Lacryma-jobi Seed Oil (CLSO) and Coix Lacryma-jobi Seed Ester (CLSE) from coix seeds and the extraction of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) from the alga by means of the ultrasonic-enhanced supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (USFE) and the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) respectively. This proves the rationality of the ultrasonic-enhanced factor model. The model provides a theoretical basis for the application of ultrasonic-enhanced supercritical fluid extraction technique. Supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10674048) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 06025714)     

FTIR结合SVR对三七总多糖含量快速预测

对中药进行快速质量控制,从整体层面反映中药的安全性与有效性具有重要意义。通过硫酸-苯酚显色反应测定三七总多糖含量,傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合支持向量机回归(SVR)建立三七总多糖含量预测模型,以期为三七提供快速准确的质控方法。采集云南省12个产地60个三七样品的红外光谱,紫外分光光度法(UV-Vis)检测样品中总多糖含量。红外光谱经过二阶导数(2D)、正交信号校正(OSC)、小波变换(WT)和变量投影重要性(VIP)筛选等数据优化处理。SPXY算法将所有样本按2∶1的比例划分为训练集与预测集。训练集数据用于建立SVR预测模型,网格式搜索、遗传算法(GA)和粒子群优化算法(PSO)对SVR预测模型进行参数优化,预测集进一步对SVR模型的预测能力进行验证。结果显示：(1)葡萄糖标准品与三七总多糖在490 nm处存在最大共有吸收峰,490 nm可作为三七总多糖检测的定量波长;(2)文山丘北、曲靖师宗及红河蒙自等产地的三七总多糖含量较高,平均含量在25 mg·g-1以上;(3)分析3种参数优化模型的校正均方根误差(RMSEE)与预测均方根误差(RMSEP),与PSO优化模型相比,网格式搜索优化模型欠学习,GA优化模型过学习;(4)PSO-SVR模型对预测集数据预测效果最好,RMSEP=3.120 6,R2_pre=83.13%,预测值与紫外检测值接近。表明FTIR结合PSO-SVR模型能够对三七中总多糖含量进行快速准确的预测,为保证三七稳定、安全与有效用药提供数据。     

Ultrasonic extraction of plant materials--investigation of hemicellulose release from buckwheat hulls

Various one- and two-step extraction procedures with and without a short application of ultrasound at the beginning of the extraction were used to examine the effect of sonication on the extractibility of the hemicellulose components of buckwheat hulls. The polysaccharides recovered from the extracts were characterised by yield as well as composition determined by chemical methods and spectroscopic techniques. They comprised a complex of glucuronoxylan and co-extracted amylose-rich starch in various proportions contaminated with other cell wall components (protein, pectic polysaccharides). The hemicellulose fractions obtained by classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction exhibited significant immunomodulatory activities. The increased yield of ultrasonically extracted hemicelluloses, which have preserved their structural and molecular properties as well as immunological activity, confirmed the importance and great potential of ultrasound-assisted extraction of industrially important polysaccharides from different tissues of plant materials.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and properties of polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba leaves

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of Ginkgo biloba leaves polysaccharide (GBLP). The optimum extraction conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of GBLP were obtained as liquid to material ratio of 30 mL/g, ultrasonic power of 340 W, and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the yield of GBLP was 5.37 %. Two chemically modified polysaccharides, CM-GBLP and Ac-GBLP, were obtained by carboxymethylation and acetylation of GBLP. The physicochemical properties of these three polysaccharides were comparatively studied and their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the solubility of the chemically modified polysaccharides was significantly enhanced and the in vitro antioxidant activity was somewhat improved. This suggests that carboxymethylation and acetylation are effective methods to enhance polysaccharide properties, but the results exhibited some uncontrollability. At the same time, GBLP has also shown high potential for research and application.     

靶向分子羧甲基多糖与DNA作用机理研究

以溴化乙锭(EB)为荧光探针,结合紫外光谱法研究了壳聚糖、羧甲基壳聚糖、羧甲基纤维素与DNA的相互作用,药物分子与DNA作用程度可用作用常数D来表示,实验表明: 几种生物多糖与DNA分子的作用强弱顺序为: 壳聚糖＞羧甲基壳聚糖＞羧甲基纤维素;多糖主要以嵌插方式与DNA作用, 使EB-DNA荧光猝灭。     

Study of the structure and immunoenhancing activity of glucan ADVA

Experimental data to confirm the possibility of the usage of polysaccharides as adjuvants were obtained. Immunoadjuvant activity of polysaccharide ADVA when used in conjunction with antigens of different structures and chemical natures: sheep red-blood cells, meningococcal polysaccharide antigen, tetanus exotoxin protein, and hemagglutinin of influenza virus were studied. The structure of the polysaccharide ADVA was characterized by the IR-spectroscopy and GC methods. It was shown that ADVA is non-toxic. The possibility of using ADVA as an immunoadjuvant is discussed.     

Release of polysaccharide by sonication of cells (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Porphyridium sp.</Emphasis>)

The paper deals with experimental data concerning the interaction of acoustical waves with microbial cell (Porphyridium sp.). The aim of the present paper was to increase the amount of biopolymer released from the microorganisms biomass with the aid ultrasound irradiation without scission or a decrease in the molecular weight. The results indicated that the amount of polysaccharide (for example) released from the cell pellet could be enhanced by ultrasound, depending on the frequency and energy of the ultrasound. The sugar composition remain the same, but the apparent viscosity of polysaccharide aqueous solutions decreased, indicated that some changes in the molecular shape and size occurred. When ultrasound irradiation was applied in the presence of either CO₂ or CO₂ + H₂, the apparent viscosity of polysaccharide aqueous solutions increased (versus usual ultrasound treatment). The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction,analysis and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from the rinds of Garcinia mangostana L.

According to response surface methodology (RSM), the extraction conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from the rinds of Garcinia mangostana L. (GMRP) were optimized and determined. The optimal conditions obtained through optimization were: the liquid to material ratio was 40 mL/g, ultrasonic power was 288 W and extraction time was 65 min. The average extraction rate of GMRP was 14.73%. Ac - GMRP was obtained by acetylation of GMRP, and the antioxidant activities of the two polysaccharides were compared in vitro. The results indicated that the antioxidant capacity of polysaccharide obtained after acetylation was significantly improved compared with that of GMRP. In conclusion, chemical modification of polysaccharide is an effective measure to improve its properties to a certain extent. Meanwhile, it implies that GMRP has great research value and potential.     

Multidimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopy of plant cell walls

Plant biomass has become an important source of bio-renewable energy in modern society. The molecular structure of plant cell walls is difficult to characterize by most atomic-resolution techniques due to the insoluble and disordered nature of the cell wall. Solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy is uniquely suited for studying native hydrated plant cell walls at the molecular level with chemical resolution. Significant progress has been made in the last five years to elucidate the molecular structures and interactions of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides in plant cell walls. These studies have focused on primary cell walls of growing plants in both the dicotyledonous and grass families, as represented by the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, and Zea mays. To date, these SSNMR results have shown that 1) cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins form a single network in the primary cell wall; 2) in dicot cell walls, the protein expansin targets the hemicellulose-enriched region of the cellulose microfibril for its wall-loosening function; and 3) primary wall cellulose has polymorphic structures that are distinct from the microbial cellulose structures. This article summarizes these key findings, and points out future directions of investigation to advance our fundamental understanding of plant cell wall structure and function.     

Rheo-NMR of the secondary flow of non-Newtonian fluids in square ducts

We report the first real-time observations of the entire fully developed laminar secondary flow field of aqueous 2% Viscarin GP-209NF (a λ-carrageenan polysaccharide) in a square duct as made using a modest rheological NMR imaging (rheo-NMR) apparatus. Simulations using the Reiner-Rivlin constitutive equation verify the results. An included rheo-NMR flow rate quantification study assesses the measurement precision. Rheo-NMR resolves slow flows superimposed on primary flows about 300 times greater, making it a universally accessible technique by which full secondary flow field data may be systematically gathered.     

蒙药嘎日迪-15中多糖的研究

用热水提取蒙药嘎日迪-15中水溶性多糖,经SephadexC-25进行提纯精制得纯糖,采用硫酸-苯酚法测定了其水溶性多糖含量。方法的平均回收率为100.50%,RSD为0.82%。用GC测定了蒙药嘎日迪-15中水溶性多糖主要由木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖组成,其摩尔比为1.03∶1.26∶0.77∶2.30 。用溴化钾压片法测得的红外谱图显示多糖的特征吸收峰为3 417.46,2 928.65,1 742.86,1 643.69,1 149.78, 1 078.19, 1 022.56,834.57 cm-1,其中1 078.19和1 022.56 cm-1为吡喃糖特征峰,834.57 cm-1是α-吡喃糖苷键的特征吸收峰。紫外谱图在280 nm处有明显的糖吸收峰,说明有CO键存在。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characteristics of maize polysaccharides from different sites

Antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory properties are all exhibited by maize polysaccharides. With the increasing sophistication of maize polysaccharide extraction methods, enzymatic method is no longer limited to a single enzyme to extract polysaccharides, and is more often used in combination with ultrasound or microwave, or combination with different enzymes. Ultrasound has a good cell wall-breaking effect, making it easier to dislodge lignin and hemicellulose from the cellulose surface of the maize husk. The “water extraction and alcohol precipitation” method is the simplest but most resource- and time-consuming process. However, the “ultrasound-assisted extraction” and “microwave-assisted extraction” methods not only compensate for the shortcoming, but also increase the extraction rate. Herein, the preparation, structural analysis, and activities of maize polysaccharides were analyzed and discussed.