Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Helium Behaviour in Titanium Crystals

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the behaviour of helium atoms in titanium at a temperature of 30OK. The nucleation and growth of helium bubble has been simulated up to 50 helium atoms. The approach to simulate the bubble growth is to add helium atoms one by one to the bubble and let the system evolve. The titanium cohesion is based on the tight binding scheme derived from the embedded atom method, and the helium-titanium interaction is characterized by fitted potential in the form of a Lennard-Jones function. The pressure in small helium bubbles is approximately calculated. The simulation results show that the pressure will decrease with the increasing bubble size, while increase with the increasing helium atoms. An analytic function about the quantitative relationship of the pressure with the bubble size and number of helium atoms is also fitted.     

Exciton States in a Gaussian Confining Potential Well

We consider the problem of an electron-hole pair in a Gaussian confining potential well. This problem is treated within the effective-mass approximation framework using the method of numerical matrix diagonalization. The energy levels of the low-lying states are calculated as a function of the electron-hole effective mass ratio and the size of the confining potential.     

Thermal desorption characteristic of helium ion irradiated nickel-base alloy

The nickel-base alloy is one of the leading candidate materials for generation IV nuclear reactor pressure vessel.To evaluate its stability of helium damage and retention,helium ions with different energy of 80 keV and 180 keV were introduced by ion implantation to a certain dose(peak displacement damage 1-10 dpa).Then thermal desorption spectroscopy(TDS)of helium atoms was performed to discuss the helium desorption characteristic and trapping sites.The desorption peaks shift to a lower temperature with increasing dpa for both 80 keV and 180 keV irradiation,reflecting the reduced diffusion activation energy and faster diffusion within the alloy.The main release peak temperature of 180 keV helium injection is relatively higher than that of 80 keV at the same influence,which is because the irradiation damage of 180 keV,helium formation and entrapment occur deeper.The broadening of the spectra corresponds to different helium trapping sites(He-vacancies,grain boundary)and desorption mechanisms(different Hen Vm size).The helium retention amount of 80 keV is lower than that of 180 keV,and a saturation limit associated with the irradiation of 80 keV has been reached.The relatively low helium retention proves the better resistance to helium bubbles formation and helium brittleness.     

Analysis of the time-domain spectrum of hydrogen in electric field near helium surface

The Ryderberg electronic wave packet dynamics of hydrogen atom near helium surface in an electric field is investigated using the semiclassical method.The autocorrelation function is calculated when the photoionized electron is excited by a short laser pulse for different atom-surface separations.The results show that new recurrences appear because of the helium surface,and the number of recurrent peaks increases with the decrease in atom-surface distance.The new feature is ascribed to the bifurcation of new closed orbits in the classical dynamics of the photoionized electron.Therefore,surface properties have a significant effect on the spectrum of nearby atoms or ions.     

Specification of Density Functional Approximation by Radial Distribution Function of Bulk Fluid

A systematic methodology is proposed to deal with the weighted density approximation version of classical density functional theory by employing the knowledge of radial distribution function of bulk fluid.The present methodology results from the concept of universality of the free energy density functional combined with the test particle method.It is shown that the new method is very accurate for the predictions of density distribution of a hard sphere fluid at different confining geometries.The physical foundation of the present methodology is also applied to the quantum density functional theory.     

Production of helium projectile fragments in {16O－emulsion interactions at 4.5 A GeV/c

The measurements of partial production cross sections of the multiple helium projectile fragments emitted at 4.5 A GeV/c {}^{16}O－Em interactions are reported. We have studied the production rate of helium projectile fragments due to fragmentation of {}^{16}O ions and compared it with that obtained from different projectiles at various energies. The dependence of on the mass number of the incident beams is formulated. The multiplicity distributions of the helium fragments produced in {}^{16}O－Em interactions at different energies exhibit Koba－Nielson－Olesen (KNO) scaling. The correlation of helium projectile fragments and target fragments is also investigated and it is found that the average of target fragments is increased with the decrease of the number of helium fragments in peripheral interactions.     

Spectral Properties of Endohedrally Confined Hydrogen Atom and Hydrogen—Like Ions Obtained by Using B—Spline Basis Set

A B-spline method has been used to calculate the electron structure of endohedrally confined hydrogenlike atoms.The boundary conditions were conveniently satisfied with such the method.The evolution of the energy spectrum,as function of the depth of the confining well,exhibits a “mirror collapse”.Ions with higher ionicity have more “collapse lines”,the energies change more sharply at “collapse points”,and the oscillator strengths change more violently with the depth of the confining well.     

Effects of discharge current and voltage on the high density of metastable helium atoms

Both hollow-cathode and Penning-type discharges were adopted to excite helium atoms to a metastable state. Experimental data indicate that Penning discharge is more suitable for generating high fractions of metastables in a low-density helium beam for laser-induced fluorescence technique in measuring electric fields at the edge of a plasma. The metastable density increases with increasing helium gas pressure in the range of 1.33×10^{-2}－66.7Pa. The highest metastable density of 3.8×10^{16}m^{-3} is observed at a static gas pressure of 66.7Pa. An approximately linear relationship between the density of metastable helium atoms and the plasma discharge current is observed. Magnetic field plays a very important role in producing a high density of metastable atoms in Penning discharge.     

Effects of Substrate Temperature on Helium Content and Microstructure of Nanocrystalline Titanium Films

Helium-charged nanocrystalline titanium films have been deposited by HeAr magnetron co-sputtering. The effects of substrate temperature on the helium content and microstructure of the nanocrystalline titanium films have been studied. The results indicate that helium atoms with a high concentration are evenly incorporated in the deposited titanium films. When the substrate temperature increases from 60℃ to 350℃ while the other deposition＇parameters are fixed, the helium content decreases gradually from 38.6 at.% to 9.2at.%, which proves that nanocrystalline Ti films have a great helium storage capacity. The 20 angle of the Bragg peak of （002） crystal planes of the He-charged Ti film shifts to a lower angle and that of （100） crystal plane is unchanged as compared with that of the pure Ti film, which indicates that the lattice parameter c increases and a keeps at the primitive value. The grain refining and helium damage result in the diffraction peak broadening.     

Microwave-Optical Double-Resonance Spectroscopy Experiment of 199Hg＋ Ground State Hyperfine Splitting in a Linear Ion Trap

We report a spectroscopy experiment of the ^199Hg＋ ions are optically pumped by a discharge lamp and splitting is measured to be 40507347996.8（0.1）Hz by line width as 30mHz is also observed. This progress ion frequency standards. ground state hyperfine splitting in a linear ion trap. The cooled by helium buffer gas. The ground state hyperfine the mierowave-optical double-resonance method. A nsrrow builds the foundation for the realization of trapped ^199Hg＋     

Spectral properties of endohedrally confined helium atom

Based on the B-spline basis method, the properties of the helium atom confined inside an endohedral environment,such as buckminster fullerene, are studied. In our calculations, the endohedral environment is a parabolic potential well. In this situation, the phenomenon of "mirror collapse" is exhibited for energy levels of a confined helium atom. The "giant resonance" of oscillator strength of the dipole transition emerges with the variation of depth of the confining well. The physical mechanisms of these phenomena are analyzed in this paper.     

Spectrum of helium at high pressures

The effect of high pressures on an atom is frequently simulated by enclosing the atom in an impenetrable spherical box. The spectrum of such a confined helium atom placed at the centre of a spherical box is investigated. A model potential is used to calculate the energies of twelve excited states and thereby the transition wavelengths for a range of values of the radius of the confining sphere. Applications of results are discussed. Received 29 August 2002 Published online 10 December 2002 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: ypvsj@uottawa.ca     

Note on critical cage size for ionization of confined two-electron systems

The use of independent confinement models for the neutral and ionized two-electron atom or molecule to obtain the critical cage size for ionization is shown to be formally inconsistent. Instead, a treatment using the same Hamiltonian for the evolution of the ground state energy of the system is proposed, which allows for a consistent estimate of the first and second ionization energies as a function of cage size. Our calculations are based on the variational method applied to the helium atom confined by a spherical cage with impenetrable and penetrable confining walls.     

Negative Ca− and Ba− ions of large radius on the surface and in the volume of liquid helium

Negative Ca⁻ and Ba⁻ ions of large radii on the surface of and in bulk liquid helium have been studied. Our results indicate that these ions are adsorbed on the helium surface. Ions on free liquid helium surfaces have not been studied previously because it was thought impossible to confine them on the surface. Ca⁻ and Ba⁻ ions have very low binding energies, therefore, like electrons, they form a bubble of large radius in bulk helium, whose energy is higher than on the surface. The behavior of ions on the surface exhibits a number of previously unknown features owing to their large masses and strong localization in the horizontal plane. Even in the absence of confining electric field, a hole is formed under an ion due to the polarization attraction between the liquid helium and the charged ion. This hole formation reduces the ion mobility by several orders of magnitude and increases its effective mass severalfold. The critical density of electrons and ions is approximately the same on the surfaces of thin and thick helium films. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 115, 593–604 (February 1999)     

Experimental measurement of neoclassical mobility in an annular malmberg-penning trap

An annular Malmberg-Penning trap confining a non-neutral plasma of electrons has been operated with an azimuthal magnetic field to create drifts orthogonal to the magnetic flux surfaces. An applied electric field and collisions with added helium drive transport by electric mobility. The measured confinement times have the expected neoclassical magnetic-field dependence, are approximately 0.8 of the value based upon the neoclassical mobility, and differ from the classical value by more than a factor of 3 at the highest value of azimuthal field.     

The nature of the {\bar p} metastability in helium

A new interpretation of the nature of the metastable states of antiprotons in helium is proposed. The first step is the formation of an ion ( ), which shall be called “ioncule”. After its decay a neutral “atomcule” ( ) is formed which was observed in the experiments on metastable antiprotonic helium. This model explains the experiments in a natural way, in particular the quenching by atomic and molecular admixtures and the pressure dependence of quenching in pure helium. At high helium densities the ioncule creates a vacuum bubble in helium. It is shown that the annihilation of slowed-down can be suppressed at helium pressures of ∼ 10 000 bar. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Electronic Structure of Helium Atom in a Quantum Dot

Bound and resonance states of helium atom have been investigated inside a quantum dot by using explicitly correlated Hylleraas type basis set within the framework of stabilization method.To be specific,precise energy eigenvalues of bound 1sns(~1S~e)(n=1-6)states and the resonance parameters i.e.positions and widths of~lS~e states due to 2sns(n=2-5)and 2pnp(n=2-5)configurations of confined helium below N=2 ionization threshold of He~+have been estimated.The two-parameter(Depth and Width)finite oscillator potential is used to represent the confining potential due to the quantum dot.It has been explicitly demonstrated that the electronic structural properties become sensitive functions of the dot size.It is observed from the calculations of ionization potential that the stability of an impurity ion within a quantum dot may be manipulated by varying the confinement parameters.A possibility of controlling the autoionization lifetime of doubly excited states of two-electron ions by tuning the width of the quantum cavity is also discussed here.     

Dynamic diffusion of helium into various types of solids during their deformation and dispersion

Quantitative relations governing the penetration of helium atoms into various types of solids in the course of their plastic deformation in liquid ³He (T = 0.6–1.8 K) and ⁴He (T = 4.2 K) and dispersion in gaseous helium at 300 K were obtained and analyzed. Experiments were carried out on metals with different lattice types, ionic single crystals, amorphous alloys, and barite and titanium dioxide powders dispersed in helium. Curves illustrating helium extraction from deformed specimens under dynamic annealing were obtained. The temperature range of helium extraction was found to correlate with the melting temperature and the initial and deformed structures of a material, which determine the number and character of helium traps present in the material. The dependence of helium penetration intensity on the type of defects forming under plastic deformation for various materials, as well as the formation of chemical bonds of helium atoms to the defected structure of these materials, is discussed.     

Diagnostics of the Cathode-Drop Region of Glow Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure by the Helium and Hydrogen Line Profiles

The profiles of H-hydrogen and HeI 492.2-nm lines in the cathode-drop region of self-maintained glow discharge in helium at atmospheric pressure have been measured. A calculation method is proposed and calculations have been made of the line profiles of hydrogen and helium in a combined electric field having a constant and a fluctuating component. The strength values of the constant and variable components of the electric field, measured with the help of helium and hydrogen lines, are in good agreement.     

Massive or massless scalar field and confinement

The generalization of QCD motivated classical SU(2) Yang-Mills theory coupled to a scalar field is discussed. The massive scalar field, corresponding to the scalar glueball, provides a confining potential for static, point-like, external sources. In the case of a massless scalar field screening solutions are found. However, there is a confining sector as well. Both, massive and massless confining solutions, are compared with phenomenological potentials. The case of a non-dynam ical permittivity is also discussed. Received: 15 November 2002 / Revised version: 31 January 2003 / Published online: 7 March 2003 RID="a" ID="a" e-mail: mslus@phys.ualberta.ca RID="b" ID="b" e-mail: wereszcz@alphas.if.uj.edu.pl